neutrino oscillation physics with superbeams and neutrino factories

Neutrino oscillation physics with Neutrino oscillation physics with superbeams and neutrino factoriessuperbeams and neutrino factories

Nu HoRIzons workshop Nu HoRIzons workshop HRI, IndiaHRI, India

February 13-15, 2008February 13-15, 2008

Walter WinterWalter WinterUniversität WürzburgUniversität Würzburg

Feb. 14, 2008 Nu HoRIzons 2008 - Walter Winter

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ContentsContents IntroductionIntroduction SuperbeamsSuperbeams

– What can we expect from 1What can we expect from 1stst generation experiments? generation experiments?– Examples for upgrade optionsExamples for upgrade options

Neutrino factoryNeutrino factory– IDS-NF baseline setup 1.0IDS-NF baseline setup 1.0– Detector requirements/detector optimizationDetector requirements/detector optimization– Physics with a very long baseline (to India?)Physics with a very long baseline (to India?)– Requirements for non-standard measurements/Requirements for non-standard measurements/

physics case for the silver channel?physics case for the silver channel? Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions

Will not talkabout beta beams!

Contents reflecta biased selection

of aspects!


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Evolution of Evolution of 1313 discovery limit? discovery limit?

Specific scenarioSpecific scenario Bands reflect Bands reflect

dependence on dependence on CPCP

(from: FNAL Proton Driver Study)

GLoBES 2005

(NOvA)


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Appearance channelsAppearance channels

(Cervera et al. 2000; Freund, Huber, Lindner, 2000; Huber, Winter, 2003; Akhmedov et al, 2004)

Antineutrinos:Antineutrinos: Magic baseline:Magic baseline: Silver:Silver: Platinum:Platinum:


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Superbeams: ConceptSuperbeams: Concept Conventional neutrino beamsConventional neutrino beams::

Neutrino production by pion, kaon decays Neutrino production by pion, kaon decays (obtained from protons hitting a target)(obtained from protons hitting a target)

„„Super“-beamsSuper“-beams: T2K, NOvA: T2K, NOvA– Higher target powers O(1 MW)Higher target powers O(1 MW)– Larger detectors O(30 kt)Larger detectors O(30 kt)– Off-axis technology (for BG Off-axis technology (for BG

suppression, lower E)suppression, lower E) „„Super“-Superbeams, superbeam Super“-Superbeams, superbeam

upgradesupgrades: WBB, T2KK, CERN-: WBB, T2KK, CERN-Memphys, NuMI*, …Memphys, NuMI*, …– Even higher target powers O(4 MW)Even higher target powers O(4 MW)– Even larger detectors O(100-500 kt)Even larger detectors O(100-500 kt)– On- or off-axis technologyOn- or off-axis technology– „„Super“ pricySuper“ pricy

For leading atm. params

Signal prop. sin2213

Contamination


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Running example for beams: MINOSRunning example for beams: MINOS Measurement of atmosphericMeasurement of atmospheric

parameters with high precisionparameters with high precision Flavor conversion ?Flavor conversion ? Fermilab - Soudan

L ~ 735 km

Far detector: 5400 tNear detector: 980 t

735 km

Beam line


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Perspectives for MH and Perspectives for MH and CPCP

for the coming 5 to 10 years?for the coming 5 to 10 years? A mass hierarchy or CP violation measurement A mass hierarchy or CP violation measurement

will be unlikely or impossible fromwill be unlikely or impossible from– Beams+Reactor experimentsBeams+Reactor experiments– Any other source alone (supernova etc.) Any other source alone (supernova etc.)

