neurofeedback steele taylor jstaylor/uvm/neurofeedback.ppt [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Part 1:1. What is Neurofeedback?2. Overview of the Nervous System3. What are Brain Rhythms and What Functions do they Serve?4. Tour the Major Bandwidths of the Nervous System
1. Rhythms of the Hippocampus2. Beta Training for ADHD and Epilepsy3. Alpha /Theta Training for Anxiety and PTSD4. Non – Clinical Applications of Neurofeedback5. The future of feedback-based therapy
Part 2:
“Feedback therapy demonstrates and exploits our ability to exert and/or regain volitional control over aspects of physiology previously held to be inaccessible to consciousness”
Biofeeback and Mind-Body Axes
1. Autonomic Nervous System2. Neuro-Muscular3. Neurogenic Analgesia/Hyperalgesia4. Neuro-Endocrine5. Neuro-Immunological
Will future feedback-based therapies be able to target the neuro-immunological axes?
Take Home Points
• Neurofeedback is biofeedback for the Central Nervous System– Targets firing patterns (brain rhythms) and regional blood flow
• Brain rhythms correspond to certain behavioral and cognitive states
• Cortical brain rhythms are detectable non-invasively (EEG)
• As the EEG inclines towards a desired frequency, a rewarding stimulus is applied
• The stimulus is auditory and/or visual
• Barry Sterman’s Story
Why Neurofeedback?1. Neurofeedback and Pharmacotherapeutics
1. Accurate and non-invasive monitoring1. Diagnosis and progress tracking
2. Eliminate adverse effects and toxicities
3. Sustained therapeutic benefit because the healing is self generated and penetrates core dysfunctions
2. Neurofeedback and Psychotherapy1. The results are quantifiable
2. Specific targeting of correlated neurological deficits
3. ‘Uncover’ unresolved issues for subsequent processing during a neurofeedback session
Why Not Neurofeedback?
Neurofeedback Equipment
• Three essential components:1. Input
1. Electrodes: EEG / SEMG2. Infrared: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow3. Functional MRI: Real Time fMRI
2. Processing Unit1. Filter raw data and amplify2. Set to desired bandwidths
1. May be general or very specific 1. Percentage goals for simultaneously
occurring frequencies3. Inhibit Threshold is equivalent to a limbo bar4. Reward Threshold is equivalent to a hurdle
3. Output: The reward must occur at the appropriate time!
1. Auditory Stimuli2. Visual Stimuli
http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v27/n1/images/1395884f2.gif
http://dreamweaverhouse.org/images/brain_man.gif
What Is Required of Neuronal Information Processing?
• Recognize Patterns and Synthesize (Bind) Inputs Across Multiple Sensory Modalities
• Anticipate Future Events on Multiple Time Scales– Position Awareness in Context of Past and Future
• Generate, Refine, and Execute Motor Programs• Store and Retrieve Memories• Do all of this efficiently!
(space and metabolic restrictions)
How Can Oscillations Make These Possible?
Nervous System Overview
http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/exp_humanbody/exp_human042.jpghttp://domino.watson.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rscd.neurons_picd.html/
$FILE/Three%20Golden%20Columns_s.bmp
www.doctordeluca.com/Library/Pain/CP1NewDisease2K.htm
http://www.xaraxone.com/webxealot/workbook67/yin-yang_13.png
Blue = Yin = Calm = Inhibition
Red = Yang = Arouse = Excitation
Classic Model of Information Flow
Input
(afferent)
Somatic Sensory
Special Sensory
Visceral Sensory
Processing
(interneurons)
Triune Processing Centers:
1. Cerebrum (cortex)
2. Limbic System
3. Spinal Cord and Brainstem
Output
(efferent)
Somatic Motor
Visceral Motor
Glandular Secretions
Modifications to the Classic Model
1. The brain generates its own default organized activity that it inevitably reverts towards
1. Meaning that it is not bound to environmental stimuli
2. The brain emulates reality versus simply translating reality
3. Sensation Requires Movement
“No perception without action”
Functional Localizations in the CNS
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3730/image/figure5-8.jpg
http://www.laesieworks.com/spinal/pict/SpinalCord.jpg
http://www.ideachampions.com/weblogs/left-brain-right-brain.jpg
http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/images/wet_brain.gif
http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/8/865bcf35b080d38c5465f4c2dbea8f0d/brainstem.gif
http://www.alzheimer.ca/english/alzheimer_brain_mini_site/images/02a.jpg
http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/vol12/issue3/images/medium/coverfig.gif
http://cortivis.umh.es/Images/fmri_blind.jpg
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Neurovascular_coupling
The Thalamus
• Gateway to the cortex
• Filter of Sensory Data
• Arousal Regulator
• Cortical Pacemaker?– Equidistance from
cortical structures would overcome lag times in communication
http://mri.kennedykrieger.org/images/[email protected]
http://alpha.furman.edu/~einstein/general/neurodemo/105C.gif
The Hippocampus
• Librarian of the Brain!
