neuropathological basis of speechmaalot.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/1/3/11133654/l1_intro.pdfperipheral...
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Neurological Basis of Speech
Dr. Tomer NoffMaalot Educational NetworkFeb. 1, 2012
Welcome
Neuroscience
Why are we studying neuroscience?
Better understanding
Broca- Tom
Wada
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Basics
Understanding structure and function
Both can be overwhelming
Understand themes
What is a Cell?
Structure
Synthesis
Specialization
The Neuron
Specialized cells
Not just the brain
Must transmit impulse (DM pt)
Physiology vs. Pathology
Definitions and contrast
How are they studied?
Importance
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The Neuron The Neuron
Organization
Some terminology:
Ganglion VS. Nucleus VS. Cortex
PNS/CNS
Outer layer of collection of neurons
Organization
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Anatomy
Gyri vs. Sulci
Organization
CNS
PNS
Anatomy of the Central Nervous System:
The Central Nervous System
CNSBrainSpinal cord ~
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Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System - SNSSensory & Motor
Autonomic Nervous System - ANSSympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division
Cranial Nerves - 12 Pair Spinal Nerves - 31 Pair ~
Terminology
Afferent - toward ◦ Sensory
Efferent - away from◦ Motor ~
Dorsal - toward the back Ventral - toward the stomach Anterior & Posterior Rostral & Caudal ~
Terminology
Dorsal -
Ventral -
In reference to the BRAIN
Anterior - Posterior -
Rostral Caudal
Inferior
Superior
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Brainstem & spinal cord
Ventral - Dorsal -
Rostral
Caudal
Anterior Posterior
Superior
Inferior
Neural Axis
Neural Axis
Terminology
Medial - toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Ipsilateral - same side Contralateral - opposite side Decussate - crossover ~
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Coronal - frontal ◦ cross-section - salami - front view
Sagittal - side view hot-dog bun
Horizontal - top view ~
Planes Different views
Understanding orientations
Must Know!
Coronal Section Horizontal Section
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Mid-sagittal Section
Development of the Nervous System
Embryological Origin Embryo has 3 layers◦ endoderm ---> internal organs◦ mesoderm ---> muscles & skeleton◦ ectoderm ---> nervous system & skin
Neural plate (~3 weeks)◦ sheet of cells◦ neural groove◦ folds rostral to caudal ---> tube ~
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Development of N.S.
Neural tube◦ CNS develops from walls◦ as tube develops dorsal portion pinches off &
forms...
Neural crest ◦ develops into all neurons of PNS
Mesoderm◦ somites ---> vertebrae & muscles ~
Neural Tube Defects Neural tube fails to close Rostral failure◦ anencephaly
skull & brain partially or totally absentperinatal mortality
◦ Encephaloceleparts of brain protrude outside skullmental disability depends on extent ~
Neural Tube Defects: Spina Bifida Cleft spine
Caudal neural tube fails to close
Incidence◦ Spina bifida occulta 40% of Americans◦ Spina Bifida Manifesta 1 in a 1000 births
myelomeningocele: 96%meningocele: 4% ~
Neural Tube Defects: Spina Bifida
Myelomeningocele◦ protruding cyst as with meningocele◦ spinal cord / nerves in protruding sac◦ Effects paralysis, incontinence, learning disabilities
◦ 70-90% also hydrocephalus can cause severe brain damage
◦ Repaired surgically ~
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Neural Tube Defects: Spina Bifida
Meningocele◦ fluid-filled meningeal cyst ◦ protrudes through unfused
vertebral arches◦ SC/nerves not in sac◦ repaired surgically ◦ less severe disability than
myelomeningocele ~
Neural Tube Defects: Prevention
Possible genetic component◦ reoccurrence in families◦ ethnic/racial relationship
Folic Acid (Folate) Deficiency ◦ 50-70% of cases preventable◦ CDC guidelines
not planning pregnancy: 400 g/day planned pregnancy: 4000 g/day under direction of health care provider ~
Stages of Cellular Activity
6 distinct stages1. Neurogenesis◦ mitosis◦ nonneural cells
neurons do not divide◦ develop into neurons or glia
glia produced throughout life ~
Stages of Cellular Activity2. Cell migration◦ to specific “brain” locations◦ along radial glia◦ later: along other neurons
3. Differentiation◦ into specific neuron types◦ by induction
influenced by surrounding cells◦ or cell-autonomous ~
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Stages of Cellular Activity4. Synaptogenesis◦ formation of synapses ◦ growth of axons & dendrites
growth cones5. Neuronal cell death◦ apoptosis: programmed cell death◦ 20-80% of neurons in a region◦ genetically programmed◦ lack of neurotrophic factors ~
Stages of Cellular Activity
6. synaptic rearrangement◦ elimination of synapse◦ formation of new synapses◦ dependent on neural activity ~
Differentiation
Specialization of structures 3 primary vesicles◦ rostral end of tube◦ develops into brain
Prosencephalon ---> forebrain Mesencephalon ---> midbrain Rhombencephalon ---> hindbrain ~
Prosencephalon
Secondary vesicles form & separate◦ optic ---> retinas retina & optic nerve part of brain not PNS
◦ telencephalic ---> telencephalon◦ remainder ---> diencephalon ~
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Other Primary Vesicles
Mesencephalic ---> mesencephalon◦ dorsal - tectum ◦ ventral - tegmentum◦ tube - cerebral aqueduct
Rhombencephalic◦ rostral - metencephalon◦ caudal - myelencephalon◦ tube - 4th ventricle ~
Telencephalon
Cortical areas Fiber systems Landmarks◦ Fissures /Sulci◦ Lobes◦ Gyri ~
Superior surface
Longitudinal Fissure(sulcus)
Central Lateral
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FrontalParietal
Temporal
Occipital
M1S1
A1
The Meninges
Tough connective tissue Dura mater - tough outer layer Arachnoid membrane - soft middle layer Pia mater - soft inner layer, next to brain
~
Subarachnoid space
Gap between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
Filled with CSF Brain floats in CSF ~
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Dura materArachnoid membrane
Subarachnoid space CSF
Pia mater
Brain
The Meninges Ventricular System
Another circulatory system for the brain 4 interconnected ventricles◦ chambers
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)manufactured in choroid plexus
Hydrocephalus - blockage of CSF flow ~
Ventricular System
L V L V
3rd
Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Central Canal
4th