new agriculture high middle ages – population increased –peace (no invasions) –cut down trees...
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New Agriculture• High Middle Ages –
population increased– Peace (no invasions)– Cut down trees and
drained swamps– Food production
increased
• New Technology– Carruca – iron plow– Horse collar– Horseshoes– Three-field system
Manorial System or Feudalism
• Manor – estate controlled by lord• Peasants – worked on land• Serfs – peasants bound to the land
(they were not slaves!)• Life of peasants was very simple• Required to pay a tithe to local village
church• Bread and water main diet • Wine beverage of upper class• Ale consumed by many• Religious feasts would be the only time
the peasantry would eat meat and other foods
Revival of Trade
• Cities and towns revival • Flanders and Champagne • Trade fairs were held in which
people would exchange goods and ideas
• Money economy – based on money
• Commercial capitalism – invest in trade in order to make a profit
Banca – “bench”
1st bankers
Growth of Cities
• Revival of trade revived cities
• Merchants flocked to these cities and built walls to protect them
• Bourgeoisie – middle class in cities emerged– burg – “walled enclosure”
• Given the right to govern themselves (kings and lords saw great wealth in these cities)
• Elections were held but were rigged so that only patricians were elected.
• Because walls were built, land became expensive
• Streets very narrow• Fires were a problem• Pollution (water, air,
waste)• Public baths (Paris
had 32)
European Cities in the Middle Ages
Industry and Guilds
• Craftspeople organized themselves in guilds (business associations)
• Guilds controlled production of goods– Apprentice (make goods)– Journeyman (sold goods)– Master (developed goods)
Christianity and Medieval Civilization• Papal states – territory
controlled by pope• Lords began appointing
individuals as vassals in positions as clergymen
• Giving them objects for their office (ring/staff)
• These lords invested in these leaders for wealth
• Known as lay investiture, the pope came to despise this practice
• Concordat of Worms – Pope would select bishops as clergymen, not kings
Pope Gregory VII fought this practice by believing that God chose him to reform the Church.
Investiture Controversy – King Henry IV excommunicated for the lay investiture practice
Church Supremacy
• Other popes’ strengthened their positions
• Interdict – forbid priests from giving the sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to a particular group of people
• Used to restore wrongdoings of a king
King Phillip Augustus tried to annul marriage to his wife. Under the interdiction, he had to take her back.
New Religious Orders• Monasteries became
popular • Many reformers felt
Benedictine monastery lacked discipline
• Cistercians – changed monastic life (strict law) – Ate simple diet– Only a single robe– These Cistercian monks
spread the word across the countryside
• Hildegard of Bingen– Known for her wisdom – Wrote songs – Succeeded in a time dominated by
men
• Franciscans – founded by Saint Francis of Assisi was born of a wealthy Italian merchant family
• Dominicans – founded by Dominic de Guzman and wanted to defend the Church from heresy (denial of Church teachings)
• Friars – bishops who traveled spreading the Catholic faith
Both believed in living in poverty to better serve God and spread His Word.
Inquisition• Church to try people
of heresy• Dominicans examined
those accused of heresy
• Confession would lead to being flogged by a whip
• Many tortured for not confessing to heresy
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
• Sacraments – baptism, marriage, Eucharist (Communion), rituals to receive God’s grace
• Saints – those on earth who have achieved a special position in heaven
• Nicholas, Mary, apostles, • Relics – bones or objects connected with saints
worthy of worship (heal or produce miracles)• Pilgrimage to a holy shrine would produce
spiritual benefits (Jerusalem, Rome, Canterbury)
Rise of Universities
• Educational guilds – universities
• No written exams• Bologna, Oxford and
Paris • No women• Lecture• Theology – Study of
God • Doctor’s degree – 10
years
Scholasticism
• Tried to bring faith and reason together
• To harmonize Christian teachings and works of Greek philosophers
• Aristotle’s work upset Christian theologians
• Saint Thomas Aquinas – tried to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings with the Bible
• Summa Theologica – reason alone cannot grasp spiritual truths
Vernacular Literature• Language of everyday speech of a particular
region• Latin was used during the Roman Empire• Latin was used by the Catholic Church• People relied on the Church for teachings of the
Bible (many did not know Latin)• Troubadour poetry became entertaining for
nobles and knights (poems for love of their ladies and inspires knights to be brave)
• chanson de geste – heroic poem (Song of Roland)
Architecture
• Romanesque – Roman style
• Gothic – flying buttresses– Thinner walls
The Famine of 1315-The Famine of 1315-13171317 By 1300 Europeans were farming
almost all the land they could cultivate. A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced
three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.
As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.
One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.
1347: Plague 1347: Plague Reaches Reaches
Constantinople!Constantinople!
The The SymptomsSymptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100% mortality rate.
The Disease CycleThe Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Human is infected!Human is infected!
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
An obsession with death.
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins!
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlaguePrograms against the
Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
The Mortality
Rate35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!
Decline of Church Power• The pope kidnapped by Philip IV after he rejected his right
to tax the Church• The pope dies from shock of kidnapping• He appointed a French pope in Avignon• The people of Rome demanded a new pope be appointed
after Gregory XI died• French cardinals declared election invalid and elected a
new pope• The Great Schism – two popes of the Catholic Church
declaring each other the anti-Christ• John Huss called for an end to the corruption of the clergy
and excessive power of the papacy– He was burned at the stake but the power of the
Catholic Church had lost much of their spiritual authority
Hundred Years War• England still held French
territory• France wanted it back• Led to long war• New weapons of war
– Longbows – Canons
• Joan of Arc – Heard voices from God– Led French into victory at
Orleans– Inspired French with her
faith– Burned at the stake
Political Recovery
• The Hundred Years War left France and England in economic troubles
• France created a taille – annual direct tax on land or property for income
• England faced the War of Roses – civil war between the two royal houses of England (Henry Tudor established a new dynasty)
Spain
• Muslims remained in Spain
• Ferdinand or Aragon and Isabella of Castille unite the country by getting married
• They get rid of the Muslims in 1492
• Christopher Columbus given charter to find all water route to India by sailing west
Central and Eastern Europe
• Holy Roman Empire – present day Germany, could not unite its territories in becoming a strong nation
• It remained divided into hundreds of states