• “Navigation” of external space and internal memory space– Place Cells– Episodic/Declarative
• Storage• Retrieval
• Hippocampal Theta– Lays ground for transient
cell-assemblies– Lays ground for long-term-
potentiationhttp://www.brainconnection.com/med/medart/l/hippocampus.jpg
“Neurons that fire together, wire together.”
Oscillations Are Embedded in Our Inner and Outer Environments
• Day / Night• Lunar Cycles• Seasonal Cycles• Predator - Prey• Yearly Cycles• Samsara!
• Heart Rate• Respiratory Cycles• Brain Rhythms• Rhythmic Movement• Voice Generation • Daily Mood and
Attention Flux• Sleep / Wake• Cellular Secretions
Oscillation• Oscillations are back and forth rhythmic variations
across an equilibrium point• 1. Harmonic Oscillators
• 2. Relaxation Oscillators– Charge– Discharge– Refraction
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Pacemaker_potential.svg/354px-Pacemaker_potential.svg.png
http://www.xaraxone.com/webxealot/workbook67/yin-yang_13.png
Blue = Yin = Calm = Inhibition
Red = Yang = Arouse = Excitation
http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/Images/cardiac-conduction-system.jpg
Oscillations Help Satisfy the Requirements of the Nervous System
1. Synchronize distant regions through pacemaking
2. Conserve energy because less energy expenditure required to ‘charge’ downstream targets with yang
3. Conserve space by allowing neurons to participate in multiple circuits– Based on activity of channels– Based on synchrony with other neurons
4. Code and retrieve information in spatio-temporal sequences and auto-associations
5. Glue or bind multiple processing regions to form gestalt perceptions– Coupling gamma to hippocampal theta
Paths of Least Resistance
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edia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thum
b/f/fb/Lena_River_D
elta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/300px-Lena_R
iver_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg
http://www.biogetic.com/img/eeg2.gifhttp://domino.watson.ibm.com/comm/pr.nsf/pages/rscd.neurons_picd.html/$FILE/Three%20Golden%20Columns_s.bmp
“Neuronal ensemble activities shuttle back and forth between the interference prone complexity and robust predictable oscillatory synchrony…
“…this switching behavior is the most efficient way for the brain to detect changes in the body and the surrounding physical world, while preserving its autonomous internal organization.”
-Gyorgy Buzsaki Rhythms of the Brain
Slow Waves: Robust Predictable Oscillatory Synchrony
• Slow wave activity is the default mode of the brain, and enables a noise-free-circuit– This allows experiences to be replayed, consolidated,
and integrated with pre-existing internal models– Synaptic connections are strengthened and remodeled
• During slow wave activity, the brain temporarily disables the process of being continually tossed about by external stimuli
Slow Waves: Robust Predictable Oscillatory Synchrony
• Delta: 1-3 Hz– Deep Sleep, Repair,
Problem Solving(wake up with the answer!)
