neuroinflammation and autism spectrum...
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NEUROINFLAMMATION AND AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
NAACONFERENCEMAY2019
MICHAELWELICE,MD.FAAP.FMAPS
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Neuroinflammation
• Neuroinflammationisinflammationofthenervoustissuewhichmaybeinitiatedinresponsetoavarietyortriggersincludinginfection,traumaticbraininjury,toxicmetabolitesorautoimmunity
• IntheCNSwhichincludesthebrainandthespinalcord,microgliaaretheresidentinnateimmunecellsthatareactivatedinresponsetothesetriggers
• TheCNSistypicallyanimmunologicallyprivilegedsitebecausetheperipheralimmunecellsaregenerallyblockedbythebloodbrainbarrier,aspecializedstructurecomposedofastrocytesandendothelialcells.
• CirculatingperipheralimmunecellsmaycrossacompromisedBBBandencounterneuronsandglialcellsexpressinghistocompatibilitycomplexmoleculeswhichperpetuateanimmuneresponse
• ThisresponseisdesignedtoprotecttheCNSfromtheinfectiousoffendingagentsbutmaybetoxicandcreatewidespreadinflammationaswellasfurthermigrationofleukocytesthroughtheBBB
• NeuroinflammationwasonceaclearlydefinedtermdenotingpathologicalimmuneprocesseswithintheCNS.
• Thefourhallmarksofperipheralinflammation:CNSinjuries,stroke,injuryorinfection
• Recentlythedefinitionofneuroinflammationhasrelaxedtothepointthatitisoftennowassumedtobepresentwhenevenonlyasingleclassicalhallmarkofinflammationwasmeasured.
• Unexpectednon-classicalimmuneactionsofimmunemediatorsandcellsintheCNSintheabsenceofpathologyhaveincreasedthelikelihoodthathomeostaticandadaptiveimmuneprocessesintheCNSwillbemistakenforneuroinflammation.
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What is neuroinflammation in Autism?
• Embryonicneurogenesisistheprocessofgeneratingneurons,thefunctionalunitsofthebrain
• Dysregulationofneurogenesisduetoadverseintrauterineenvironmentsuchasinfection,toxicantexposure,environmentalandfoodtriggershasemergedasakeymechanismunderlyingmanyneurodevelopmentaldisorderssuchasASD
• AhallmarkfeatureofbraindisorderssuchasASDisneuroinflammationwhichcaneitherpromoteorinhibitneurogenesisdependingonthecontextofbrainmicroenvironment
• Brainpathologyissuggestiveofongoingneuroinflammationorencephalitisindifferentregionsofthebrain**
• *Dysregulationofneurogenesisbyneuroinflammation:keydifferencesinneurodevelopmentalandneurologicaldisorders.FanLWNeuralRegenRes2017,Mar
• **Kern,JK,GeierDA,GeierMRetal.FrontCellNeurosci2016Jan
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Shared brain connectivity issues, symptoms and comorbidities in ASD, ADHD and Tourette Syndrome
• EvidencesuggeststhatASD,ADHDandTShavesimilarneuropathology
• Theymaybelongtoabroaderspectrumofneurodevelopmentalillnessesbasedonlong-rangeunderconnectivityandshort-rangeoverconnectivityrelatedtoneuronalinsult
• Neuronalinsultfromneurotoxicity,neuroinflammation,excitotoxicty,sustainedmicroglialactivation,proinflammatorycytokines,toxicexposureandoxidativestress.
