new data from fortified coastal settlement of cap de …

Proceedings of the Radiocarbon and Archaeology 7th International Symposium Ghent, Belgium, April 2013 | Edited by Mark Van Strydonck, Philippe Crombé, and Guy De Mulder © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

Radiocarbon, Vol 56, Nr 2, 2014, p 425–437 DOI: 10.2458/56.17169 © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

NEW DATA FROM FORTIFIED COASTAL SETTLEMENT OF CAP DE FORMA, MAHON, MENORCA (BALEARIC ISLANDS)

Anna Depalmas

Dipartimento di Storia, Scienze dell’Uomo e della Formazione, Piazza Conte di Moriana, 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy. Email: [email protected].

ABSTRACT. This article presents new radiometric data from archaeological layers of the inhabited structures adjacent to the cyclopean monument of Cap de Forma (Mahon, Menorca). The archaeological site is located on a narrow isthmus that links a 30-m-high coastal promontory to the mainland. It is next to an excellent natural harbor on the south coast of the island. The protohistorical complex consists of a cyclopean monument surrounded by a necropolis of rock-cut tombs (cuevas) that are dug into the cliff. The monument is an atypical example of Talayotic architecture. The excavations carried out since 1997 have discovered three living spaces. These lean against the southern wall of the cyclopean structure. The artifacts are almost all part of a chronological horizon that corresponds to the beginning of the Talayotic period. This study uses radiometric data to help interpret the recent findings from the three living spaces that flank the wall of the central monument.

INTRODUCTION

In the last 50 years, archaeologists who study the prehistory of Sardinia have shown great interest in the other islands of the western Mediterranean. This interest has grown out of the need to iden-tify, and expand our knowledge of, the archaeology of typical island environments. In the early 1990s, the project Cap de Forma (Menorca): The Navigation in the Western Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age was initiated, sponsored by the University of Cagliari (G Tore, C Del Vais) and Sassari (G Tanda, A Depalmas) and the Museu de Menorca (Ll Plantalamor Massanet). The goal was to make a detailed comparison of some peculiar aspects of pre- and protohistorical periods in Sardinia and Menorca.

One aim of the project is to acquire the means to verify whether insularity really stopped the cultural development of island communities (as is often claimed) or whether, instead, it contributed signifi-cantly to the construction of specific cultures of extraordinary value and importance, some of which showed signs of advanced social and economic development, as seems to have been the case with the Nuragic civilization in Sardinia and the Talayotic culture in the Balearic Islands. Therefore, the specific objective of this research is to analyze whether there were relationships and cultural influ-ences between the islands of Menorca and Sardinia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age.

The investigation focused on the coastal fortification and the hypogeal necropolis of Cap de Forma (Mahon, Menorca). The idea was to identify potential similarities and differences with archaeolog-ical sites in Nuragic Sardinia. Cap de Forma is an archaeological complex of particular importance. It is coastal and fortified, unlike most sites on the island. Moreover, its strategic position, which overlooks and provides vistas of all the south coast of Menorca, is of particular relevance to the study of navigation and routes to and from the islands.

The research initially had the aim of investigating in depth the monument, in order to determine the period of construction and the culture to which it belonged. The aim of this article is to provide some indications about the features and the chronology of the domestic spaces found during the latest excavations, which were carried out in the area adjacent to Cap de Forma’s main monument.

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HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH

The site of Cap de Forma is frequently mentioned in the cartography of the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly the tower of Es Canutells. As well as the numerous references to the site in different lists of monuments (e.g. Mascaro Pasarius 1968), the structure of Cap de Forma has also been the specific subject of studies on prehistoric coastal settlements. Indeed, at the Second International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies in Rome, Lluís Plantalamor presented a paper on coastal settlements on the island of Menorca, analyzing them in their particular context and in relationship to other similar coastal settlements on Mallorca and Pitiuse (Plantalamor Massanet 1991a).

