netcom mod1 networkbasics12!21!04
TRANSCRIPT
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NetCom Training Course 1: Networking & NetCom
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Unit 1 - Network BasicsUnit 1 - Network Basics
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Objectives
After successfully completing this unit, you will be able to:
Define basic networking terms Describe network configurations, architecture, LANs, and
common network hardware
Define what is meant by the term protocol and provide 3
examples
Identify the classes of IP networks and explain differences
between them
Describe an IP address and explain its purpose
Explain subnetting and the two major problems it solves
Explain why both MAC and IP addresses are needed
Describe the purpose and use of ARP, Telnet, and Ping
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Topics
General Networking
IP Networks
Using ARP, Telnet and Ping
More Resources
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
General
Networking
General
Networking
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Example
Terms you need to know1. Bandwidth
2. Packet
3. Digital
4. Host computer
5. Port numbers
6. Encapsulation
7. Hardware address
8. Internet address
9. T-1
10. Datagram
11. Routing table
12. Default gateway
May we have volunteers to complete each of the
definitions in the workbook?
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
5th Floor = Data Center
4th Floor = 200 Clients
3rd Floor = 244 Clients
2nd Floor = 225 Clients
LAN Dallas
WAN
TelephoneServiceProvider
INTERNET
or GAN
New York
Detroit
Types of Networks
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Architecture
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Peer-to-Peer Network
One Server, one or more PCs
Server, a.k.a. back end, provides
services, while clients, a.k.a. front end,
provides processing
Most networks built around a domain
structure
Client/Server
No Server
Computers share all resources
Only practical for 12 users or less
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Types of LANs
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Developed by Xerox Corp in 1976
Original rate of 10 Mbps
Current version data rate 100 Mbps
and now 1000 Mbs or Gigabit
Computers share cabling by using a
technique called Carrier Sense
Multiple Access (CSMA),
listening before they transmit
Ethernet
Older, archaic network configuration
Messages transferred in one direction
along a ring
Each message is viewed by every
device and viewed as a token
After message is read, token is returned
to sender and marked as received
Sender frees token
Token Ring
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Hub
Connects networks together
Contains at least 2 network devices
Analyzes packets, and perhaps modifies
them, so they can be redirected,
if necessary
Router
Like Smart Hubs
Switches data from one port to another
Results are faster with fewer errors
Can associate IP addresses to
MAC addresses
Switch
Network Interface Card
Generally located in a PC
Interface between PC and Network
NIC
Hardware
Connects all ports
Adds some logic for error detection
Moves data in and out of systems
Sends packets to every system
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What is a protocol?
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Network communication is provided through a predetermined
set of rules by which network operations are conducted. These
rules are called protocols.
Protocols come in nearly endless varieties; some with common
features, some are hybrids with more than one function.
Network professionals have attempted to classify them
according to the OSI model.
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Protocols
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Transmission Control Protocol
/ Internet Protocol
Allows dissimilar computers to talk
Really two protocols in one
Basis for the Internet
Routable protocol
Very flexible for large networks
TCP/IP
Similar to an optimized TCP/IP
Like TCP/IP, it is also routable
Quicker access than TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
Designed for small LANs
Fast
Not a routable protocol
NetBEUI
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Other protocols
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Device on network broadcasts requestfor IP along with its network cards
Ethernet address (MAC)
DHCP server furnishes IP for an
amount of time specified by server
DHCP
User Datagram Protocol
Used for messages of one datagram
Delivery is responsibility of hardware;
not network
Fast transmission
UDP
Terminal emulation
protocol
Allows communication
with Host computer
More on Telnet later
Telnet
Packet Internet Groper
Tests the accessibility of
network device
More on PING later
ARP
Address Resolution
Protocol
Lookup table that ties an
IP to MAC temporarily
More on ARP later
ARPPing
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IP
Networks
IP
Networks
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Classes of IP networks
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Decimal Value from 224 to 239
Used to support multicasting
Class D
Decimal value 192 to 223
First 3 octets identify network, remaining
identify host within network
Example: 192.168.212.226,
192.168.212 = network, 226 = host
Class C
Decimal value between 128 and 191 127 reserved for loopback
First 2 octets identify network, remaining
identify host within network
Class B
Decimal value 1 to 126
First octet network, remaining identifies
host. Example: 102.168.212.226,
102 = network, 168.212.226 = host
Used for governments, large
institutions, major ISPs
Class A
Decimal Value 240 to 255
Used strictly for experimentation
Class E
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IP protocol stack
Network File System (NFS) Redirector
TCP-aware Applications
(browser, IRC, News Reader, etc.)