Kern,Geieretal.BrainConnect2015
What is Oxidative Stress? Injurytocellsfromtoxicbyproductsofnormalcellularchemistryresultingfromaninsufficientresponsebythebody’sprotectivemechanism
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Causes of Neuroinflammation
• Environmentalallergies• Foodallergies/intolerance
• Infections• Toxicantexposures
• Anychangesinthestateofinflammationinthebrainduringnormaldevelopmentcanpotentiallyleadtoanincreaseinsusceptibilitytoneurologicalandneurodegenerativediseases
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Inflammation
• Acute Inflammation • Early response to injury/infection, lasts days • Swelling, redness, heat, pain at site • Beneficial, leads to elimination of infection and tissue
healing • Innate cells and mediators
• Chronic Inflammation • Late or sustained response to intracellular pathogens or
self antigens (autoimmunity) • Harmful, results in tissue destruction • Adaptive and innate cells and mediators • Often LOCAL at specific sites
Hypothesis: inflammatory events in pregnancy such as response to infection, may disrupt the normal expression of immune molecules during critical stages of neural development and thereby contribute
to the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD • Immunemoleculessuchascytokinesandchemokinesproducedbymicrogliainthebrainarecriticalfornormalbraindevelopment
• Singleviralinfectionorinjectionofviralmimetictopregnantmicesignificantlyandpersistentlyimpactsoffspringimmuneandnervoussystemfunction
• Studiesinhumansandnon-humananimalmodelshavesupportedthehypothesisthatongoingdisruptedimmunemoleculeexpressionand/orneuroinflammationcontributestoasignificantsubsetofASD
• Ingeneticallysusceptibleindividuals,environmentalriskfactorscombineorsynergizetocreateatippingthresholdpointfordysfunction
• StudiesshowingalinkbetweenmaternalimmuneactivationandASD-likeoutcomesinoffspringinvolvediverseenvironmentalfactorsbeyondinfectionincludingtoxinexposures,maternalstressallofwhichimpactinflammatoryorimmunepathways
• *Beyondinfection-maternalimmuneactivationbyenvironmentalfactors,microglialdevelopmentandrelevanceforASDsBilboSDetal.ExpNeurol2017July8
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Maternal Inflammation
• Environmentalinsults,infectionormalnutritionimpactbraindevelopmentandisassociatedwithneurodevelopmentaldisordersinchildren
• Maternalviralorbacterialinfectionshavebeencharacterizedasdisruptorsofbrainshaping• Imbalanceofessentialfattyacids,especiallypolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)areobservedinASDpatientsandthosewithADHDandschizophrenia.
• Omega3PUFAsarepowerfulimmunomodulatorsthatexertanti-inflammatorypropertiesaffectingthefetalbrainandmicrobiota*
• Maternalstressandterbutaline,usedtoarrestpre-termlaborresultedinseverebehavioralsymptoms,astrogliosisandspontaneousrecurrentconvulsiveseizuresin45%andepileptiformspikesin100%ofratsstudied.Thisdemonstratesthatnotasingleteratogenbutacombinationofteratogensmaycausecomorbidautismandepilepsy.**
• **Bercum,etal.JNeurosci2015Dec• *MadoreC,etal.NeuralPlast2016
Lipopolysaccharides
• Systemiclipopolysaccharide-inducedneuroinflammationaffectsmicrogliaandearlyneuraldevelopmentaleventsinrats
• Exposureasearlyasday3postnatallyleadstoarobustmicrogliaactivationbothproandanti-inflammatoryphenotypes
• Anti-inflammatorymarkerswereupregulatedinmultiplewhiteandgraymatterstructuresassociatedwithmarkeddecreaseinnaturallyoccurringapoptosis,butanincreaseincellproliferationinthesubventricularzoneandthedentategyrusofhippocampus,increaseinoligodendrocytelineagepopulation
• LPSexposedratsexhibitedsignificantimpairmentsincommunicativeandcognitivefunctions
• ThissuggestsapossibleroleoftheM2-likeanti-inflammatorymicroglialactivationinabnormalneuraldevelopmentinASDbehavioralimpairments*
• *Pang,Yetal.,PlosOne2016Oct
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Immune dysfunction in Neuroinflammation
• ASDindividualshavealteredimmuneresponsesinTcells,Bcells,monocytes,naturalkillercellsanddendriticcells
• ASDindividualshavealterationsinimmunoglobulinsandincreasedautoantibodies
• ASDindividualshaveelevatedperipheralcytokinesandchemokinesassociatedwithneuroinflammation
• *Biorklund,etal,ActalNuerobiolExp2016
Potential Target of Inflammation
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MAST CELLS
What are Mast Cells? • Exacerbateautoimmunityviaalterationofinnateandadaptiveimmunitythatprotectordamagethehost
• TypeIhypersensitivityresponses• TypeIIIautoimmunediseases–Arthusreaction,SLE,RA• ActivationbyIgEandinflammatorymediators• Allergy,Atopicdermatitisandallergicrhinitis• Inflammatoryconditions–rapidreleaseofTNF,IL-6andmastcellproteases
• Resistbacterialinfection–sepsis,lymphaticdrainage• Preventparasiteinfection• Exacerbateatherosclerosis• Promotecancerprogression
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MAST CELL ACTIVATION DISORDER AND ASD OVERLAP • allergicsymptomsthatallergistsayarenotallergies• intestinalinflammation• intestinalslowdownpossiblyresultingindistention• breakdownofthegut-bloodbarrier,i.e.leaky-gut• highfeversandredsbotchyhives• breakdownoftheblood-brainbarrier• braininflammation• neurotoxinsinthebrain• reducedneuralconnectivity• "brainfog"• paininsensitivity• reducedlearningability• seizures• andevenmore
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Mast cells in neuroinflammation and brain disorders
• Microgliaandastrocytesaremajorpathogeniccomponentswithinthisprocesswhichrespondtoproinflammatorymediatorsreleasedfrommastcells
• Mastcellsresideinthebrainandareanimportantsourceofinflammatorymolecules
• Interactionswithglialcellsandneuronsresultinthereleaseofmediatorssuchascytokines,proteasesandreactiveoxygenspecies
• Duringneuroinflammation,excessivelevelsofthesemediatorscaninfluenceneurogenesis,neurodegenerationandBBBpermeability
• Theyhavebeenimplicatedinneuronaldisorderssuchascerebralischemia,TBI,neuropathicpain,multiplesclerosis,AD,migraine,autismanddepression
• *HendriksenEetal.NeurosciBiobehavRev2017Aug
Treatment of Mast Cell Activation
• H1andH2antagonists• Mastcellstabilizers• Ketotifen• Luteolin,Quercetin• Epinephrine• Steroids• Leukotrieneantagonist• Montelukast
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Histamine signaling in ASD
• Histaminergicsystemhasacriticalroleincognition,sleepandotherbehaviors
• Histamineisaneurotransmitterandanimmunemodulator• ImplicatedinmanyneurologicaldisorderswhichsharecomorbiditywithASD,includingTourette’ssyndrome.
