network analysis and synthesis
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Network Analysis and Synthesis. Chapter 6 Synthesis of two port networks. 5.1 Introduction. In this chapter we will discuss 2 of the most widely used two port synthesis methods Coefficient matching and Darlington method (insertion loss method). 5.2 Coefficient matching. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Network Analysis and Synthesis
Chapter 6Synthesis of two port networks
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5.1 Introduction
• In this chapter we will discuss 2 of the most widely used two port synthesis methods– Coefficient matching and – Darlington method (insertion loss method)
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5.2 Coefficient matching• It is one of the most simple and effective method
for two port synthesis.• In this method,
– We compare the transfer function we want to synthesize with the transfer function of a circuit we already know.
– If they have the same form, we try to match the coefficients of the two functions. (Remember that the coefficients of the second transfer function is a function of the circuit elements.)
– Once we match the coefficients, we know the values of the elements in the circuit.
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Example 1
• The voltage transfer function of the following circuit is
R1-source impedanceR2-load impedance
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• If we are required to synthesize the following voltage transfer function.
• Comparing the two equations and assuming equal termination and normalizing the resistors to 1Ω, R1=R2=1Ω
121)(
2
ssKsT
2 and 2 ,1R
arefunction transfer normalized theof valueselemental theHence,2 and 2
211 211
21
CLR
CLLCLC
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Example 2
• Consider the following network
• The voltage transfer function is
21
21
21
2
212121
21
1122
23
21
and
1111
111
)(
RRRRR
RRRK
RCLCRRCCCC
Ls
CRCRss
RCLCK
sT
p
p
p
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• If we were to synthesize the following voltage transfer function assuming equal termination with 1Ω resistor.
hLfCCSolving
CCCCL
CCRCLCK
ssssT
p
2,1
21111
211,11,21,
21R
on terminatiequal assuming and equations two thecompairingBy 122
1)(
21
2121
2121p
23
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Pros and Cons of Coefficient matching
• Pros– Simple– Effective
• Cons– When the order of the transfer function increases,
the number of simultaneous equations we have to solve for increases.
– Doesn’t demonstrate sophisticated network design methods.
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5.3 Insertion Loss (Darlington Method)
• A low pass characteristics can be obtained by using RC, RL or LC networks.
• Low cost, low sensitivity to component variations and simplicity of design make LC two port networks the most widely used filter networks.
• Here the network is assumed to be doubly terminated. (A valid assumption in almost all cases.)
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• A powerful method for designing doubly terminated LC two port networks is the Darlington method.
• It is one of the most effective method of realizing a two port network: Insertion loss method (Darlington method).
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• In Darlington method of filter design, – The specifications of the insertion loss of the filter is
converted to the reflection coefficients (related to the maximum power that can be delivered by the source vs. the actual delivered power to the load) of the filter.
– From the reflection coefficients the driving point impedance of the terminated networks is obtained.
– Then this driving-point impedance is developed into resistively terminated LC ladder network.
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Procedures of Darlington synthesis
• The derivation of Darlington method is complicated, hence, we will just discuss the procedure for using the Darlington method.
• Procedure1. From F(s) obtain the reflection coefficient p(s)
)()()(
14)()()(41)()(
1
1
221
21
221
21
sqsps
RRRR
sqspsF
RRRRss
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o The zeros of q1(s) are the left plane zeroes of q(s).o The zeros of p(s) are equally distributed between the
zeros of ρ (s) and ρ (-s), with restrictions that conjugate zeros must be together.
2. From ρ(s) determine the normalized Z(s).
3. Expand Z(s) into continued fraction expansion about infinity and obtain the ladder. The two impedances defined above lead to 2 (dual) ladders, one terminated with R2 and the other 1/R2.
)(1)(1)(or
)(1)(1)(
sssZ
sssZ
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Example 3• Synthesize the following voltage transfer function
using Insertion loss method
• Solution:– To find the reflection coefficient
– The zeros of q(s) are z1=1, z2=-1, z3=-0.5+j0.866, z4=-0.5-j0.866, z5=0.5+j0.866, z6=0.5-j0.866
– Hence, poles of ρ(s) are z2=-1, z3=-0.5+j0.866, z4=-0.5-j0.866
1 ,1
1)( 216 RRs
sF
1)(41)()( 6
6
221
21
sssF
RRRRss
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– The zeros of p(s) are 6 multiple poles at s=0.– Hence, the zeros of ρ(s) are 3 multiple poles at
s=0.– Hence
– The driving point impedance is
122)(
866.05.0866.05.01)(
23
3
3
sssss
jsjssss
1221222
)(1)(1)( 2
23
sssss
sssZ
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– Using continued fraction expansion
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Example 4
• Synthesize the following voltage transfer function using Insertion loss method with R1=R2=1Ω
• Solution:– To find the reflection coefficient
– The zeros of p(s) are 8 multiple poles at s=0, hence the zeros of ρ(s) are 4 multiple poles at s=0.
811)(s
sF
1)(41)()( 8
8
221
21
sssF
RRRRss
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(Refer at the end for a more detailed explanation on how to get roots of polynomials of the form sn+a)
– The zeros of q(s) are evenly distributed on the unit circle on the s plane.
– The angle between the two zeros is
– Since no zero on real axis or jw planeand because the zeros of q(s) have to be conjugate complex,the angle of one of the roots from the real axis should be equalfor two conjugate roots.
00
458
360
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• The zeros of q(s) are then
• The roots of ρ(s) are the left hand zeros of q(s)
00000000
00000000
5.22sin5.22cos,5.67sin5.67cos,5.67sin5.67cos,5.22sin5.22cos
5.22sin5.22cos,5.67sin5.67cos,5.67sin5.67cos,5.22sin5.22cos
jjjj
jjjj
924.0383.0 and 383.0924.067.5 and 22.5 of sine and cosine theComputing
5.22sin5.22cos,5.67sin5.67cos
5.22sin5.22cos,5.67sin5.67cos
4,32,1
00
0000
0000
jpjp
jj
jj
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• ρ(s) becomes
• The driving point impedance becomes:
1613.2414.3163.2)(
924.0383.0924.0383.0383.0924.0383.0924.0)(
234
4
4
ssssss
jsjsjsjsss
1613.2414.3163.21613.2414.3163.22)(
)(1)(1)(
23
234
ssssssssZ
sssZ
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• Taking the continuous fraction expansion
• Hence, the network becomes
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Finding roots of polynomials of the form sn+a
• The roots will be located on the circle with radius of a1/n on the s plane.
• Separation between them is
• Check if the polynomial has root at s=a1/n or s=-a1/n or s=ja1/n or s=-ja1/n.
• Case 1: root at one of these– Start at that root and plot
the roots with separation of θ.
n
0360
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• Case 2: no root at those locations– Because the roots have to be conjugate complex,
the angle one of the roots makes with the real axis will be equal to the negative angle of the conjugate root.
– Hence, one of them will be
– Start from this root and plot the restwith separation angle of θ.
2sin
2cos1
jr
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Example
• What are the roots of s8+1• Separation between the roots is
• Root on one of the axis? No• Hence one of the root is
• Plot the rest starting from this one.
00
458
360
245sin
245cos
00
1 jr
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Example• s6-1• The separation angle is
• Root at one of the axis? Yes at r1=1.• Hence, plot the rest with separation of 600
starting from r1=1.• The roots are then
00
606
360
006,5
004,32,1 60sin60cos,60sin60cos,1 jrjrr