Remote FileService (RFS)
Internet MessageAccess Protocol
(IMAP)
Internet MessageAccess Protocol
(IMAP)
Simple MailTransfer Protocol
(SMTP)
Simple MailTransfer Protocol(SMTP)
File TransferProtocol
(FTP)
File TransferProtocol
(FTP)
Terminal
EmulationProtocol(TELNET)
Terminal
EmulationProtocol(TELNET)
Network FileSystem (NFS)
Server MessageBlock (SMB)
Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP)
Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Internet Protocol (IP)Internet Protocol (IP)
Packet Driver
Protocols
Product Specific
Driver
Link Access
Protocol Balance(LAPB)
Application Layer
Each has its own portnumber.
Transport Layer
Responsible for delivery of
traffic over the network.Network Layer
Manages traffic to and
from individual devices.
Physical Layer
Communicates directly with
hardware, like an Ethernet
adapter or modem.
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Classroom discussion
Using the IP Protocol Stack diagram, which layer utilizes unique
identifiers called port numbers?
Answer: Application layer protocols.
Which layer is responsible for the actual delivery of traffic and
for error checking to ensure data is received correctly betweencomputers?
Answer: The transport layer.
Which layer provides information needed to route networktraffic?
Answer: The network layer.
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TCP and UDP comparison
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Two types of network traffic with different uses; TCP and UDP. Both are classified as
part of the transport layer within the IP protocol stack.
TCP - competitors UDP - NetCom
Conclusion:
Connection-oriented protocol
Reliable; server will re-request lost
data
Message order is checked and
maintained
Requires more bandwidth to
furnish reliability
Simpler, message-basedconnectionless protocol bandwidth
is smaller.
Has a perception for being unreliable
Not ordered; but in the case of
NetCom this is a non-issue
Lack of ordering, tracking of
connections, requirement from thenetwork, UDP is fast
Although TCP is more widely-used, UDP provides acceptable reliability suitable
for NetComs needs, with the added benefit of being extremely fast
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IP addressing
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Every computer that communicates over the Internet is assigned
an IP address that uniquely identifies the device and
distinguishes it from other computers on the Internet An IP address consists of 32 bits, often shown as 4 octets of
numbers from 0-255, represented in decimal form instead of
binary form
For example, the IP address 168.212.226.204 in binary form is
10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100
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Routing calculations are based on
operations on binary numbers
Binary operations are the key to
understanding how default and
custom subnet masks are
determined
Having a basic understanding of
subnetting will help you to
understand how NetCom packets
are routed on a given network
Why it is helpful to know about binary conversions?
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Binary is a base 2 numbering system Each consecutive place, moving from right to left, has a value of
the previous place, times the base (which, again, is 2)
Start with the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of 1 and double the
value with each place
Chalk talk on binary to decimal conversions
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
One of 4 octets. Placement in the octet determines value.
Sum of the values equals decimal.
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Binary to decimal conversion exercise
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Manually calculate and convert the following binary addresses to
decimal form.
01100100
11100000
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
01100100.01100100.00000010.00000001
01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
= 100
= 224
= 255.255.240.0
= 100.100.2.1
= 127.0.0.1
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Subnetting
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Subnetting is the division of a single Class A, B, or C network
number into smaller pieces
Subnetting was introduced to overcome some of the problemsthat parts of the Internet were beginning to experience with the
classful two-level addressing hierarchy:
Internet routing tables were beginning to grow
Local administrators had to request another network numberfrom the Internet before a new network could be installed at
their site
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Subnetting
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Solution: Reduces growth of the Internet routing table
Ensures subnet structure is never visible outside of the
subnets private network
Route from Internet to any subnet is the same, regardless of
location of host
Only private organization subnet can differentiate
between individual subnets
As far as Internet router is concerned, all of an organizations subnetsare under a single routing table entry
Solution: Overcame the delay associated with obtaining
registered network numbers Organizations are assigned one network number from IPv4 address
space
Allows organizations to deploy several subnets
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Subnet Mask
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Routers Internet
Registered IP:12.10.0.0
12.10.32.10
Node IP:
192.168.1.15
Subnet Mask:255.255.0.0
Default Gateway:
12.10.0.0
Router12.10.64.0
12.10.96.0
12.10.32.20
12.10.32.30
12.10.96.10
12.10.96.20
12.10.96.30
12.10.64.10
12.10.64.20
12.10.64.30
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
Subnet 3
Subnet 1
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Subnet Mask
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
A site with several networks might use subnet addressing with a
single /16 (Class B) network address
The router accepts all traffic addressed 12.10.1.0 and forwards
to appropriate subnetworks based on the 4th octet
A subnet mask is applied to addresses so that larger (class)
address populations can be broken down into smaller groups for
efficiency or economy purposes
In many cases, default subnet masks are used:
255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Classroom discussion
What would the router do with a packet with the destination
address of 192.168.1.128?