• Mediatesneuroinflammation,whichisheightenedinASD,• RNAsequencingfocusedgenesetofHSgenes:HDC,HNMT,HRH2,HRH3andHRH4whichwassignificantlyaltered
• *AlteredexpressionofhistaminesignalinggenesinASD.Wright,Cetal.TranslPsychiatry2017,May
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HISTAMINE IN THE GI TRACT
HIGHLEVELSINTHEGUTIMMUNOREGULATORIN:
FOODALLERGY
FOODPOISONINGHISTAMINEINTOLERANCE
IRRITABLEBOWELSYNDROMEINFLAMMATORYBOWELDISEASE
SomalinskaS,JutalM.CrameriR,O’MahoneyL,HistamineandGutMucosalImmuneRegulation,Allergy2014Mar,69.pp.273-81
.
AlthoughnoCNSdiseaseentityhasbeenassociateddirectlytobrainhistaminedysfunctionuntilnow,theH(3)receptorisrecognizedasadrugtargetforneuropathicpain,sleep-wakedisorders….andcognitiveimpairmentassociatedwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderCNSNeurosciTher.2011Dec;17(6):620-8.doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00212.x.Epub2010Nov22.HistaminepharmacologyandnewCNSdrugtargets.
TiligadaE1,KyriakidisK,ChazotPL,PassaniMB
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Immune Modulation in the Gut
• At birth - digestive tract of humans is minimally colonized.
• Colonised by microbes within the first few days of life
• At first, predominantly bifidobacteria (breast fed infants).
• With the introduction of other foods, a diverse microbial population develops in the gastrointestinal tract.
• By now, of all the cells in a human body, the overwhelming majority are non-human.
CourtesyPatrickHanaway,MD
FreeRadicBiolMed.2014Mar;68:122-33.doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.008.Epub2013Nov22.Roleoftheentericmicrobiotainintestinalhomeostasisandinflammation.KobozievI1,ReinosoWebbC1,FurrKL1,GrishamMB2.
• Ourcoexistencewiththegutmicrobiotarepresentsadynamicandmutuallybeneficialrelationshipthatisthoughttobeamajordeterminantofhealthanddisease.
