neurobiology & behaviour hl & sl option e. stimulus & response e.1.1. define the terms...
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Neurobiology & BehaviourHL & SL Option E
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Stimulus & Response
• E.1.1. Define the terms stimulus, response, and reflex in the context of animal behaviour.
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Stimulus, response, and reflex
• Stimulus (pl. stimuli)– A change in external or internal environment that is detected by a
receptor and elicits a response
• Response– Is a reaction to a stimulus
• Reflex– Is a rapid, unconscious response– e.g. - the response to pain
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Video
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Response of animals to pain stimuli
• E.1.2 Explain the role of receptors, sensory neurones, relay neurones, motor neurones, synapses and effectors in the response of animal to stimuli
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Pain Reflex Arc
• Receptors receive the stimulus– Pain, heat, pressure, chemicals
• Receptors – Generate a nerve impulse in the sensory neurons
• Sensory neurons carry the impulse toward the spinal cord• The axons of the sensory neuron enters the spinal cord
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Pain Reflex Arc
• The axon of the sensory neuron enters the spinal cord in the dorsal root
• It sends a chemical message across a synapse to a relay neuron (interneuron)
• Synapse – functional connections between neurons or between neurons and other types of cells.
• Relay neuron (interneuron) is located in the gray matter • The motor neuron is located in the ventral root of the spinal cord
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Pain Reflex Arc
• It carries the impulse to an effector• An effector is an organ that performs the response• Effectors are muscles or glands• A reflex is an automatic response following a sensory stimulus. It
is not under conscious control and is therefore involuntary (it does not involve the human brain.)
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• E.1.3 Draw and label a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex, including the spinal cord and its spinal nerves, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector
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• E.1.4 Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples
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http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0016-swf_reflex_arc.swf
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Effects of Natural Selection
• Animal behaviour is much more than just single reflex arcs• Behavioural changes may be so extreme that a new species is
formed• Review – Black Peppered Moths
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Migration in European Blackcaps
• Small warblers• Migrate between
Germany & Spain– Breed in Germany in
spring– Spend the winter in
Spain
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Migration in European Blackcaps
• 50 years ago – some blackcap warblers came to UK for winter• UK blackcaps left to go back to Germany 10 days earlier than the
Spanish blackcaps• The earlier the birds arrived in Germany, the more choice of
territory they had; the more eggs they laid• UK warblers have an advantage
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Video
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Migration in European Blackcaps - experiment
1) Eggs collected from UK parent2) Eggs collected from Spanish parents3) Young reared without parents4) All birds in study migrated in the same direction that their
parents had gone5) Supports the hypothesis – blackcaps are genetically
programmed to fly in a certain direction6) Change in migration patterns may cause new species
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Sockeye Salmon
Video clip
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Sockeye Salmon
1) Sockeye salmon were introduced into Lake Washington
2) Some migrated to Lake Cedar
3) River flows quickly – lake is deep & quiet
4) Different aquatic environments
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Sockeye Salmon – Lake Washington
1) 13 generations of salmon over 60 years2) River & lake salmon do NOT interbreed3) 2 different breeding methods
a) Lake salmon spawn on the beach, females lay eggs in the sandb) Males have heavy bodies & are inefficient at navigating fast
currents in the river
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Sockeye Salmon – Cedar Lake
1) Thinner & narrower bodies2) Females bury their eggs
deep in the sandy river bottom – not washed away
3) Fish hatched in the river had little success trying to spawn on the beach
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Comparison of the Sockeye Salmon
1) Variations in the 2 populations were selected for by the 2 different environments
2) Original population diverged into 2 different breeding populations.
3) The lake conditions favour one set of traits and the river conditions favour another set of traits
4) Sockeye salmon are now 2 genetically distinct populations