TURKISH NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF SMGE

NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY

NEW DEVELOPMENTS in

SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Organised by theTurkish National Committee of Soil Mechanics

and Geotechnical Engineeringand

Near East University

May 28-30, 2009Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC

EDITORSC.ATALAR, F. ÇÝNÝCÝOÐLU, B. M. DAS, A. SAÐLAMER, E. TOÐROL

2 . I C N D S M G E - Z M 2 0 0 9

S E C O N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O N F E R E N C E o n

Under the auspices of

Near East University Press

ISBN 975-8359-28-2

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

Organised by the Turkish National Committee of Soil Mechanics

and Geotechnical Engineering and

Near East University

Under the auspices of

28 – 30 May 2009 Near East University

Atatürk Cultural & Congress Centre Lefkoşa, North Cyprus

Editors

C. Atalar, F. Çinicioğlu, B.M. Das, A. Sağlamer, E Toğrol

Near East University Press

Suat İ. GÜNSEL Conference Honorary Chair

Founding President, Near East University

Ümit HASSAN Conference Chair

President, Near East University Organising Committee

Honorary Chair Ergün TOĞROL

Honorary President, TNCSMGE

Chairs Ahmet SAĞLAMER Cavit ATALAR

President, TNCSMGE NEU Şenol BEKTAŞ, Vice President, NEU Feyza ÇİNİCİOĞLU, Secretary, TNCSMGE Braja M. DAS, CSUS, USA Turan DURGUNOĞLU, TNCSMGE Rasin DÜZCEER, TNCSMGE Ufuk ERGUN , TNCSMGE Mete İNCECİK TNCSMGE Kutay ÖZAYDIN, TNCSMGE Fahreddin M. SADIKOĞLU, Vice President, NEU Doğan SAHİR, NEU

Technical Committee Fatma AKMERGİZ Uğurcan AKYÜZ Gamze ANIL Görkem BULUNÇ Sünel GAZİ Müge KÜTÜK Amber ÖZYÜCEKÖK Hatice QUIRESH Ahmet SAVAŞAN Recep TEKDEMİR Gazi YÜKSEL

International Advisory Board Atilla ANSAL Boğaziçi University, Turkey Cem AVCI Boğaziçi University, Turkey Frans BARENDS Geodelft, The Netherlands Altay BİRAND Middle East Technical University, Turkey Mounir BOUASSIDA ISSMGE Vice President for Africa, Tunisia Tuncer EDİL University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Orhan EROL Middle East Technical University, Turkey Erol GÜLER Boğaziçi University, Turkey Rolf KATZENBACH Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Madhira MADHAV ISSMGE Vice President for Asia, India Murat MOLLAMAHMUTOĞLU President, Bayburt University, Turkey Maher OMAR Sharjah University, UAE Akın ÖNALP İstanbul Kültür University, Turkey Pedro Seco e PINTO President, ISSMGE, Portugal Siva SIVAKUGAN James Cook University, Australia Eun C. SHIN University of Incheon, Republic of Korea Fumio TATSUOKA Tokyo University, Japan Mehmet TÜMAY Louisiana State University, USA Ivan VANICEK Czech Technical University, Czech Republic W.F.VAN IMPE President, FedIGS, Belgium Askar ZHUSUPBEKOV Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan Thomas ZIMMIE Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA

PREFACE

The First International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering was organised by the Turkish National Committee of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering and Near East University on 29-31 May, 2003. The Second International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering is organised by the Turkish National Committee of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering and Near East University under the auspices of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering with the aim of bringing together scientists, engineers, practitioners and researchers to exchange knowledge and discuss the new developments in the field of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. The Conference is hosted by Near East University on 28-30 May, 2009. The Conference comprises an opening lecture, four keynote lectures, three special lectures and 7 sessions. 130 abstracts were submitted to the Conference. All papers submitted to the Conference were thoroughly reviewed and evaluated by referees selected from the Conference Organising Committee and International Advisory Board. The Conference Proceedings include an opening lecture, four keynote lectures, three special lectures and 60 papers reviewed and accepted for scientific/technical merit. These papers are in four main themes; Foundations and Slope Stability, Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Characterisation and New Methods in Geotechnical Engineering. Our thanks go to the Organising Committee, International Advisory Board, Technical Committee members and Session Chairs. We would like to thank Professor E. Toğrol for his opening lecture, our keynote speakers; Professors B.M. Das, M. Tümay, P. Pinto and A. Sağlamer, special lecturers; Professors W.F. Van Impe, T. Edil and M. Madhav, all the authors and co-authors of the papers included in this Proceeding. We are very grateful to the Founding President of Near East University, Dr. Suat İ. Günsel, the President Prof. Dr. Ümit Hassan, Vice Presidents Prof. Dr. Şenol Bektaş and Prof. Dr. Fahreddin M. Sadıkoğlu for their support and assistance.

Editors

C. Atalar, F. Çinicioğlu, B.M. Das, A. Sağlamer, E Toğrol

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEYNOTES AND SPECIAL LECTURES 1. Creeping shores of the golden horn (Opening Lecture)…………………………………..…1 Toğrol, E., Eyigün, Y. & Küman, S. 2. Developments in elastic settlement estimation procedures for shallow foundations on granular soil…………………………………………………………………………………….9 Das, B. M ., Atalar, C. & Shin, E.C.

3. Advances from Theory to Implementation of CPT-Based Probabilistic and Fuzzy Soil Characterization and Modeling.................................................................................................43 Tümay, M. T., Abu-Farsakh M. Y. & Zhang Z. 4. Landslides analysis under static and seismic conditions…………………………………..57 Sêco e Pinto, Pedro Simão 5. Geotechnical research and monitoring data linked to an underwater dam on soft soils...........................................................................................................................................83 Van Impe, W.F. 6. Geotechnics of sustainable construction.............................................................................108 Edil, T.B. 7. Geotechnical Engineering – Beyond a Mechanistic View……………………………..…118 Madhira R. Madhav

FOUNDATIONS AND SLOPE STABILITY

8. Pile foundations of the Zine El Abidine Ben Ali airport in Tunisia…………………...…124 Sağlamer, A. & Özalp, H.K. 9. Earth Structures in Transport Engineering – selected problems.........................................132 Vaníček , I. 10. Friction between facing elements and geotextiles in geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining structures…………………………………………………………….………………………138 Guler, E. & Astarci, B. 11. Characterization of shallow foundations on loose sand reinforced with geotextile…..…146 Yasrobi, S.S., Rahmaninezhad, S.M. & Eftekharzadeh, S.F. 12. Determination of soil nails capacity in greywacke formation…………………………..152 Çınar, A., Pekarun, O., Berk, B. & Doğanışık, K. 13. Foundation size effect on modulus of sub grade reaction rested on clayey soil...............160 Janbaz, M. & Ziaie Moayed, R.

14. Three dimensional analysis of solid concrete piles in clayey soils under lateral loading.....................................................................................................................................168 Judi, A. & Ziaie Moayed R.. 15. A first version software programme for designing improved soils by vertical drains………………………………………………………………………………………...176 Hazzar, L. & Bouassida, M. 16. Prediction of the settlement of reinforced soft clay by a group of stone columns…………………………………………………………………………………...…182 Ellouze, S. & Bouassida M. 17. Soil stiffness degradation in the design of passive piles…………………………...……188 Keleşoglu, M.K. & Çinicioğlu, S.F. 18. Uplift capacity of model piles under different percentages of compressive loads………….…………………………………………………………………………...…198 Al-Mhaidib, A. 19. Analytical solutions of average pressure increments for primary consolidation settlement computations...........................................................................................................................206 Algin, H.M. 20. Primary and Secondary Settlements in Normally Consolidated Organic Soils…………214 Algin, H.M. 21. Field investigations of highly weathered slopes for geotechnical risk assessment...........222 Qureshi, M.U., Towhata, I., Yamada, S., Aziz, M. & Kubo, Y. 22. Assessment of lateral load-transfer methods of piles by full scale in-situ tests................230 Fakher, A.., Sadeghi-Hokmabadi, A. & Saeedi-Azizkandi, A. 23. A numerical study on the effect of uneven settlements of oil storage tank......................238 Akhavan-Zanjani, A., Fakher, A. & Maddah-Sadatieh, S.R. 24. Superiority of jute & coir geotextiles to synthetic ones ……………………………...…246 Yılmaz, H.R. & Yurtcan U.E.

EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

25. Importance of seismic loading on reinforced earth walls................................................252 Şahin, A., Ekli,O., Durgunoğlu, T. & Özbatır, M. 26. Mechanical properties of granular rubber – sand mixtures determined by triaxial tests…………………………………………………………………………………………..258 Guler, E. & Enunlu, A.K. 27. Analysis of the mechanism of embankment failure during the 2007 Chuetsu Oki Earthquake, Japan…………………………………………………………………………...266 Gratchev, I. & Towhata, I.

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28. Measurements and numerical modeling of ground-borne vibrations caused by heavy vehicle traffic………………………………………………………………………………274 Ertuğrul, Ö.L., Ülgen, D. & Özkan,Y. 29. When can we rely on a pseudo-static approach for pile group seismic analysis?................................................................................................................................282 Elahi, H., Moradi, M., Poulos, H. & Ghalandarzade, A. 30. Seismic Slope Stability Assessment of a Construction Site at Bandırma, Turkey..........290 Üçer, S., Sağlam, S. & Bakır, S . 31. Seismic stability assessment of an existent countermeasure against landslide in an urban area..........................................................................................................................................298 Ülgen, D. & Sağlam, S. 32. A new attenuation model for peak ground acceleration in soil sites using genetic programming………………………………………………………………………………...306 Kermani, E., Jafarian, Y. & Baziar, M.H.

SOIL CHARACTERISATION 33. Effect of fine gravel content on the shear strength characteristics of highly plasticity clay…………………………………………………………………………………………..314 Mollamahmutoğlu, M. & Yilmaz, Y. 34. A microstructural study of the behaviour of large displacement interfacial shearing……………………………………………………………………………………...320 Hammoud, F.

35. Effect of fibers on swelling characteristics of bentonite……………………………...…328 Ikizler, S. B., Aytekin, M., Türker E. & Yavuz, H.İ. 36. Swell-Shrinkage Behaviour of Expansive Clays……………………………………..…336 Tawfiq, S. & Nalbantoglu, Z. 37. The influence of polymer inclusion and plasticity index on the unconfined compression strength of clays......................................................................................................................342 Naderi nia, B. & Naeini, S. A. 38. Effect of waste polymer materials on shear strength of unsaturated clays.......................350 Naeini, S.A. & Sadjadi, S. M.

39. Geotechnical properties of Nicosia soils, Cyprus............................................................360 Atalar, C. & Das, B.M. 40. Automated soil categorization using the CPT and DMT investigations………………...368 Bilski, P. & Rabarijoely, S. 41. Effects of fine content of soil and water/solids ratio of grout on behavior of compensation grouting...................................................................................................................................376 Tunçdemir, F. & Ergun, U.