– Reduced responsiveness to sensory perturbations
– Predominates during infancy as connectivity is still weak
• Theta: 4-7 Hz– Sleep-wake transitions
• Hypnagogic hallucinations• Hypnapompic hallucinations
– Creativity, Insight, – Uncritical acceptance,
self-correcting thoughts – Altered States, – Super-learning in young
children– Slow wave disorders:
foggy thinking, epilepsy, ADHD, coma
Alpha and SMR: Bridging Internal Operations with External Stimuli
• Alpha: 8-12 Hz– Calm Alertness, Meditation, Body Awareness,
Daydreaming– ‘Reduced during eye movements– More dominant posteriorly, however, years of
meditation promotes spread to the pre-frontal cortex…neurofeedback can hasten this process
• Coherence, reflection, attunement, integrative thinking• Bottom-Up Processing• Resolution of cognitive dissonance
• Sensory Motor Rhythm (SMR) or Mu– 10-15 Hz within sensory-motor strip– Physically Relaxed, Poised for Action, Calm Vigilance
Faster Waves: Interference Prone Complexity
• Beta: 13-20 Hz– Focused Thought, Sustained Attention,
Industrious Behavior– Characteristics of motor cortices actively
engaged in directing movement– Brain is desynchronized due to attending to
variety of tasks
• High Beta : 21-30 Hz– Hyperalertness, Anxiety…especially if right
beta exceeds left beta
Faster Waves: Interference Prone Complexity
• Gamma– 30-80Hz– Tend to be transient bursts of cognitive activity
• Sustained long enough for a subjective experience
– Equivalent to the ‘AHA’ moment– Perfect frequency to enable long-term potentiation– Perfect frequency for construction and recall of cell
assemblies = binding– Often deficient in learning disorders and mental retardation
How to Access These States:1. Delta: Get some nice sleep, 2. Theta: Sustain the period before falling asleep
(Edison style!), imagine passively flowing through a warm viscous medium
3. Alpha: Pay attention to your breath, continually scan your body
4. SMR: Play a sport such as baseball, tennis5. Low Beta: Play penguin pursuit and color match
on lumosity.com, read a book attentively (w/ speed-read eye-movements), juggle
6. High Beta: Hike in the dark…note your response to sudden unknown sounds! Panic, obsess.
7. Gamma: Do puzzles, play moneycomb, memory matrix on lumosity.com
Alpha / Theta Training1. PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Rage,
Addiction, BDD and Anorexia?– Trauma and long-standing anxiety can lead to
limbic ‘locking’ with accompanying reductions in pre-frontal lobe processing
– Goal is to ‘unlock’ the dominant limbic circuits to restore normal information flow and processing between limbic + cortex
– Enables resolution of long standing trauma» Described as witnessing the events versus
experiencing them vividly and emotionally– Therapeutic benefit rests in the self-corrective intuitive
thinking that emerges, however often vivid imagery also accompanies this state
Alpha / Theta Training– Non-Clinical Applications:
• Creativity and Inventiveness• Insight• Experiential Learning• Performance• Shamans
Training Beta2. Beta Training: ADHD
– Biochemical Etiology:• Reduced dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervation of
cognitive, attentive and reward centers• Stimulus seeking behavior is sought out
• Benefits of medication are typically medication dependant, and may not generate actually physiological alterations
• Possible underlying deficiencies in cholinergic signaling
– Electroencephalic Correlates:• Inappropriate cortical slow wave (theta = alpha) dominance
during cognitive activities• Poor SMR
– Neurofeedback Protocol:• Reward beta, particularly left hemispheric and SMR
Training Beta
2. Epilepsy
• Invasion of slow (3Hz) and strongly synchronous activity throughout the cortex
• Can be partial (absence), or widespread– Strengthen cortical low beta– Strengthen SMR
• Net effect is to enhance the seizure threshold• Barry Sterman did this with cats!
Training Beta
2. Performance
• Athletes
• Musicians
• Speakers/Politicians
• Medical Professionals
The Future of Feedback Medicine
1. Real-Time Functional MRI (fMRI)– Christopher DeCharms project
• Participant can observe functional MRI in real time to alter their neurological activity
• Based on known structure-function relationships in the brain– Immediate applications are for chronic pain management, but the
possibilities are endless
• Useful for assessing vegetative status• Versus Neurofeedback: Poor temporal resolution, good spatial
resolution
http://futurefeeder.com/wp-content/IImages/fMRI.jpg
The Future of Feedback Medicine
2. VTI of Neurophysiological Excellence1. Real-time monitoring of biochemical markers
and rewarding of favorable shifts as patient engages in a virtual reality game
Further Reading
• Demos, John. Getting Started With Neurofeedback. 2005
• Robbins, Jim. A Symphony in the Brain. 2000• Buzsaki, Gyorgy. Rhythms of the Brain. 2006• Llinas, Rudolfo. I of the Vortex: From Neurons to
Self. 2002• Ramachandran, V.S. A Brief Tour of Human
Consciousness. 2004• Schwartz MS and Andrasik F (editors).
Biofeedback: A Practitioner’s Guide. 2003• Castaneda, Carlos. The Art of Dreaming.
Websites
• www.neurocybernetics.com
• www.heartmath.com
• www.omneuron.com
• www.lumosity.com• http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/
christopher_decharms_scans_the_brain_in_real_time.html
