1. SP Wani and Team International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India

2. The Big Threat A perfect storm: 3. 57% of total drylands in two major Asian countries are degraded China 178.9 m ha India 108.6 m ha Accelerated soil erosion associated with agriculture Of the 173 m tones of sediment discharged in oceans annually, Asia contributes half of the sediment load Asia: Hot Spot for Land Degradation - Desertification 4. Widespread deficiency of micronutrients (Zn, B) and secondary nutrients (S) in 80-100% farmers fields in India Mining of plant nutrients Inappropriate soil, water and nutrient management practices Nutrient Depletion a Serious Threat for Sustainable Development 5. SAT Soils are not only thirsty but hungry also Documented widespread deficiency of micronutrients State No. of farmers fields OC (%) AvP (ppm) K (ppm) S (ppm) B (ppm) Zn (ppm) Andhra Pradesh 1927 84 39 12 87 88 81 Karnataka 38432 65 43 14 82 68 61 Madhya Pradesh 73 9 86 1 96 65 93 Rajasthan 179 22 40 9 64 43 24 Gujarat 82 12 60 10 46 100 82 Tamilnadu 119 57 51 24 71 89 61 Kerala 28 11 21 7 96 100 18 1. OC = Organic Carbon; AvP = Available phosphorus 6. Population living in blue water stress (absolute water scarcity) and green and blue water stress in 2000 and 2050 (after Rockstrm et al, 2009) 7. Agriculture can Contribute Solutions, not just Problems! 8. Poverty Land Degradation Nexus Drought Land Degradation Poverty Water is the Key-Issue An Entry Point Community Watershed Management 9. Rain-fed Agriculture A Large Untapped Potential Current farmers yields are lower by 2 to 5 folds than the achievable yields Vast potential of rain-fed agriculture needs to be harnessed 0 2 4 6 8 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010 Year Yield(tha -1 ) BW1 BW4C Rate of growth 71 kg ha -1 y -1 Rate of growth 20 kg ha -1 y-1 Carrying Capacity 27 persons ha -1 Carrying Capacity 4.8 persons ha -1 Observed potential yield 0 2 4 6 8 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010 Year Yield(tha -1 ) BW1 BW4C Rate of growth 71 kg ha -1 y -1 Rate of growth 20 kg ha -1 y-1 Carrying Capacity 27 persons ha -1 Carrying Capacity 4.8 persons ha -1 Observed potential yield 10. Observed Yield Gap between Farmers Yield and Achievable Yields Source: Derived from Rockstrom et al., 2007 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Zambia Tanzania Kenya Uganda Ethiopia BurkinaFaso Niger Botswana Zimbabwe Vietnam Thailand India Iran Iraq Jordan Morocco Pakistan Syria Yemen Farmers yields are lower by 2 to 4 folds of achievable yields 11. Watersheds are Revolutionalising Drylands: Meta-analysis 636 Case Studies Particulars Unit No. of studies Mean Minimum Maximum t-value Efficiency B:C ratio Ratio 311 2.01 0.82 7.30 35.09 IRR Per cent 162 27.43 2.03 102.70 21.75 Equity Employment Person days ha-1 y-1 99 154.53 0.05 900.00 8.13 Sustainability Increase in irrigated area Per cent 93 51.55 1.28 204.00 10.94 Increase in cropping intensity Per cent 339 35.51 3.00 283.00 14.96 Runoff reduced Per cent 83 45.72 0.38 96.00 9.36 Soil loss saved t ha-1 y-1 72 1.12 0.11 2.05 47.21 12. STEPs to Achieve Impact S = Sustainability T = Technology inputs E = Equity P = Participation Less than 1% watersheds are economically non-remunerative Two-thirds of watersheds performance can be improved 13. Consortium Approach for Community Watershed Management Convergence Collective action Capacity building Consortium for technical backstopping 14. IGNRM Holistic livelihood approach Sustainability, empowerment and KS Social inclusion (equity & gender) Scaling-up and scaling-out Learning and evolutionary Strategy Farmers centric watersheds as entry point for improved livelihoods 15. Unify the efforts around a new paradigm which shifts the objectives from merely drought-proofing and agricultural production to sustainably increasing agricultural productivity, reducing poverty, protecting the environment, and building human and natural resource resilience to cope with future challenges, including climate change Way Forward 16. Common Guidelines for Integrated Watershed Management Program Delegated power to states Dedicated institutions Financial assistance to dedicated institutions Duration of the program Livelihood orientation Cluster approach Scientific planning Capacity building Multi-tier approach 17. Seeing is Believing: Sites of Learning Convergence Collective action Capacity building Consortium for technical backstopping 18. Shift from Cash to Knowledge for Enhancing Quality Participation Knowledge-based entry point activity is more effective for better and sustainable community participation than the regular cash back EPA currently adopted in the watershed programs 19. Common guidelines and a single effective national and state mechanism, using technology and we need to move from a subsistence to a business model by establishing market links and public private partnerships to harness larger benefits through value-chain approach Develop Watersheds as Business Model with PPPP 20. Recognize IWMP as the most appropriate framework for area development program to meet national goals of: Food security Inclusive and sustainable growth Cope with growing water scarcity Cope with the climate change impacts Convergence is Must for Operationalizing New Paradigm in Watersheds 21. New Science Tools in IWM Geographic Information Systems