The research on Cap de Forma started in 1991 and focused on cleaning the monument and making a photographic and graphic survey of the wall that separates the coastal cape from the interior. The first excavations took place in 1997 (Plantalamor Massanet et al. 1999). These excavations were of the outside area (in the north) and the inside area (in the south) of the cyclopean structure, as well as cuevas 3 and 22. They included a survey of the surrounding area.

The second fieldwork campaign (1998) took place without the participation of Giovanni Tore, who, unfortunately, died in November 1997. The work continued the earlier excavations: excavation of the inner area and extension of the survey of the plan of the cyclopean structure and continuing the excavation of cueva 3. The excavation of cueva 3 was completed in 2001, and work on the cyclope-an monument was continued through enlargement of the area of excavation. Since 2002, the author has led archaeological teams that have focused on the cyclopean monument and continued the exca-vation of the area to the south of it. The last fieldwork took place in June 2013.

Archaeological Complex

Cap de Forma, also known as Es Caparrot de Forma or Es Castellàs de Forma, is located on the southeast coast of Menorca, near the village of Sant Climent, and just inside the administrative boundaries of Mahon (Figure 1.1). It is sited on a rocky promontory of steep cliffs overlooking the sea (Figure 1.2–3). The bay of Canutells is a short distance to the west, and the bays of Binidalí and Biniparratx are nearby to the east (600640–4411330 UTM). The site was inventoried as No. 8375 and declared a National Monument (now Cultural Heritage B.I.C.) by Decree 2563/1966 of 10 Sep-tember 1996. It is, therefore, protected by the state.

The archaeological site of Cap de Forma is on a coastal cape, and consists of a main cyclopean monument, which closes off an isthmus, a necropolis of rock-cut tombs (cuevas) dug into the cliff overlooking the sea, and a second, very degraded, more central area (Figure 1.3). The promontory rises above the sea, with cliffs of more than 30 m in height. It is covered with small juniper and mas-tic bushes, which conceal the barely visible dry stone structures. On the isthmus, the large elongated rectangular cyclopean construction protects the entrance from the interior (Figure 2.2). It is not a talayot, at least not in the common sense of the term, as the building is different from the known types of this class of monument.

For those arriving from the interior (i.e. from the north), the monument appears as a massive steep scarp wall (4 m maximum height) (Figure 1.4). At ~33 m in length, it is long enough to block any possibility of access to the promontory. The external wall is roughly built. It consists of local limestone slabs, mainly placed horizontally but with some vertical ones juxtaposed among them. Once one passes this wall, through an opening near the edge of the cliff, one can access the south of the structure. Here, the slow collapse of the monument and its use as a modern military lookout post have combined to give the walls an untidy appearance. It consists of massive parallel walls

427New Data from Fortified Coastal Settlement of Cap de Forma

Figure 1 Location of Cap de Forma (Mahon) on the island of Menorca (1); view of the coastal cape (2); map with the monument in cyclopean technique and the adjacent necropolis (3) drawn by Giampiero Sechi, the gray area marks the area of excavations; the front exterior of the monument as seen from the north (4).

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Figure 2 Plan of the area of monument in cyclopean technique (1) drawn by Amilcare Gallo; aerial view of the excavation area (2) by Gustavo Taboada-Aeroview.

arranged roughly in large steps, alternating with piles of small stones. At the beginning of the research work, the remarkable consistency of the massive wall led us to believe that there might be interior spaces, even though, at present, no entry has been found that would give access to the interior of the structure.

Findings of the Investigation

The research on the excavation of the archaeological complex of Cap de Forma (the coastal fortifica-tion and nearby necropolis) aims to highlight the architectural structure of the cyclopean monument, to clarify the topography of the area, and to define the function and the chronology of the two areas (funerary and civil).


Tombs

Research focusing on the surrounding hypogean necropolis was carried out to verify the hypotheses that have been made regarding the phases of use of the tombs, the funerary rituals, the grave offer-ings, and the anthropological characteristics of the population buried in the tombs. The necropolis consists of 24 tombs (Figure 1.3). On the sides of the cliff, to the west of the cyclopean monument, two cuevas, 3 and 22, were excavated between 1997 and 2000. The most ancient traces of the use of cuevas 3 and 22 seem to date back at least to the Talayotic III (8th–4th century BC) or even IV (4th–2nd century BC) period (Plantalamor Massanet et al. 1999:48–94).