(from: Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Schwetz, Winter, 2004)(from: Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Schwetz, Winter, 2004)


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Superbeam upgrades: ExamplesSuperbeam upgrades: Examples

ExposureExposure: : Detector mass [Mt] xDetector mass [Mt] xTarget power [MW] xTarget power [MW] xRunning time [10Running time [1077s]s]

Bands: variation of Bands: variation of systematical errors: systematical errors: 2%-5%-10%2%-5%-10%

Dots: Nominal LDots: Nominal L Typical Typical CPCP, 3, 3(Barger, Huber, Marfatia, Winter, hep-ph/0610301, hep-ph/0703029)

discovery

Feb. 14, 2008 9

Luminosity scalingsLuminosity scalings If If 1313 found by found by

superbeams:superbeams:– WBB and T2KKWBB and T2KK

can measure CPV, can measure CPV, MHMH

– NuMI requires NuMI requires Lumi-upgrade Lumi-upgrade (ProjectX?)(ProjectX?)

Systematics impact Systematics impact least for WBB; best least for WBB; best physics concept?physics concept?


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Baseline-OA-OptimizationBaseline-OA-OptimizationExample: NuMI-like beam Example: NuMI-like beam 100kt liquid argon 100kt liquid argon

CP=-/2

CP=+/2

sin22 CP violation Mass hierarchy

(Barger, Huber, Marfatia, Winter, 2007)

Constraintfrom

NuMIbeam

FNAL-DUSELWBB

Ash RiverOA,NOvA*


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Large Large 1313 case case… for the sensitivity to CP violation… for the sensitivity to CP violation

Superbeam upgrades can easily outperform a „straightforward“ NFSuperbeam upgrades can easily outperform a „straightforward“ NF How can one optimize a neutrino factory for large How can one optimize a neutrino factory for large 1313??

(Barger, Huber, Marfatia, Winter, hep-ph/0703029)

=350 beta beamBurguet-Castell et al, 2005

Neutrino factory3000 +7500 km

50 kt + 50 kt

NuMI beam to 100kt LArTPC

FNAL - DUSEL 100kt LArTPC

270kt+270ktWC detector

Feb. 14, 2008 12

Neutrino factoryNeutrino factory Ultimate “high precision” instrument!?Ultimate “high precision” instrument!? Muons decay in straight sections of storage ringMuons decay in straight sections of storage ring Technical challenges: Target power, muon cooling, charge Technical challenges: Target power, muon cooling, charge

identification, maybe steep decay tunnelsidentification, maybe steep decay tunnels

For leading atm. params

Signal prop. sin2213

Contamination ISS

(Geer, 1997; de Rujula, Gavela, Hernandez, 1998; Cervera et al, 2000)


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NF optimization potential (ISS)NF optimization potential (ISS)

Optimized NuFact: Excellent Optimized NuFact: Excellent 1313 reach for both MH and CPV reach for both MH and CPV But: For sinBut: For sin22221313 ~ 10 ~ 10-2-2, , =350 beta beam (L=730 km) better=350 beta beam (L=730 km) better

3

(Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, hep-ph/0606119; -beam: Burguet-Castell et al, hep-ph/0503021)

E=50 GeV

E=20 GeV


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IDS-NF launched at NuFact 07IDS-NF launched at NuFact 07International design study for a neutrino factoryInternational design study for a neutrino factory

Successor of the International Scoping Study for a „future Successor of the International Scoping Study for a „future neutrino factory and superbeam facility“:neutrino factory and superbeam facility“:Physics case made in physics WG report (~368 pp) Physics case made in physics WG report (~368 pp) (arXiv:0710.4947 [hep.ph])(arXiv:0710.4947 [hep.ph])

Initiative from ~ 2007-2012 to present a design report, Initiative from ~ 2007-2012 to present a design report, schedule, cost estimate, risk assessment for a neutrino schedule, cost estimate, risk assessment for a neutrino factoryfactory

In Europe: Close connection to „EuroIn Europe: Close connection to „Eurous“ proposal us“ proposal within the FP 07; currently ranked #1, negotiating contract within the FP 07; currently ranked #1, negotiating contract

In the US: „Muon collider task force“In the US: „Muon collider task force“How can a neutrino factory be „upgraded“ to a muon How can a neutrino factory be „upgraded“ to a muon collider?collider?