• Failuretoproperlyregulateintestinalmucosalimmunityisthoughttoberesponsiblefortheinflammatorytissueinjuryobservedintheinflammatoryboweldiseases(IBD;Crohndisease,ulcerativecolitis)
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Microbiota, immune and nervous systems
• Studiesinvestigatingthegut-brainaxisdemonstrateacriticalroleforthegutmicrobiotainorchestratingbraindevelopmentandbehaviorandtheimmunesystemisanimportantregulatoroftheseinteractions
• Intestinalmicrobesmodulatethematurationandfunctionoftissue-residentimmunecellsintheCNS
• Microbesinfluencetheactivationofperipheralimmunecellswhichregulateresponsestoneuroinflammation,braininjury,autoimmunityandneurogenesis
• Inappropriateantigentraffickingthroughanimpairedintestinalbarrierfollowedbypassageoftheseantigensorimmune-activatedcomplexesthroughapermissiveblood-brainbarriercanleadtoASD
• ASDbrainhasalteredexpressionofgenesassociatedwithBBBintegritycoupledwithincreasedneuroinflammationandpossiblyimpairedgutbarrierintegrity**
• Thusboththegutmicrobiotaandimmunesystemareimplicatedintheetiopathogenesisormanifestationofneurodevelopmental,psychiatricandneurodegenerativediseasessuchasASD
• *FungTCetal.,NatNeurosci2017Feb
• **Fiorentino,Metal.MolAutism2016,Nov
Qureshi, Towards a systems level
understanding of the nervous system and its,
Trends in Neurosciences, Vol 36, Issue 11, November 2013
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Enteric short chain fatty acids
• Preorperinatalinfection,hospitalization,earlyantibioticexposurewhichaltersgutmicrobiotamaybepotentialrisksinASD
• Entericshortchainfattyacids(SCFAs)presentindietandproducedbyopportunisticgutbacteriafollowingfermentationofdietarycarbohydratesmaybeenvironmentaltriggersinASD
• Propionicacidandcarnitinemetabolism• majorSCFAproducedbyASD-associatedbacteriaegclostridia,bacteroidesandalsoacommonfoodpreservativecanproducereversiblebehavioral,electrographic,neuroinflammatory,metabolicandepigeneticchangescloselyresemblingthosefoundinASDwhenadministeredtorodents
• MajoreffectsoftheseSCFAsmaybethroughalterationofmitochondrialfunctionviathecitricacidcycle
• Hypothesis:ASDsareproducedbypreorpostnatalalterationsinintestinalmicrobiotainsensitivesub-populations*
• *McFabe.MicrobEcolHealthDis2015May
Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids as markers in autism
• Fattyacidsareessentialdietarynutrientswhichprovidepolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)forthegrowthandfunctionofnervoustissue.
• SCFAsarederivedfromthemicrobiomelinkedtoeffectsonthegut,brainandbehavior
• ReducedlevelsofPUFAs,importantduringbraindevelopmentareassociatedwithimpairmentsincognitiveandbehavioralperformance
• Omega-3fattyacidssuchaseicosapentaenoic(EPA)anddocosahexaenoicacids(DHA)areinvolvedinneurogenesis,neurotransmissionandprotectionfromoxidativestress
• Omega-ePUFAsantagonizeomega-6PUFA(arachidonicacid)inducedprostaglandin–E2(PGE2)formation
El-Ansary,etal.LipidsHealthDis.2014
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Toxicant exposure
• Numerousstudiessupportanimportantroleforheavymetalexposure,particularlymercuryintheetiologyofASD
• Youngchildrenmaybeparticularlysusceptibletoairpollution-inducedneurotoxicity
• Prenatalexposuremaycauseorcontributetodevelopmentaldisabilitiesandbehavioralabnormalities
• Recentstudieshavefoundassociationsbetweenexposurestotraffic-relatedairpollutionandASD
• Higherlevelsofneuroinflammationandsystemicinflammation• Gene-environmentinteractionsmayplayaroleindeterminingindividualsusceptibilitytoairpollutiondevelopmentalneurotoxicity
• *LiH,etal.BiolTraceElemRes2017,May
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Organophosphate insecticides
• Organophosphateinsecticidesie.ChlorpyrifosarewidelydiffusedenvironmentaltoxicantsassociatedwithneurobehavioraldeficitsandincreasedriskofASDinchildren
• Oxidativestressanddysregulatedimmuneresponsesareimplicatedinorganophosphateneurodevelopmentaleffects
• Gestationalexposureappearstostrengthensomeautistic-liketraitsthusresultingindelayedandlong-lastingalterationsinspecificpathwaysrelevanttoASD*
• *DeFelice,etal.JofNeuroinflammation2016Jun
Lead
• LeadhasbeenidasoneofthemainneurotoxicantsactingasenvironmentaltriggersidentifiedwithneuroinflammationandautoimmunityinASD.
• Levelsofbloodleadweremeasuredin60ASDand60Healthycontrolmatchedchildrenbetween5and12yearsrecruitedfromlowlead–pollutedareas.
• BloodleadlevelsweresignificantlyhigherinASD(>10mcg/dl)comparedtoHC.