Cyclopean Monument

In this part of the archaeological complex, the program of stratigraphic investigation goes beyond the identification of not currently visible structures to include the recovery of additional cultural material. These are essential if we are to date the monument more accurately. The upper part of the cyclopean monument and the area immediately to the south of it were excavated. As discussed above, the excavation of the monument was basically designed to verify the construction technique, to clarify the floor plan, and to see if there were any interior rooms.

After cleaning and inspecting the masonry of the monument, it was concluded that the cyclopean structure originally included an earlier wall, which was erected to block off all access to the cape across the natural isthmus (Figure 2.1, D). This ran from northwest to southeast. Afterwards, rein-forcement walls were built against it, both in front of (to the north) and behind (to the south) the more ancient original wall. However, the rear wall, unlike the front one, was built using a system of parallel walls filled with small stones.

The significant deposit removed, partly from the top of the cyclopean structure and partly from its front, was a conoid of soil that largely consisted of stones that had fallen from the upper parts of the structure (Figure 3.3–4). Only from stratigraphic level 6/39 (US 6/39) did levels appear that were recognizable as belonging to spaces used for domestic purposes. Indeed, the excavation discovered some segments of walls that were parallel and orthogonal to the external surface wall of the main structure, which were interpreted as living spaces that leaned against the monument. These rooms were created by building walls that leaned against the monument (the western and central areas) or leaned directly into it (eastern space). Thus, the following points were derived:

– To the west, an elongated rectangular space. This is not completely identifiable because it is in part covered by a fortified house built in the 18th century AD. It was brought to light during the latest fieldwork in 2013 and complete excavation has not yet been finished (Figure 2.1, A);

– A difficult to define quadrangular central space on its southern side (Figure 2.1, B); and

– In the easternmost part, a presumably open space with a fireplace close to the monument (Figure 2.1, C) in front of a large rainwater tank (Figure 2.1, E).

The entire perimeter of the rectangular central dwelling (about 6 × 4 m) was brought to light. This had rectilinear double-wall surfaces, with a hearth in the northern bottom wall that leaned against the wall of the cyclopean structure (Figure 2.1, B). Traces of the southern wall, which was probably destroyed by the troops stationed in the adjacent fortified manor house in the 18th century AD, were also detected in this space. It is therefore possible to state that the dwelling on the eastern side was not closed in by the wall but formed part of the adjacent open space (eastern sector). In this space, between the two living areas (central and eastern spaces), a large cylindrical hollow carved into the limestone was found in a depression filled with small stones. This may well have been a cistern for

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Figure 3 Cap de Forma. The area investigated with the indication of the cross-section and the position of US 100 and 118, source of the dated samples (1), also represented in detail (2.A–B); NE-SW cross-section of the monu-ment and southern sector (3) with stratigraphic detail and the highlighting of US 100 and 118.


collecting rainwater for the resident community (Figure 2.1, E; Figure 3.3–4). In the eastern sector, the highest levels consisted of an area of rather loose, extremely powdery light-gray soil rich in charcoal and ash. This open space is, indeed, characterized by a large burning zone, partly concen-trated in a small space between the wall of the cyclopean structure and a short wall parallel to it.

The fireplace consists of several layers of ash mixed with coal, pottery shards, and animal bones, mainly of cattle, sheep, and goats. In 2012, bone samples from the levels related to combustion activities (US 100 and 118) (Figure 3.2, A–B; 3.4) were submitted to radiometric analysis by the Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium’s Artistic Heritage in Brussels (lab code KIK-) (Figure 4).