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IDS-NF baseline setup 1.0IDS-NF baseline setup 1.0 Two decay ringsTwo decay rings EE=25 GeV=25 GeV

5x105x102020 useful muon useful muon decays per baselinedecays per baseline(both polarities!) (both polarities!)

Two baselines:Two baselines:~4000 + 7500 km~4000 + 7500 km

Two MIND, Two MIND, 50kt each50kt each

Currently: MECC at Currently: MECC at shorter baselineshorter baseline (http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/)(http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/)


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IDS-NF baseline setup 1.0 descriptionIDS-NF baseline setup 1.0 description

55% E55% E0.50.5 energy resolution energy resolution Detection threshold and Detection threshold and

backgrounds from new backgrounds from new simulationsimulation

2.5% signal uncertainty, 2.5% signal uncertainty, 20% BG uncertainty20% BG uncertainty

5 yr + 5 yr running time5 yr + 5 yr running time Silver channel: 10 kt Silver Silver channel: 10 kt Silver

from from hep-ph/0606119 hep-ph/0606119 (Autiero et al MECC)(Autiero et al MECC)

(IDS

-NF

baseline specification)

Old analysis/det.

Baseline detector

New analysis (diff. L)


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IDS baseline IDS baseline performanceperformance

for discoveryfor discovery

… evaluated with GLoBES!… evaluated with GLoBES!

3


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Two-baseline optimization revisitedTwo-baseline optimization revisited

Sensitivity for all Sensitivity for all sinsin22221313>10>10-3.4 -3.4 ((1313),), sinsin222213 13

>10>10-3.8 -3.8 (MH, CPV)(MH, CPV) (5 (5) ) for the shown for the shown performance performance indicatorindicator

True True CPCP chosen chosen close to worst close to worst casecase

Robust optimum Robust optimum for ~ 4000 + for ~ 4000 + 7500 km7500 km

(Kopp, Ota, Winter, in prep.)

IDS baseline

Optimum


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Consequences for detector locationsConsequences for detector locations Long baseline: L ~ 7000 - 9000 km good choice:Long baseline: L ~ 7000 - 9000 km good choice:

CERN-INO?


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Magic baseline - detector requirementsMagic baseline - detector requirements IDS-NF baseline requires two MINDs as specifiedIDS-NF baseline requires two MINDs as specified What ifWhat if

– The long baseline detector is smaller?The long baseline detector is smaller?– The CID capabilities do not allow for the specified The CID capabilities do not allow for the specified

threshold/backgrounds?threshold/backgrounds?

Quality moreimportant than

quantity!


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Large Large 1313: Low-E (low budget?) NuFact: Low-E (low budget?) NuFact Use magnetized detector with low threshold to Use magnetized detector with low threshold to

allow for lower Eallow for lower E(Bross, Ellis, Geer, Mena, Pascoli, 2007)(Bross, Ellis, Geer, Mena, Pascoli, 2007)

Combine with superbeam? – NF-Superbeam:Combine with superbeam? – NF-Superbeam:

(Huber, Winter, 2007)

Or use second target?

*


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Low-E NuFact: CPV comparisonLow-E NuFact: CPV comparison

NF-SB (ENF-SB (Epp=28 GeV, E=28 GeV, E=5 GeV, L=1250 km) can outperform =5 GeV, L=1250 km) can outperform any of the discussed setups except from beta beamany of the discussed setups except from beta beam

But: Luminosity choice for beta beam arbitrary in this context!But: Luminosity choice for beta beam arbitrary in this context!Parameters: Parameters: =350, L=712 km, 5 yr x 5.8 10=350, L=712 km, 5 yr x 5.8 101818 useful useful 66He decays/yr, 5 yr x 2.2 He decays/yr, 5 yr x 2.2 10101818 useful 18 useful 18NeNe decays/yr decays/yr (Burguet-Castell et al, 2005)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2005)

(Huber, Winter, 2007)

Ep=28 GeV500 kt WC

Physics with a very longPhysics with a very longneutrino factory baselineneutrino factory baseline

CERN-INO???CERN-INO???