for planning, characterization and monitoring Simulation Modeling for assessing potential yields and quantifying yield gaps Remote Sensing for monitoring and impact assessment 22. Using data on climate and soil, available soil water, runoff etc. are estimated spatially and temporally in a GIS GIS for Estimating Derived Parameters 23. More variation in the beginning compared to the end As early as 10 Jun at Hubli and Haveri; as late as 20 Aug at Pavagada Extends up to 20 Dec at Gudibanda and Sidlaghatta; Ends by 25 Nov at Pavagada At Hubli, Haveri and Ranebennur, two wet periods separated by semi-moist period Hiriyur has great risk of dry conditions during crop vegetative phase Kolar and Tumkur districts have more than 6 consecutive weeks of wet conditions from Sep LGP at Sujala-ICRISAT Nucleus Watersheds New Knowledge 24. Through model watershed initiate the process to establish consortium in each state comprising the key research and development institutions, civil society organizations and the private sector Establish Consortia for Technical Backstopping 25. Quality Capacity Development is Must Community Based Organizations (CBOs) Development Cadre (WDTs, Eos, Paraworkers, etc) Executing agencies (NGOs, line department, etc) DWDU SLNA CLNA M&E agencies Policy makers Development investors Politicians Researchers 26. Challenging and Complex Issues in Capacity Building Innovative extension to reach small and marginal farmers Climate change Microenterprises, market linkages Gender, equity Change from water supply augmentation to demand management - Drinking water - Sustainable use of groundwater - Growing water smart crops - Enhancing water use efficiency 27. Harness Power of Collective Action Tangible economic benefits for individuals Income-generating activities for women and landless High-value crops Holistic approach IGNRM approach 28. Strengthen and support small area groups/ user groups formed on the basis of drainage lines (secondary and territory) in the watershed in their planning and execution Ensure at least 50% representation on WCs by women Effective Institutional Arrangements for Sustainable Development 29. Although, watershed approaches seem to have universal application for effective management of natural resources, sustainable agricultural production and income generation; the comprehensive assessment showed that one size fits all approach did not work. Need to support on-farm research and development options for higher and lower rainfall regions One Size Fits All Approach Does Not Work 30. To date, water policy has focused on augmentation of supply, this now needs to be expanded to embrace water demand management and water use efficiency. There are a number of aspects: Drinking water needs Devise and implement policies to regulate groundwater extraction Ban the cultivation of high water requiring crops such as paddy and sugarcane in watershed areas Encourage cultivation of low-water requiring crops with market incentives Promote efficient irrigation methods through water-saving devices and the creation of community-based water assets Water Demand Management Options are Must 31. Equity and gender concerns regarding women, the resource-less and those without adequate representation need to be brought to the forefront of watershed planning and execution Emphasis on womens active participation Gender concerns should form non- negotiable components of the initial phase Adequate representation of women and vulnerable groups in decision- making committees Gender and Vulnerable Groups 32. Micro-enterprises for landless and women members enhanced participation and their incomes 33. Impacts in On-farm Watersheds: Developed Five capitals Human Trained men and women in specialized skills Youth clubs (vermicomposting, nursery raising, cross breed animal rearing Increase awareness through environment clubs All children in school Increasedfamilyincomeby100%in5years Marketablesurplusmilk700Ld-1@Rs.20L-1 Nobroughtmigrationunderstressduringdrought ImprovedFunctionalwells Check-damstoharvestwater Increasedno.oftrees Tractors,motorcyclesand transportvehicles Personalhouseholdassets 34. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Non- watershed Watershed Non- watershed Watershed 20012002 Actual values (Rs 1000) Crops Livestock Non-farm 41 % 11 % 48 % 44 % 7 % 49 % 18 % 12 % 70 % 40 % 14 % 46 % 29.0 21.6 37.7 29.2 Income stability and resilience effects during drought year (2002) in Adarsha Watershed, Kothapally AP, India 35. Tangible economic benefits to individuals through convergence Knowledge-based entry point empowerment Equal partnership, trust and shared vision Good local leadership Transparency and social vigilance in financial dealings Equity through low-cost structures Pre-disposition to work collectively Targeted activities for landless and women members Drivers for Improved Collective Action and Participation 36. Interactions with Policymakers Enhanced Project Impact Upscaling 37. Eighty per cent of global agriculture is rainfed and in developing countries these areas are hot spots of poverty, malnutrition and prone to degradation Vast untapped potential of rainfed agriculture could be harnessed to achieve targets of food security and sustainable development Integrated and holistic watershed management approach could be used as an entry point Conclusion 38. Thank you!