Currently, both stratigraphic units are being excavated (Figure 3.4). They lie on the natural bed-rock; this confirms that these levels correspond to the phase when the living places in the southern area of the cyclopean monument were built and inhabited. Some ceramic materials were found among the bones and charcoal. They include jars with conical handles and large containers with triangular inward-facing thickened rims, sometimes decorated with comb impressions, and also miniature cups and truncated conical bowls with triangular handles and comb-stamped decoration.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample Selection

Numerous animal bones, teeth, and fragments of charcoal were collected from levels related to living spaces. Preference was given to samples that lay in good conditions (in situ, away from roots or other live plants) and were of substantial size. Bones with very spongy tissue elements were not sampled for dating. All samples were recorded according to the Cartesian coordinates, and posi-tioned within the drawing of the excavation plan. They were collected with clean trowels, or in the case of the charcoal, with tweezers.

Each sample was placed in a clean aluminum foil packet, which was then itself placed in a sterile plastic box or bag. These materials were then kept at the Museum of Menorca while waiting to be sent to the laboratory. Of the roughly 40 samples selected, only a very few have so far been sent for analysis. A larger number will be submitted in the near future. Here, the first results are presented.

Laboratory Methods

Sample analyses were carried out at the Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium’s Artistic Heritage in Brussels Laboratory. The pretreatment was carried out as follows: collagen was extracted from the bones following Longin (1971), but adapted for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) samples. A supplementary NaOH step was added. Graphite was prepared using a Fe/H2 reaction (Van Strydonck and van der Borg 1990–1991) and measured at Kiel (Nadeau et al. 1998).

Dates were calibrated with OxCal v 3.10 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) using the IntCal09 atmospheric data from Reimer et al. (2009). Tables 1 and 2 list the sample information and analysis results. It should be noted that for the area of the monument of Cap de Forma (from the same area of the east-ern sector), there is also other dating available, determined by the Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium’s Artistic Heritage of Brussels (lab code KIA-) (Figure 4.2). The sample was collected in 2002 in the same sector of the others but at a higher level (US 39).

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Figure 4 Cap de Forma final calibrated 14C dating for US 100 and 118 (from 2012) (1) and for US 39 (from 2002) (2): probability distribution with 1σ and 2σ uncertainties.

Table 1 List of samples.

Sample nr Site Context Sample description1 Cap de Forma 6D, 3b, US 100 Bone of Bos taurus.

X:20/Y:60/Z:-143 <2684> Humerus (right side), distal end (fused) 2 Cap de Forma 6D, 3a, US 118 Bone of domestic caprine.

X:6/Y:92/Z:-161 <2685> Lower molar (right side)3 Cap de Forma 6D, 2a, US 118 Bone of Bos taurus.

X:70/Y:30/Z:-166 <2713> Vertebra


Table 2 Measurement results (plotted in Figure 4.1).

Sample BP δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰) C/N 1σ 68.2% 2σ 95.4%

1. KIA-48789 (Bos taurus)

2885 ± 35 −21.15 +5.01 3.38.6% collagen

1120–1010 BC

1210 (92.7%) 970 BC 960 (2.7%) 930 BC

2. KIA-48790 (caprine)

2890 ± 35 −19.10 +5.63 3.22.6% collagen

1130–1010 BC

1210 (93.8%) 970 BC 960 (1.6%) 940 BC

3. KIA-48791 (Bos taurus)

2895 ± 35 −21.26 +4.79 3.28.4% collagen

1130–1010 BC

1220 (95.4%) 970 BC

Table 3 Measurement results (plotted in Figure 4.2).

Sample BP δ13C (‰) δ15N (‰) C/N 1σ 68.2% 2σ 95.4%

KIA-21224 (mammal)

2915 ± 30 −21.59 +5.55 3.310.02%collagen

1200–1040 BC

1220 (93.5%) 1010 BC1260 (1.9%) 1230 BC

In the report by the KIK-IRPA radiocarbon laboratory, four other dates that they made are also published (Table 4). As can be seen from Table 4, only sample 4 (KIK-2802, KIA-21228) was col-lected during the excavations, and this was not in the fortification area but in tomb 3 of the adjacent necropolis. This research is briefly described in the paragraph above. The dating confirms that the tomb was still used in the 3rd century BC, as deduced from the analysis of the grave goods found within (Marras 1999).

