network layereprints.binadarma.ac.id/3136/1/chapter_4_network layer.pdf · addressed and routed...
TRANSCRIPT
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NETWORK LAYER
Edi Surya Negara,M.Kom.
Postgraduate Program, Informatics Engineering (S2)
December 6, 2016
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References :
• Computer Networks - A Tanenbaum - 5th edition (2011)
• Data Communications and Networking - Behrouz A.Forouzan -4th edition (2007)
• Cisco System Inc - 2011 - Cisco Configuration Profesional UserGuide.
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Chapter 4: Objectives
In this chapter, you will be able to:
• Explain how network layer protocols and services supportcommunications across data networks.
• Explain how routers enable end-to-end connectivity in asmall-to-medium-sized business network.
• Determine the appropriate device to route traffic in asmall-to-medium-sized business network.
• Configure a router with basic configurations.
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Chapter 4:
• 4.1 Network Layer Protocols
• 4.2 Routing
• 4.3 Routing Protocols
• 4.4 Routers
• 4.5 Configuring a Cisco Router
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4.1 Network Layer Protocols
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Network Layer Design Issues
• Store-and-forward packet switching.
• Services provided to transport layer.
• Implementation of connectionless service.
• Implementation of connection-oriented service.
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Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
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Services Provided to the Transport Layer
• Services independent of router technology.
• Transport layer shielded from number, type, topology of routers.
• Network addresses available to transport layer use uniformnumbering plan.
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Data Transmission Method
• ConnectionlessConnectionless communication, often referred to as CL-modecommunication, is a data transmission method used in packetswitching networks by which each data unit is individuallyaddressed and routed based on information carried in each unit,rather than in the setup information of a prearranged, fixed datachannel as in connection-oriented communication.
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Implementation of Connectionless Service
Routing within a datagram network
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Data Transmission Method
• Connection orientedConnection-oriented communication is a network communicationmode in telecommunications and computer networking, where acommunication session or a semi-permanent connection isestablished before any useful data can be transferred, and wherea stream of data is delivered in the same order as it was sent.
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Implementation of Connection Oriented Service
Routing within a virtual-circuit network
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Comparison of Virtual Circuit and Datagram Networks
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The Network LayerThe network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow enddevices to exchange data across the network. To accomplish thisend-to-end transport, the network layer uses four basic processes:
• Addressing end devices.
• Encapsulation.
• Routing.
• De-encapsulating.
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Network Layer ProtocolsCommon network layer protocols include:
• IP version 4 (IPv4)
• IP version 6 (IPv6)
Legacy network layer protocols include:
• Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
• AppleTalk
• Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
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IP Components
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Characteristics of the IP protocol - Connectionless
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Characteristics of the IP protocol - Best Effort Delivery
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Characteristics of the IP protocol - Media Independent
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Encapsulating IP
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IPv4 Header Fields
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Limitations of IPv4
• IP Address depletion
• Internet routing table expansion
• Lack of end-to-end connectivity
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Introducing IPv6
• Increased address space
• Improved packet handling
• Eliminates the need for NAT
• Integrated security
• 4 billion IPv4 addresses (4,000,000,000)
• 340 undecillion IPv6 addresses(340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000)
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Main advantages of the new protocol• Extended addressing capabilies
• Extended address space (128bit against 32bit in IPv4)• New type of addresses - anycast• Multicast addresses have ,,scope” field
• Header format simplification - faster processing in most commoncases
• No checksums in IPv6 header• Optional fields are moved to the extension headers
• Privacy and authentication• Authentication Header is not any longer optional• Support for ESP
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Encapsulating IPv6
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4.2 Routing
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Routing
• Determining the best path to send packets
• Forwarding packets toward their destination
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Routing used Router
• The router uses its routing table to determine the best path toforward the packet. When the router receives a packet, itexamines its destination IP address and searches for the bestmatch with a network address in the router’s routing table.
• The routing table also includes the interface to be used to forwardthe packet. Once a match is found, the router encapsulates theIP packet into the data link frame of the outgoing or exitinterface, and the packet is then forwarded toward its destination.
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Routing Decisions
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Administrative Distance
If multiple paths to a destination are configured on a router, thepath installed in the routing table is the one with the lowestAdministrative Distance (AD)
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Host Packet Forwarding Decision
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Default GatewayHosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure thatnetwork layer packets are directed to the correct destination network.The local table of the host typically contains:
• Direct connection
• Local network route
• Local default route
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The Routing TableA routing table is a file stored in RAM that contains informationabout:
• Directly connected routes
• Remote routes
• Network or next hop associations
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Routing Table SourcesThe show ip route command is used to display the contents of therouting table:
• Local route interfaces - Added to the routing table when aninterface is configured. (displayed in IOS 15 or newer)
• Directly connected interfaces - Added to the routing tablewhen an interface is configured and active.