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Precision measurementsPrecision measurements

(Gandhi, Winter, 2006)(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2004)

CP precision 13 precision

CP dep.

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Further applications:Further applications:Matter density measurementMatter density measurement

IdeaIdea: Treat : Treat as yet another as yet another oscillation parameter to be oscillation parameter to be measured; marginalize measured; marginalize oscillation parameters!oscillation parameters!

Comes „for free“ from very Comes „for free“ from very long baseline!?long baseline!?

Two different models:Two different models:1.1. Measure Measure RefRef

2.2. Measure Measure LMLM

(lower mantle density)(lower mantle density) (Winter, 2005; Minakata, Uchinami, 2006;

Gandhi, Winter, 2006)

Lower mantle density


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Matter density: Geophysical use?Matter density: Geophysical use? Example:Example:

Plume hypothesisPlume hypothesis A precisionA precision

measurement << 1%measurement << 1%could discriminatecould discriminatedifferent geophysicaldifferent geophysicalmodelsmodels

Possible selectorPossible selectorof detectorof detectorlocations?locations?

(Courtillot et al., 2003; see talk from B. Romanowicz, Neutrino geophysics 2005)


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Results for one-parameter measurementResults for one-parameter measurement Assume that only one Assume that only one

parameter measuredparameter measured For large For large 1313, < 1% , < 1%

precision at 3precision at 3 Indep. confirmed byIndep. confirmed by

Minakata, UchinamiMinakata, Uchinami(for one baseline)(for one baseline)

(Gan

dhi,

Win

ter,

200

6)

True =0


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Resolving the Resolving the 2323 degeneracy degeneracy

4000 km alone: Problems with 4000 km alone: Problems with degs for intermediate degs for intermediate 1313

7200 km alone: 7200 km alone: No sensitivity for small No sensitivity for small 1313

4000 km + 7200 km: 4000 km + 7200 km: Good for all Good for all 1313

(Gandhi, Winter, 2006)

Similar performanceto Gold+Silver* @ 4000km

Meloni, arXiv:0802.0086


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Solar term:Solar term:

Note thatNote that

i.e., effect increases i.e., effect increases with baseline (with baseline ( ~ L)! ~ L)!

MSW effect sensitivity: even for MSW effect sensitivity: even for 1313=0!=0!

(Winter, 2004)

5

Requirements forRequirements fornew physics searches?new physics searches?


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Non-standard neutrino interactionsNon-standard neutrino interactions Consider effective four-point interactionsConsider effective four-point interactions

This leads to a Hamiltonian for This leads to a Hamiltonian for propagation: propagation:

matter potential:matter potential:

For antineutrinos: H For antineutrinos: H H*, a H*, aCCCC -a -aCCCC

Weak constraints


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NSI with magic baselineNSI with magic baseline

Combing the two baselines Combing the two baselines reduces the impact of reduces the impact of correlations drasticallycorrelations drastically(only real (only real ee assumed!) assumed!)

Does one still need the silver Does one still need the silver channel in that case?channel in that case?

3000 km7000 km

Com

bined

arXiv:0709.1980

Close to worst case for degeneracies: CP=3/2, sin2213=0.001

+Disappearance

(Kopp, Ota, Winter, in prep)


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Correlations at magic baselineCorrelations at magic baseline Including NSI, the magic baseline is not exactly Including NSI, the magic baseline is not exactly

correlation/degeneracy-freecorrelation/degeneracy-free Example: High-E Approximation Example: High-E Approximation

aaCCCC ~ E: ~ E:

Standard term drops as 1/EStandard term drops as 1/E44, NSI-Term as 1/E, NSI-Term as 1/E33 High energies important for NSIHigh energies important for NSI!!