The other dates (samples 1–3) were collected at the site, presumably also in the area of the cyclo-pean monument, but in years when the excavations had not yet began. It is therefore impossible to reconnect them to the structures and to the material’s cultural context, which has been brought to light in the research conducted since 1997.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tables 1–2 summarize the results and include brief descriptions of the materials sampled. This dat-ing substantially agrees with that reported here. The fact that all the dates fourth agree to assigning

Table 4 Previously published analyses.

Sample BPδ13C(‰)

δ15N (‰) C/N 1σ 68.2% 2σ 95.4% Provenance

KIK-592 UtC-4742 (bone)

2470 ± 30 −18.90 752–538 BC 768–430 BC Collected by J C De Nicolás Mas-caró 1995

KIK-1343UtC-10075(animal bone)

2755 ± 30 −21.3 923–844 BC 978–826 BC Collected by Ll Plantalamor Massanet 1994

KIK-1346UtC-10077(animal bone)

2815 ± 45 −20.8 1020–906 BC 1110–845 BC Collected by Ll Plantalamor Massanet 1994

KIK-2802KIA-21228(animal bone)

2245 ± 30 −19.06 +9.91 3.3 381–231 BC 392–206 BC Cueva 3; collect-ed by G Marras 2002

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the site to the final phases of the Bronze Age is a significant indicator of the time when the space adjacent to the monument was used as a living space, exploiting the fact that it offered protection from the prevailing fastidious north winds. US 100 and 118 are soils characterized by traces of combustion and remains of food, and may have been fireplaces that served for domestic purposes. The dates are confirmed by the pottery found during excavation. It is important to note that all the materials found in the levels—both of the collapse and in living layers—can be attributed to a typo-logically uniform group of pottery.

Ceramic Materials

The excavations of the archaeological complex of Cap de Forma discovered a large quantity of ceramic material, consisting mainly of shards of hand-modeled impasto vases, as well as rare ex-amples of historical and modern elements. These are constituted principally of glazed green, brown, and yellow pottery. The prehistoric impasto shards all come from the Talayotic period, and are markedly homogeneous, both in their morpho-technology and their types. The ceramic paste is rich in small and very small limestone fragments. These are intentionally added and generally have sharp edges. The vases have matte surfaces that are usually smooth.

Petrographic analyses of the Talayotic ceramics found in Cap de Forma are particularly interesting. This is because of the nature of the rock fragments added to the clay paste, which could make them among the few examples of the diffusion of these artifacts in the western Mediterranean (P Mameli and G Oggiano in Plantalamor Massanet et al. 1999:107–9). The analysis of the clasts in the samples has indeed revealed that, with a few exceptions, there is a total absence of quartz and/or flint and the fragments are almost exclusively carbonate (calcite and dolomite in individual prismatic crystals, in fragments of crystal and in rock fragments). This suggests that the source of the raw materials was an area free of formations with siliciclastic components.

Moreover, the presence of elements formed by reaction during firing, such as brucite and periclase, which are probably the result of cooking temperatures ranging between 650 and 700°C, can be used as a valuable indicator for reconstructing the thermal and environmental conditions that were typical of the ceramic technology of this Talayotic phase (P Mameli and G Oggiano in Plantalamor Massanet et al. 1999:108–9). Among the recognizable shapes, there are many examples of truncat-ed conical bowls, convex in shape with thickened rims, and others with simple flattened rims and elongated triangular handles (Figure 5.1–5.10). These too are decorated with comb or stamp points impressed between the edge and the place where the handle is attached (Figure 5.4).

Vases with outward-leaning funnel rims are another very well represented class. They sometimes have short necks and globular bodies, and are of different sizes (rim diameter: from 34 to 22 cm, in reconstructed cases; Figure 5.5 to 5.8). Some fragments may have been cylindrical containers, with thick vertical or inward rims, sometimes decorated with comb impressions on the lip (Figure 5.6–7). There are even a few carinated vessels.

