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TRANSCRIPT
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 1
Detector Deployment at ALS
Dionisio Doering on behalf of the ALS/LBNL detector group
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 2
Goals and Outline
• Goals
– Discuss the detector system design and development • User driven effort
• Sensor and readout IC co-design
• Electronics, mechanics and cooling support systems
– Present the steps needed to go from a prototype to a detector on a beam-line • Based on the FastCCD developed at LBNL
– The challenges along the way
– The challenges in supporting a complex, non-commercial detector at multiple
light sources
• Outline
– Project initial concept
– Sensor need
– System design
– Readout electronics
– The fast CCD (FCCD)
– The compact FCCD (cFCCD)
– The 1k Frame Store CCD (1kFSCCD)
– Conclusions
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 3
What detector development would cause the
biggest improvement at the ALS?
1. X-ray photoconverts in phosphor
2. Photoelectron ionizes →scintillation
photons
3. Some distortion in fiber taper
4. Photons photoconvert in CCD
5. Collect the photoelectrons
6. Signal is digitized
7. Picture shows in the user’s monitor
Improve this detector by making it faster
-faster readout (factor 100)
-faster phosphor
Original specs for X-ray detector:
๏≥ 100 frames / s ๏15 bit dynamic range ๏8 bit resolution ๏sparse scan
The ubiquitous
detector (2003)
The initial
solution
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 4
Thick, Fully Depleted LBNL CCD
S. Holland SNAP- Super Nova Acceleration Probe
See P. Denes talk (yesterday) and
C. Tindal talk (today 1:30pm)
At VSUB = 115 V,
σD = 3.7 ± 0.2 μm MSL & DALSA collaboration
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 5
(almost) Column Parallel CCD
• LDRD effort
• Co-develop readout chip for
(a)cpCCD
– 20 x 480 as a test vehicle
• (before readout IC exists)
• Does the taper, metal strapping, … work?
– 480 x 480 as prototype
Constant area
taper
Mini-shift reg.
Output stage ~300 µm pitch
bond pads
(wire-bondable)
Metal strapping
4 port
CCD
96 port CCD
FCCD
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 6
Initial Tests at Low Speed with 4-port
20 x 480 CCD
• Prototype tests
– Verified (a)cpCCD structures
– Verified metal strapping
– Verified front an d back illumination operation
CCD
Interface board
An
alo
g (
DC
)
vo
ltag
es
Clo
cks
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 7
1st Beam Test on 5.3.1
• 20x480 CCD with slow readout
system
• Validates – (a)CP-CCD structure (taper)
– validates metal strapping
– excellent dark performance at low
temperature: 5 e-/pixel/hour
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10
AD
C C
ha
nn
el
(Ave
rag
e)
x-ray Energy (keV)
P. Denes
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 8
SNAP->FCRIC Readout
• Fast CCD readout
– 16 channels per chip 0.25mm CMOS
– ADC pitch < 300 µm
– 10 x speed of CRIC
– Pre-amp., floating point readout, pipelined ADC
and digital calibration & control
• Version 1
– Works well but presents small non-linearity and
higher than expected PSRR
• Version 2
– improves non linearity and PSRR
CRIC 1
Floating-point FE
CRIC 2
⊕ Pipelined ADC CRIC 3
⊕ Digital Calibration / Control
FCRIC
16 channels, 1MHz
2006
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 9
FCRIC - Floating Point Readout
• Floating point readout
– Covers large dynamic range
– Quantization error is always
smaller than photo statistics
– Enables
• Use of13 bit ADC (easier to
make)
• 15 bit dynamic range
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05
Incident Photons
Res
olu
tio
n
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 10
FCRIC – preamp, integrator, CDS
• 16 channels
• Gain 8, 2, 1
• 12 + 1 bit ADC
• Covers 15-bit dynamic range
• Quantization error always < photostatistics
• CDS – correlated double sampling
±
Preamp Multi-gain
integrator CDS Pipelined ADC
Voltage integrator
Output =
Optimal noise filtering
Switched cap preserves charge
VRdt VSdt
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 11
X-ray camera system – block diagram
Sensor (a)cpCCD
Timing&
control unit
sensor
control sig.
Power
supply
support
mechanics
In vacuum front end system
readout (96 port)
cooling
clock & bias
drivers
Back-end electronics
software
User interface
data
storage
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 12
Camera head – planar version
• Requirement for the camera head
– Work in vacuum, HV to UHV (ALS is a Soft X-ray facility)
– Cool sensor and readout chips to -50C (reduce leakage current & thermal noise)
• Silicon wafer used as mechanical support
– Good thermal conductor
– Good CTE match to the detector (also silicon)
• Version 1
– Wire-bond job was very difficult
– presented crosstalk
• Version 2
– System was improved • Wire-bonding 100% successful
• no observable crosstalk
– Camera ready to be used.