When does the silver channel help?When does the silver channel help? Silver channel, in principle, very sensitive to Silver channel, in principle, very sensitive to ee, ,

Fix golden baselines:Fix golden baselines:Where is the optimalWhere is the optimalsilver baseline?silver baseline?(Use Silver* (5xSG,3xBG; all hadronic (Use Silver* (5xSG,3xBG; all hadronic decay channels of the decay channels of the observed) observed)

IDS-NF MECC baseline = Golden 1


(Kitazawa, Sugiyama, Yasuda, 2006)


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Minimum muon energy?Minimum muon energy?

Higher muon energy helps; low-E NF not an optionHigher muon energy helps; low-E NF not an option Silver channel: Not relevant for IDS baseline; helps for ESilver channel: Not relevant for IDS baseline; helps for E ~ 50 GeV ~ 50 GeV

IDS

baseline High-E

version


Low

-E N

uFact?

IDS

baseline

High-E

version

Low

-E N

uFact?

~ Currentbounds


36

Two baseline optimization Two baseline optimization (no silver)(no silver)

Similar to matter effects (which increase with baseline!), NSI Similar to matter effects (which increase with baseline!), NSI sensitivities want one very long baselinesensitivities want one very long baseline

Absolute sensitivity: Current limits improved by up to three orders Absolute sensitivity: Current limits improved by up to three orders of magnitude!of magnitude! (Kopp, Ota, Winter, in prep.)

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New physics searchesNew physics searches … and the physics case for … and the physics case for detection? detection?

Two approachesTwo approaches::1)1) Have specific model, i.e., spectral Have specific model, i.e., spectral

dependencedependence2)2) Want to do general unitarity checks, i.e., no Want to do general unitarity checks, i.e., no

specific idea about spectral dependencespecific idea about spectral dependence Two solutionsTwo solutions::

1)1) Use spectral dependence with model Use spectral dependence with model parametersparametersButBut: much more statistics in P: much more statistics in Pee, P, Pthan Pthan Pee (cf., NSI example) (cf., NSI example)

2)2) Use NC or CCs NUse NC or CCs Nee+N+N+N+N;;But for NCBut for NC: Systematical uncertainties, CC : Systematical uncertainties, CC contamination limit to percent levelcontamination limit to percent levelBut for CCBut for CC: : Initial Initial : not possible because of MECC : not possible because of MECC readout rate? readout rate? Initial Initial ee: platinum CID (showers!), silver : platinum CID (showers!), silver statistics again limited to few percent!?statistics again limited to few percent!?

Is the conclusion that there is no Is the conclusion that there is no physics case for the MECC at Lphysics case for the MECC at L11??

(Barger, G

eer, Whisnant, 2004)

NC: Systematic uncertaintyin NC rate NC and CC contaminations limit

performance; limited tofew percent?


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Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions First generation superbeams (or reactor First generation superbeams (or reactor

experiments) may find experiments) may find 1313; however: no high-; however: no high-CL discovery of CPV, MH CL discovery of CPV, MH Need upgrades! Need upgrades!

Current IDS-NF setup uses two baselines:Current IDS-NF setup uses two baselines:Does INO match the detector requirements for Does INO match the detector requirements for the far detector?the far detector?

The physics case for the VL baseline is very The physics case for the VL baseline is very robust (a number of applications)robust (a number of applications)

Open question: Do new physics searches Open question: Do new physics searches require the silver channel? require the silver channel?

neutrino oscillation physics with superbeams and neutrino factories

Documents

novanu horizons

walter winterperspectives

walter wintersuperbeams

kt wc detectornu horizons

walter winterlarge q13

walter winterrunning

t735 kmbeam linenu horizons

neutrino production