• ThereweresignificantandpositivecorrelationsbetweenlevelsofleadandvaluesoftheCARS(Childhoodautismratingscale)andIQ
• PatientswithASDshowingincreasedleadlevelshadhigherfrequencyofanti-ribosomalantibodies*
• *Mostafaetal.,MetabBrainDis2016Oct
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Mercury
• Microtubuledegeneration• Long-rangeaxondegeneration• Dendriticovergrowth• Neuroinflammation• Microglial/astrocyticactivation• Brainimmuneresponseactivation• Oxidativestressandlipidperoxidation• Decreasedreducedglutathioneandelevationofoxidizedglutathione
Kern,Geieretal.ActaNeurobiolExp2012
• Mitochondrialdysfunction• Disruptionofcalciumhomeostasis• Inhibitionofglutamicaciddecarboxylase(GAD)activity
• DisruptionofGABAergicandglutamatergichomeostasis
• InhibitionofIGF-1,methioninesynthaseactivity
• Impairmentofmethylation• Decreaseincerebral/cerebellarbloodflow• Increasepro-inflammatorycytokinelevelsinthebrain(TNF-a,IL-1B,Il-8)
• NF-kappaBactivation
Mercury
• NeurotoxicantthatispotentiallyoneofthetriggersforASDasitinducesneuroinflammationandsubsequentreleaseofneuropeptides.
• LevelsofNeurokininAandbloodmercuryweremeasuredin84childrenwithASDbetween3-10yearsofageand84matchedHC
• TherewasapositivelinearrelationshipbetweentheCARSandbothserumneurokininAandbloodmercuryintheASDkidscomparedwiththeHC.78%ofASDpatientshadelevatedmercurylevelsand55%increaseinserumneurokininA*
• *Mostafaetal.MetabBrainDis2016Jan
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Aluminum
• Aknownneurotoxin• Hasnoplaceinthehumanbody• Iscontainedinalmostallvaccinesinextremelyhighlevels
Parabens Butylparabenisapreservativeusedinfood,drugsandcosmetics
Neurotoxicandpotentiallyestrogenicactivity
ThoughtocontributetoASDandlearningdisabilities
Leadstoincreasedoxidativestress,decreasedreducedglutathioneandelevatedoxidizedglutathione,mitochondrialdysfunctionandneuroinflammation,increasedpro-inflammatorycytokinesinthebrain(TNF-a,IL-6,IL1-beta)
Disturbanceofenergycarriers:AMP,ATP
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Electromagnetic and radiofrequency radiation exposures - EMF/RFR
• Deficienciesofantioxidantssuchasglutathione• Peroxidizedcellmembranelipids• Mitochondrialdysfunction• Immunesystemdisturbances• Increasedoxidativestress;freeradicaldamagecompromisingBBBandbrainperfusion
Clinicalmanifestations:• Changesinbrainandautonomicnervoussystemelectrophysiologicalfunction• Sensoryprocessingdisorders• Seizures• Sleepdisturbance
Herbert,M.Pathophysiology,2013June
GABAergic/glutamatergic imbalance
• AutoimmunityimmunedysfunctionandneuroinflammationareetiologicalmechanismsofASD
• RegressionisassociatedbetweenreducedGABAlevel,neuroinflammationandglutamateexcitotoxicity.
• FeverorhyperthermiamayalterglutamatelevelsinthebrainhavinganimpactonsymptomsofASD
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HOWTOTREATNEUROINFLAMMATON
• Findaphysicianwhounderstandsthepresentingproblemsandwhoiswillingtolisten
• Properpatientevaluationwhichincludesacompletehistoryandphysicalexam
• Completehistoryincludes:ConceptionandpregnancyhistoryDeliveryandbirthhistoryIllnessesGastrointestinalsymptomsRespiratoryillnessesSkinproblemsSleephistoryNeurologicalsymptomsEnvironmentalhistoryFamilyHistory
• Orderappropriatelabtests;blood,urine,stool,MRIofbrain,EEG–24-48hourtest,SPECTscan
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• Interpretationoflabworkisessentialtounderstandinghowtotreatthepatient
• Developatreatmentplanbasedonwhichtriggersappeartobeinvolved.Isitgenetic?Environmental?Infections?Food?
• Goodfollowupiscriticaltounderstandingiftreatmentplansareeffectiveornot.
• Remember–EVERYCHILDISNOTTHESAMEANDONESIZEFITSALLISNOTTRUE!
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS ARE TREATABLE AND RECOVER IS POSSIBLE • don’tsetanendpointintimewhereyouexpectyourchildtobeatalevelofrecovery.
• Timetoseeimprovementinvarioussymptomsvariesfrompatienttopatient
• Itisn’tasprint,it’samarathon• Surroundyourselfwithsupportivemedicalpersonnel,therapists,teachersandlovingfamilymembers
• Don’twastetimewithpeoplewhotellyouthereisnothingyoucandoorthosewhocriticizeyouandmakeyoufeelinadequateasaparentorcaregiver
• Askquestions!!• Don’tstopuntilyougetanswersthatmakesense!!
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THANKYOU