nervous system
DESCRIPTION
Basic AnatomyTRANSCRIPT
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Nervous System
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Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System 1. Central Nervous
System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
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Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia * (Ganglion=group of
neuron cell bodies located outside CNS)
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Sensory division vs. Motor division 1. Sensory Division: receives information FROM
body and transmits it TO the CNS for processing a) Somatic Sensory component – receives sensory
information from skin, joints, muscle, special senses b) Visceral Sensory component – receives sensory info
from blood vessels and viscera 2. Motor Division: transmits info FROM the CNS TO
muscles and glands a. Somatic motor component: innervates skeletal muscle b. Autonomic motor (Autonomic Nervous System):
innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of viscera (organs)
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NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS
A. Neurons: respond to stimuli and conduct nerve impulses
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NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS
B. Glial Cells: support and protect neurons (maintenance)
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NEURON COMPOSITION (p 104) A. Cell Body:
B. Nucleus:
C. Dendrites:
D. Axon:
E. Synapse:
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NEURON CLASSIFICATION 1. Sensory (Afferent) Neuron: brings information TO the CNS
2. Motor (Efferent) Neuron: takes information FROM CNS to other parts of the
body, cell body located in CNS
3. Interneuron (Association Neurons): helps coordinate and integrate info between sensory and motor neurons, cell body located in CNS
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GLIAL CELLS - PNS
A. Satellite Cells: surround neuron cell bodies in spinal ganglia * (Ganglion=group of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS)
B. Schwann cells: myelinate axons in PNS
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Glial Cells - CNS
C. Astrocytes: regulate transfer of materials from blood to the brain - help the workings of "blood -brain barrier"
D. Oligodendrocytes: myelinate axons in CNS
E. Microglia: phagocytize damaged neurons
F. Ependymal Cells: line central canal and ventricles -
help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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MYELINATION OF AXONS
wrapping an axon with myelin
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The Brain
4 Regions Cerebrum
R & L Hemispheres Diencephalon Brain Stem Cerebellum
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Brain – Cerebrum
Largest Region Gyri (twisters) & Sulcus
(grooves) Fissures (deep
grooves) Longitudinal
(hemispheres) Divide Lobes
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Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
Parietal Lobe Somatic sensory area “homunculus”
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Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
Occipital Lobe Visual area
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Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
Temporal Lobe Olfactory
Deep inside
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Brain – Cerebrum (lobes)
Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Area Speech Language
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Cerebrum
Cerebral Gray Matter (Cortex) superficial
Cerebral White Matter deeper
Corpus Callosum connects hemispheres
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Diencephalon (interbrain)
Sits atop brain stem Enclosed by cerebrum Structures
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
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Diencephalon
Thalamus Relay station from spinal
cord Crude impulse
Pleasant vs. Unpleasant
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Diencephalon
Hypothalmus (“under the thalmus”) ANS (Emotional Visceral
Brain) Body Temp, H2O
balance, Metabolism Appetites (thirst, hunger) Pleasure & Pain
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Diencephalon
Epithalamus Pineal body (endocrine
system) Choroid plexus
(cerebrospinal fluid)
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Brain Stem
About size of thumb Areas
Midbrain Convey impulses
Pons Controls breathing
Medulla Oblongata Heart rate, BP, Swallowing, Vomiting, etc.
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Cerebellum
Convoluted surface Precise timing of
Skeletal muscles Balance “Auto-Pilot”
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Protection of Brain
Meninges dura mater (tough
mother) arachnoid mater pia mater (gentle mother)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Eliminate waste
Blood-Brain Barrier Least-permeable
membrane in body
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Spinal Cord
Aprox. 17 in long Continuation of Brain
Stem Ends Below ribs
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Spinal Cord
Gray Matter Posterior Horns (dorsal) Anterior Horns (ventral)
CSF Central Canal
Protection Vertebrae Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater
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Spinal Cord
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
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Spinal Cord - Cervical
8 Cervical Nerves C1-C8
Diaphragm, Shoulders, Neck
Damage may result in: Respiratory Paralysis
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Spinal Cord - Thoracic
T1-T12 Intercostal
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Spinal Cord - Lumbar
L1-L5 Lower abdomen,
buttocks, anterior & medial thigh, hip muscles, skin of thigh
Damage: Inability to flex hip Loss of cutaneous
sensation Inability to adduct thigh
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Spinal Cord – Sacral & Coccygeal S1-S5 + Coccygeal
Nerve Lateral & posterior
leg/foot, gluteus, lower trunk
Damage: Inability to extend hip Inability to flex knee