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42. An overview of soil heterogeneity: geotechnical implications in ground movements……………………………………………………………………..……………384 Chrétien, M. & Fabre, R. 43. Effect of water phase on the consistency limits of fine-grained soils..............................392 Zaimoğlu, A. Ş. & Yetimoğlu, T. 44. Consolidation characteristics of waste lime landfill construction ………………………398 Shin, E. C., Kim S. H. & Kim G. H. 45. Estimation of compaction parameters of fine-grained soils using artificial neural networks………………………………………………………………………………..……406 Sivrikaya, O. & Soycan, Y.T. 46. Comparison between behaviour of undisturbed and reconstituted Tunis soft clay……..414 Klai, M & Bouassida, M. 47. Effect of geotextiles on the compaction properties of soils……………………………..420 Keskin S.N., Çimen, Ö., Göksan T.S., Uzundurukan, S. & Karpuzcu, M. 48. Effect of Disturbance and Gypsum Content on Soil Water Characteristic Curve…..…………………………………………………………………………………….426 Khattab, S.A.A. & Alomary, A.M.A. 49. Modeling Effects of Fines Content on the Behavior of a Sand…………………………434 Çabalar, A. F. & Çevik, A. 50. Stabilization of saline soils with lime and silica fume……….. ………………………..440 (Case study hashtgerd – Taleghan road) Ziaie_Moayed, R., Heidari, S. & Sayadi, M. 51. Liquefaction analysis of fine sand reinforced with carpet waste fibers under triaxial tests………………………………………………………………………………………….448 Ghiassian, H. & Ghazi, F. 52. An axisymetric elasto-plastic modeling for unsaturated soils...........................................456 Gatmiri, B. & Salehnia, F.

NEW METHODS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 53. Recent Developments in Foundation and Geothermal Engineering.................................464 Katzenbach, R., Ramm, H. & Waberseck, T. 54. Characterization of compacted sand- bentonite proportions as landfill barriers in North Cyprus.....................................................................................................................................472 Iravanian, A. & Bilsel, H. 55.Design and construction of shoring at Uskudar Station, Marmaray Project......................480 Groh, W. & Savaskan, E.

56. Relative soil/wall stiffness effects on retaining walls propped at the crest.......................488 Diakoumi, M. & Powrie, W.

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57. River dike improvement and refurbishment • New developments and methods………..496 Schmitt, A.

58. Geotechnical consideration on TBM tunneling in rock mass…………..………………504 Yağız, S. 59. Characterization of 3-phase Porous Media using Electrical Properties............................512 Yeung, A.T. & Mak, M.S.W. 60. Some Biotechnological Consideartions in Geotechnical Engineering…………………518 Çabalar, A.F., Garbulewski, K. & Winiarska, M. 61. Use of paper mill sludge for absorption of hydrophobic substances...............................526 Likon, M., Černec, F., Saarela, J., Zimmie, T.F. & Zule, J. 62. Zone of influence during installation of preload piers…...…………………………..…534 Biringen, E., Berilgen, M. & Edil, T.B. 63. Non linear analysis of soil pile interaction for laterally loaded piles………………...…540 Boumekik, A., Maouche, H. & Sbartai, B. 64. Long term performance of cut-off walls in sulphate solutions ........................................548 Fratalocchi, E. & Pasqualini, E. 65.Statistical analyses of geotechnical engineering properties of Hong Kong marine clays........................................................................................................................................554 Cheung, C. & Yeung, A.T. 66. Usage of superabsorbent geocomposite in erosion protection..........................................562 Pawloski, A., Lejcuś, K., Garlikowski, D. & Orzeszyna, H. 67. Simplified Method of Prediction of Compaction Characteristics of Soils........................568 Gürtuğ, Y. 68. Effect of combination of lime and natural pozzolana on the plasticity of soft clayey soils………………………………………………………………………………………….574 Harichane, K. & Ghrici, M. 69. Settlements of two high embankments founded on soft soil…………..………………..582 Žvanut, P. 70. Observed and Predicted Settlement of Shallow Foundation……………………………590 Düzceer, R.