• Static routes - Added when a route is manually configured andthe exit interface is active.
• Dynamic routing protocol - Added when EIGRP or OSPF areimplemented and networks are identified.
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Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table
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Router Packet Forwarding Decision
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IPv4 Router Routing Table
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Directly Connected Routing Table Entries
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Remote Network Routing Table Entries
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4.3 Routing Protocols
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Best PathBest path is selected by a routing protocol based on the valueor metric it uses to determine the distance to reach a network:
• A metric is the value used to measure the distance to a givennetwork.
• Best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric.
Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics tobuild and update routing tables:
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Hop count.
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Cost based on cumulativebandwidth from source to destination.
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) -Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability
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Dynamic Route vs Static Route
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Static RoutesStatic routes and default static routes can be implemented afterdirectly connected interfaces are added to the routing table:
• Static routes are manually configured.
• They define an explicit path between two networking devices.
• Static routes must be manually updated if the topology changes.
• Their benefits include improved security and control of resources.
• Configure a static route to a specific network using the ip routenetwork mask next-hop-ip — exit-intf command.
• A default static route is used when the routing table does notcontain a path for a destination network.
• Configure a default static route using the ip route 0.0.0.00.0.0.0 exit-intf — next-hop-ip command.
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Static Routes Example
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Dynamic RoutingDynamic routing is used by routers to share information about thereachability and status of remote networks. It performs networkdiscovery and maintains routing tables.
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IPv4 Routing Protocols
• EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
• OSPF Open Shortest Path First.
• IS-IS Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System.
• RIP Routing Information Protocol.
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IPv6 Routing Protocols
• RIPng - RIP next generation.
• OSPFv3.
• EIGRP for IPv6.
• MP-BGP4 - Multicast Protocol-Border Gateway Protocol.
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Routing Algorithms (1)
• Optimality principle
• Shortest path algorithm
• Flooding
• Distance vector routing
• Link state routing
• Routing in ad hoc networks
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Routing Algorithms (2)
• Broadcast routing
• Multicast routing
• Anycast routing
• Routing for mobile hosts
• Routing in ad hoc networks
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Shortest Path Algorithm (1)The first five steps used in computing the shortest path from A to D.The arrows indicate the working node
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Shortest Path Algorithm (2)Dijkstras algorithm to compute the shortest path through a graph.
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Shortest Path Algorithm (3)Dijkstras algorithm to compute the shortest path through a graph.
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Shortest Path Algorithm (4)Dijkstras algorithm to compute the shortest path through a graph.
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Distance Vector Routing(a) A network. (b) Input from A, I, H, K, and the new routing tablefor J.
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Link State Routing
• Discover neighbors, learn network addresses.
• Set distance/cost metric to each neighbor.
• Construct packet telling all learned.
• Send packet to, receive packets from other routers.
• Compute shortest path to every other router.
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Learning about the Neighbors (1)
Nine routers and a broadcast LAN.
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Learning about the Neighbors (2)
A graph model of previous slide.
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Building Link State Packets
(a) A network. (b) The link state packets for this network.
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Distributing the Link State Packets
The packet buffer for router B in previous slide.
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Hierarchical Routing
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Broadcast Routing
Reverse path forwarding. (a) A network. (b) A sink tree. (c) Thetree built by reverse path forwarding.
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Multicast Routing (1)
(a) A network. (b) A spanning tree for the leftmost router. (c) Amulticast tree for group 1. (d) A multicast tree for group 2.
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Multicast Routing (2)
(a)Core-based tree for group 1. (b)Sending to group 1.
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Anycast Routing
Anycast routes to group 1. Topology seen by the routingprotocol.
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Routing for Mobile Hosts
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Routing in Ad Hoc Networks
(a) Range of As broadcast. (b) After B and D receive it. (c)After C, F, and G receive it. (d) After E, H, and I receive it.
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4.4 Routers
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(a) Router Cisco. (b) Router Juniper. (c) Router Mikrotik . (d)Router HP. (3) Router 3Com.
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4.5 Configuring a Cisco Router
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Enable IP on a Switch
Network infrastructure devices require IP addresses to enableremote management.
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Configure Basic Router Settings
Network infrastructure devices require IP addresses to enableremote management.
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Configure an IPv4 Router Interface
Name the device, Secure management access , Configure abanner, Save the Configuration
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Configure an IPv6 Router Interface
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Configure a Loopback Interface
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Verify Interface Settings
A loopback interface is a logical interface that is internal to therouter:
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Verify Interface Settings
show ip interfaces brief, show ip route, show running-config, showinterfaces, show ip interfaces
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