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 13
FCCD Readout
ANL/LBNL partnership
2
FCCD Block Diagram
CCD
480 x
480
10
columns
per
analog
out
½ row
per
output
Each FRIC has
1 SPI-Like I/O
bus and 4
LVDS output
streamsFRIC 1
Analog
Outputs
:FRIC 6
:
Power Supplies
LBNL FCCD DAS Electronics
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Clock Module 2
Clock Module 1
Data Module 1
Interface to
3 FRICs
Data Module 2
Interface to
3 FRICs
Interface
Module
Camera
Link 1
Camera
Link 2
Front End Electronics Back End Electronics
Interlock?
Temperature
Controller
SPI - Like
Data
Data
Data
Data
FRIC 2&3
FRIC 4&5
SPI - Like
Data
Data
Data
Data
2008
http://www.lbl.gov/http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 14
ANL/LBNL partnership (cont’d)
• Image server
– Major software development
– Integrated with the FCCD
• Sensor characterization
– Visible light characterization
– X-ray lab characterization
APS FCCD kart APS BL 8ID
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 15
FCCD at 5.3.1 detector development BL
• FCCD sensor – 200μm thick
– ISDP back process
• Calibrate with fluorescence
photons. – Detects photons with energy
> 10 keV but ε < 1.
Sample
holder
FCCD
Primary beam sample
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 16
Soldering ... an example
Tin melting ~232 C
Sudden grain rotation
and splitting before melt?
X-ray CCD camera
Sample on
x-y stage
KB optics
Monochromatic
or white light
2.7 min. with FastCCD (at 20 Hz - disk write limited for this test)
6.2 hrs. with MAR133
MAR133 sample scan
FCCD single shot
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 17
Fast Energy-resolved Laue Diffraction
17
Potassium Titanyl Phosphate KTiOPO4 (or KTP)
๏ FastCCD at high readout rate → single photon counting (spectroscopy) ๏ Fast alternative to monochromator energy scan ๏ Promising - larger detector area needed
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 18
Zone plate aperture
CCD
Energy: = 750 eV
Focus= = 300 nm
Flux (phot/s) = 4 107
Oversampling = x 9.6
max resolution = 9 nm
03/2009 Draft
08/2009 Deploy 08/2009 Measure
10 nm should be possible in near future
Ptychography
Improvements needed:
• Compact, movable camera
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 19
FCCD next experiment:
Resonant X-ray Scattering
Colossalness comes from competition between different ground states. Need to study the static/dynamic orderings
How to study the dynamics of CO/OO phase? Pump (laser) – probe (X-ray) RXS?
๏ cFCCD for LCLS Hutch 2 (delivery goal early 2010)
๏ 120 fps ๏ Time resolution on event by event
(DT from laser to x-ray varies from
pulse to pulse)
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 20
1. Need compact FCCD (cFCCD)
2. Detector and sample are movable
3. Two Rotations:
• 360o in the horizontal plane.
• 100o in the vertical plane.
Need for compact, movable detector
ALS @ BL8
LCLS @ Hutch 2
Folding
New cooling
Long cables
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 21
Prototype (front-illuminated)
Compact Fast CCD (cFCCD)
12.2009
03.2010
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 22
cFCCD at beam line 8 at ALS
Data taken at 854 eV, Ni L-edge.
04.2010
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 23
LCLS Hutch 2 SXR – July 2010
1st SXR run July / August
Used by all 3 groups
Example data from
Steve Johnson
Paul Beaud
cFCCD is in operation!
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 24
The cFCCD use
At LCLS
• 2010 (21 shifts) – Wei-Sheng Lee (800nm pump, La2-xSrxNiO4, Nature
communication published), (5 shifts)
– Steve Johnson (800nm pump, CuO, PRL published), (5
shifts)
– Hermann Duerr (800nm pump, magnetite, in preparation),
(last few hours)
– Wei-Sheng Lee (IR pump, La2-xSrxNiO4, unpublished), (5
shifts)
– Andrea Cavelleri (800nm, IR La2-xSrxMnO4, PRB
published), (5 shifts)
• 2011 (14 shifts) – A. Cavalleri (IR/800nm pump, La2-xBaxCuO4, unpublished),
(4 shifts)
– S.Y. Zhou (IR/800nm pump, Pr1-xCaxMnO3, unpublished),
(4 shifts)
– J. Turner (800nm pump, Nd2-xSrxMnO4, unpublished), (2
shifts)
– R. Tobey (800nm pump, ErMn2O5, unpublished), (4 shifts)
• 2012 (5 shifts) – U. Staub (THz, TbMnO3), (5 shifts)
At ALS
• 2010 (21 shifts) – Jan ~ Jun: 21 shifts
• 2011 (100 shifts) – Jan ~ Jun: 45 shifts
– Jul ~ Dec: 55 shifts
• 2012 (126 shifts) – Jan ~ Jun: 53 shifts
– Jul ~ Dec: 73 shifts
• Expected future usage • LCLS 15+ shifts/year
• ALS 100+ shifts/year
• Challenges include: • Transportation (Broke camera #1)
• Software integration (several months!)