Decorative techniques consist of incision and impression with instruments, including combs. The ornamental motifs are very simple: vertical and oblique lines incised and, as regards the impression, points of different diameters arranged in regular alignment (e.g. Figure 5.9) or at random, and sim-ple lines made with a toothed comb.

Among the shapes listed above, the trunk-conical bowls with thickened rims are comparable to materials found in the funeral naveta of Biniac-Argentina, Alayor, and domestic navetes of Cala Blanca and Clariana, Ciutadella. Similar shapes with elongated handles and impressed decoration have also been found in the Talayot of Trebalúger, Es Castell, and in the naveta of Sa Torreta de


Tramuntana, Mahon (Plantalamor Massanet 1991b). In these Talayotic archaeological complex-es, there are many similar jars with outward rims and globular bodies, as well as cylindrical vases with thickened inward rims. The latter were also found in the domestic naveta of Santa Monica, Migjorn.

All the other shapes found until now in Cap de Forma appear perfectly classifiable as belonging to Talayotic period and, more precisely, to the initial phase, from between 1500 and 1000 BC (Planta-lamor Massanet 1991b).

CONCLUSIONS

Research carried out during the various excavations allowed us to verify some structural problems in the construction techniques used for the monument, which consisted of parallel slab walls filled with small stones. The wider excavation has allowed us to reconstruct the phases of adaptation and

Figure 5 Examples of pottery from the excavation of Cap de Forma (1–10)

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occupation of the area during recent historical times (post-18th century AD). This consisted of lev-eling the ground by covering it with gravel limestone. This obliterated the archaeological remains and part of the walls.

The results of our latest excavations have allowed us to bring to light some parts of the wall surfaces and to confirm that there were at least three living spaces used for domestic purposes in the southern inner front of the monument during the Talayotic period. These include a western elongated rectan-gular building; a central quadrangular building; and an eastern, presumably open-air structure, with an area for a hearth against the wall of the monument. Each of these three areas contained fireplaces and a considerable number of animal remains, which supports the hypothesis that they were used for domestic purposes. The animal remains include two pieces of bone from Bos taurus (a humerus and a vertebra) and a goat’s molar tooth found in two levels with similar soil characteristics (US 100 and 118), which lay directly on the bedrock. The results indicate that the three samples date from the same period.

One of the most interesting pieces of data obtained from the excavations was the presence of a rather homogeneous ceramic complex dating to the Talayotic I period (Plantalamor Massanet 1991b). This allowed us to characterize with sufficient clarity the phase of use of the living spaces leaning against the cyclopean monument. On the basis of the radiometric data, these can reasonably be placed as belonging to the end of the 2nd millennium BC. This date provides an important terminus ante quem for the chronology of the cyclopean monument and for dating a rather homogeneous pottery complex in terms of its technological and typological characteristics.

Some pottery shards found during the excavation of the central space probably date back to an ear-lier phase of occupation of the site. They may therefore date from the period when the cyclopean monument was being built. The study of these materials is not finished. They may well provide information on the period of construction of the cyclopean monument, which anyway can be dated as being before the 13th–10th century BC range, as indicated by radiometric data.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This article relates only a small part of the activities conducted by the team over more than 20 years, after the initial impulse given by Giovanni Tore, whose memory is still alive among all of us at Cap de Forma. The research was carried out, especially in the early years, by Giuseppa Tanda, Carla Del Vais, and Giuseppina Marras. I particularly wish to thank Claudio Bulla and Giovanna Fundoni who have supported me in the last few years coordinating students and graduates. The Consell Insular de Menorca, which issued us with the permits to excavate, also financed the work, as did the Italian Ministero degli Affari Esteri, the Fondazione del Banco di Sardegna, and the University of Sassari. Important assistance was continually provided by the Museu de Menorca, both the internal and external collaborators, and the Amics del Museu de Menorca. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all of the above, and especially to the Museum Director Lluis Plantalamor and his family: without his fundamental and generous support and the stimulating discussions on the topic of the islands’ prehistory, our research would not exist.

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