It belongs on the same subnet as the router. It would be routed
within the subnet.
What would be done with a packet addressed to 192.167.1.128?
It is not within the subnet. It would be sent out of the subnet.
What about a packet addressed to 12.45.6.80?
It is not within the subnet. It would be sent out of the subnet.
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The routers NAT table
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Network Address Translation conceals the internal IP addresses
from the Internet and uses non-routable addresses (10.x.x.x,
172.16.x.x or 192.168.x.x)
A company needs only one live Internet address
NAT uses port numbers in the complete IP address
NAT records outgoing source address and port number so whendata is returned, can use the port number as reference to look
up the real internal address for routing the data
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Why do we need MAC addresses if we have IP addresses?
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
MAC addresses are like occupants of a location, IP addresses
are the location
MAC addresses are used to verify delivery to correct occupant
The MAC address and IP address are stored together in the
ARP table in the NIM or on the PC
ARP tables change frequently
Joe Smith
340 El Camino Real
Boise, Idaho 83701
Mary Beth Miller
130 Perinton Parkway
Fairport, NY 14450
Occupants name = MAC Address
Street Number = IP Inside the Network
Street & City = Network
ompare an IP Network to the Postal Service
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Unit 1 - Networking Basics
U it 1 N t ki B i
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Using ARP,
Telnet and Ping
Using ARP,
Telnet and Ping
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
U it 1 N t ki B i
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Using ARP
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
A lookup table that associates an IP address to a MAC
address for a temporary amount of time
Used so that you can telnet to the device to give it a
permanent address or program it
The ARP table resides in the local device and it has noeffect on the device holding the MAC address, or any other
networked device
U it 1 N t ki B i
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Using ARP
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
To add IP address 192.168.0.2 to the ARP tablewith a MAC address of 00-20-4a-12-34-f4,
do the following:
arp s 192.168.0.2 00-20-4a-12-34-f4
To verify that an address is in the ARP table do the following:
arp gYou would see the following:
Must be programmed.
Always consistent.
Unit 1 Networking Basics
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Using ARP
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
After performing the previous ARP command, you will be able to telnet
to the network device (Note: sometimes using Ping after arp but before
telnet forces a refresh of the arp table)
The IP Address that you are going to ARP and the PC you are using
need to be on the same subnet
Unit 1 Networking Basics
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Using ARP
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
If you are trying to setup a device on your network that is going to be
used outside of your subnet:
ARP an IP Address that is within your subnet Telnet to that address
After you are connected to the device through telnet, freely
program the unit (more on programming in the next unit)
NOTE: This is also useful if you dont know what is programmed in a
unit and want to check
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Using Telnet
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
Telnet provides a text based connection to a network device to
perform functions such as programming, information lookup, etc.
Telnet uses port 23 by default when connecting to other devices
(However, Lantronics products listen to telnet on port 9999)
You can also manually select the port
Telnet comes in several interfaces, most commonly:
GUI version on Windows 9x/Me
Command line version in Windows NT/2000/XP
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Using Telnet
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
REMEMBER:
ARP does NOT change any settings in the unit
It only allows you to link an IP Address to a MAC Address
temporarily, normally for the purpose of performing a TELNET
session
Dont confuse this with the actual IP settings that are in a unit.
After Arp and Telnet, you can use Ping to verify that the device isconnected to the network
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Command line hints and tips
Unit 1 Networking Basics
To avoid Windows problems, be sure to avoid leading an octet with a
zero when choosing an IP
Example: 192.169.020.1 is interpreted as 192.169.16.1
To repeat the previous command, press F3. You can then backspace
to change the command
At command line, enter help to see a listing of commands and the one-
letter shortcut
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Additional resources
Unit 1 Networking Basics
Online courses:
www.learntcpip.com
www.learntosubnet.com
For good PC info:
www.dansdata.com
Unit 1 - Networking Basics
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Unit 1 Networking Basics
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!