• Support during runs (several nights!!!)
• Improvements needed • Larger active area
• In vacuum clock drivers
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 25
(Un-fulfilled) Detector Needs at the ALS
Consensus:
๏fast, 2D detectors ๏moderate size/number of pixels in most cases
๏Majority soft x-ray ๏some hard x-ray ๏some low energy electrons ๏ 8 systems
๏ 2009 workshop: ‣ 1k Frame Store ‣ diffraction option ๏ ATCA-based DAQ ๏ Delivered in 2 yrs.
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 26
Needs Addressed with 1kFSCCDs
STXM μXRF,μXRD,μXAS
Ptychography
Scanning μDiffraction
XPCS
High Pressure Melting
Photon in / photon out
Tomography
Photoemission (phosphor)
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 27
(New) R&D CCD – 1k Frame Store
FY09 LDRD Wafer
First wafers received in 9/2010
• 30 x 30 mm pixel
• 1920x960 pixels (8 times the area of cFCCD)
• Thick 200-650mm
• 200fps
• Data volume ~ 400MB/s (HD 250GB -> ~10 min)
1kFSCCD
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 28
1k Frame Store CCD camera head
• Top board
• Bias board
• Digitizer board
• Frame store mask
• Temperature sensors
• Vacuum chamber
clock & bias
board
sensor
board
digitizer
boards
Diffraction
CCD
3 x 1kFSCCD
1kFSCCD camera head
http://www.lbl.gov/http://www.lbl.gov/http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 29
16 channel buffer chip
• Parasitic capacitance leads to
a long CCD output rise time
• Buffer chip
– 0.35 mm high voltage CMOS
– Provide bias for the detector
– Recover gain
Input:
2.1ns
Output:
3.7ns
Out(mVpp) =
(1.02±0.75) + (0.963±0.004)·Input (mVpp)
CCD output
rise time : 400 ns
Vreset
Vout
Vsclk
Vsw
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 30
New ATCA based system
RAID Array
Node
User
Client
Camera Head
Shelf
Manager
10 GbE Network
1 GbE Network
Custom Interface
Custom
Timing
Module
Data Capture
Module Fabric
Switch
Hub Sys. Config.
Module
GUI Interface
Module
Processor Node
Camera Interface Node
Digital
PSU
ATCA Chassis Network Connections
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 31
New ATCA based system
• Image processing
• Dark image subtraction, Gain correction
• Zero suppression, Digital integration, Binning
• Camera head communication
– Copper cables
– Being replaced by fiber optics module Fiber optics module
Camera Interface Node (CIN)
ATCA crate
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 32
Software
• QT framework
– Multi platform
– Open source
• Camera control software
– Control camera
– System development
– Save data to disk
– Beyond this software
• Post processing
• BL specific
– x,y,z, stages
– interlock
– Scripts
• Communication protocol UDP • Easy to interface
• Efficient for large data transfers
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 33
Cooling for 1kFSCCD
• Immersion chiller
– < -50C cooling system for the top board
– < +20C cooling system for the clock and bias board
– 75W cooling capacity at -55C
Prototype cooling system (Peltier based)
Final cooling system (immersion chiller)
1kFSCCD camera head
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 34
1kFSCCD being used at ALS
• ALS at beam line 5.3.1
– Sensor tests & calibration
• ALS at beam line 8.3.2
– Imaging techniques development
(coded aperture)
new systems are in production and will be delivered to ALS (8x), APS (2x) and (1x) EXFEL
A few more will be produced to other places, contracts under negotiation.
Power
supply
ATCA
system
1kFS
CCD
chiller
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 35
Conclusion • ALS detector group support
pillars
• Just starting a “detector group”
• Effort to develop and support
complex detectors is under-
estimated
• Future cameras will not be easier
• Faster detectors
• More readout channels
• More power
• More data
• More integration
• More “intelligence” in or near the
sensor
IC Design
Group
Electronic
Systems
Group
Semiconductor
Detector
Group
Engineering
Division
Detector
group at ALS
National
Center for
Electron
Microscopy
Physics
Division
External
collaboration
(ANL/APS)
Mechanical
Eng. Group
http://www.lbl.gov/
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BES Detector Workshop – August 1-3, 2012. Detector deployment at ALS 36
Thanks!
http://www.lbl.gov/