neural tissue the nervous system includes all the neural tissue in the body
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Neural Tissue
The nervous system includes all the neural tissue in the body.
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Structure of the nervous system
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The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem
BrainBrain Spinal CordSpinal Cord
SympatheticSympathetic ParasympathParasympatheticetic
SomaticSomatic AutonomicAutonomic
AfferentAfferent EfferentEfferent
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Peripheral Nervous System
• Afferent - bring sensory
• Efferent - carry commands
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Efferent DivisionSomatic - skeletal
muscle contractions (voluntary) & involuntary reflexes
Autonomic (visceral motor system) -Involuntary (smooth muscles, cardiac muscle & glandular secretions)
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Autonomic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic - nonstressful
rest & digest
• Sympathetic –
• stressful
fight or flight
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Neuron
Functional & Structural unit of the
nervous system
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dendrites
Nissl bodies
nucleusnucleolus
neurofilaments
Initial segmentof axon
axon
mitochondria
dendritic spines
synapticterminals
telodendria
Golgi apparatus
axon hillock
telodendriaaxon
nucleus
perikaryondendrites
Multipolar Neuron
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Vocabulary dendrites - typically highly branched,
carry messages
axon - propagates an electrical impulse away from the cell body
initial segment - base of an axon
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Vocabulary cont.
axon hillock - thickened region
soma - cell body, houses organelles but lack centioles
telodendria - fine extensions off the axon
synaptic terminal - ends of the telodendria
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Structural Classification of
Neurons
anaxonic neuron
bipolar neuron
unipolar neuron
multipolar neuron
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Functional Classification of
Neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent) - from sensory receptorsto CNS
• somatic sensory neurons - monitor the outside world & our position in it
•visceral sensory neurons - monitor internal conditions & the status of the organs
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Sensory receptors
proprioceptors
interoceptors
exteroceptors
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Sensory Receptors
Further broken down into
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
NociceptorsChemoreceptor
sOsmoreceptorsPhotoreceptors
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Functional Classification of Neurons
Motor Neurons (efferent) - carry instructions
fromthe CNS to peripheral effectors
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Functional Classification of
Neurons
Interneurons (association) - •outnumber all other types
•mostly in brain & spinal cord•situated between sensory & motor
neurons
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Ependymal Cells
line the central canal & ventricles which house the brain & spinal cord,
creates a barrier between the
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) and the brain &
spinal cord
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Astrocytes
Maintain the blood-brain barrier
Create a 3-D framework for the CNS
Repair damaged nerve tissue
Guide neuron development Control the interstitial
environment
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Oligodendrocytes
Form the myelin sheath along the length
of the axon myelin - increases the speed of
the action potential along the axon myelin sheath - membrane wrappingaround the axon internodes - area of the axon wrapped myelin (1 - 2 mm in length) nodes - small gaps (few micrometers) between internodes with no myelin white matter - CNS, areas withmyelinated axons, high lipid
content gray matter - areas containing
neuroncell bodies, dendrites &
unmyelinated axons
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The Myelinated
Axon
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Microglia
• least numerous
• cleanup by engulfing cellular debris, waste products & pathogens