AUTHOR INDEX A Abu-Farsakh M.Y. 43 Akhavan-Zanjani A. 238 Algin H.M. 206, 214 Al-Mhaidib A. 198 Alomary A.M.A. 426 Astarci B. 138 Atalar C. 9, 360 Aytekin M. 328 Aziz M. 222 B Bakır S. 290 Baziar M.H. 306 Berilgen M. 534 Berk B. 152 Biringen E. 534 Bilsel H. 472 Bilski P. 368 Bouassida M. 176, 182, 414 Boumekik A. 540 C Çabalar A. F. 434, 518 Černec F. 526 Çevik A. 434 Chrétien M. 384 Cheung C. 554 Çinicioglu S.F. 188 Çimen Ö. 420 Çınar A. 152 D Das B. M. 9, 360 Diakoumi M. 488 Doğanışık K. 152 Durgunoğlu T. 252 Düzceer R. 590 E Edil T.B. 108, 534 Eftekharzadeh S. F. 146 Ekli O. 252 Elahi H. 282 Ellouze S. 182 Enunlu A.K. 258 Ergun U. 376 Ertuğrul Ö.L. 274 Eyigün Y. 1

598

F Fabre R. 384 Fakher A. 230, 238 Fratalocchi E. 548 G Garbulewski K. 518 Garlikowski D. 562 Gatmiri B. 456 Ghalandarzade A. 282 Ghazi F. 448 Ghiassian H. 448 Ghrici M. 574 Göksan T.S. 420 Gratchev I. 266 Groh W. 480 Güler E. 138, 258 Gürtuğ Y. 568 H Hammoud F. 320 Harichane K. 574 Hazzar L. 176 Heidari S. 440 I İkizler S. B. 328 Iravanian A. 472 J Janbaz, M. 160 Jafarian Y. 306 Judi A. 168 K Karpuzcu M. 420 Katzenbach R. 464 Kelesoglu M.K. 188 Kermani, E. 306 Keskin S. 420 Khattab S.A.A. 426 Kim G. H. 398 Kim S. H. 398 Klai M. 414 Kubo Y. 222 Küman S. 1 L Lejcuś K. 562 Likon M. 526

599

M Maddah-Sadatieh S.R. 238 Madhav, M.R. 118 Mak M.S.W. 512 Maouche H. 540 Mollamahmutoğlu M. 314 Moradi M. 282 N Nalbantoglu Z. 336 Naderi nia B. 342 Naeini S.A. 342, 350 O Orzeszyna H. 562 Özalp H.K. 124 Özbatır M. 252 Özkan Y. 274 P Pasqualini E. 548 Pawloski A. 562 Pekarun O. 152 Pinto P.S. 57 Poulos H. 282 Powrie W. 488 Q Qureshi M.U. 222 R Rabarijoely S. 368 Rahmaninezhad S.M. 146 Ramm H. 464 S Saarela J. 526 Sadeghi-Hokmabadi A. 230 Sadjadi S. M. 350 Saeedi-Azizkandi A. 230 Sağlam S. 290, 298 Sağlamer A. 124 Şahin A. 252 Salehnia F. 456 Savaskan E. 480 Sayadi M. 440 Sbartai B. 540 Schmitt A. 496 Shin E.C. 9, 398

600

601

Sivrikaya O. 406 Soycan Y.T. 406 T Tawfiq S. 336 Toğrol E. 1 Towhata I. 222, 266 Tunçdemir F. 376 Tümay M. T. 43 Türker E. 328 U Üçer S. 290 Ülgen D. 274, 298 Uzundurukan S. 420 V Vaníček I. 132 Van Impe W.F. 83 W Waberseck T. 464 Winiarska M. 518 Y Yağız S. 504 Yamada S. 222 Yasrobi S.S. 146 Yavuz H.İ. 328 Yeung A.T. 512, 554 Yetimoğlu T. 392 Yılmaz H.R. 246 Yılmaz Y. 314 Yurtcan U.E. 246 Z Zaimoğlu A.Ş. 392 Zhang Z. 43 Ziaie Moayed R. 160, 168, 440 Zimmie T.F. 526 Zule J. 526 Zvanut P. 582