nepal community handpumps in the terai region: …list of figures figure 1. populationservedby...

232.2 95~E

Nepal

CibraryIRO lnt~rrt~ona$Waterand S~nit~tIon O3ntre

TeL~+31 703088980Fw~+31 70 J~~ØG84

Community Handpumps inthe Terai Region:

His Majesty’s Governmentof Nepal, Department ofWater Supply and Sewerage

(4~United Nations Children’s Fund,~J Nepal

AssessmentofOperation and Maintenance

Regional Water and SanitationGroup - South Asia, UNDP-World BankWater & Sanitation Program

Finnish InternationalDevelopment Agency

IJUNE 1995 232. 2—14614

Nepal

Community Handpumps inthe Terai Region:

AssessmentofOperation and Maintenance

JUNE 1995

LIBRARY IRCP0 Box 93190,2509 AD ThE HAGUE

TeL: ÷3170 30 689 80Fax: ÷31703589964

BARCODE: 14 ~LO: Q

11Regional Water and Sanitation Group - South Asia,

UNDP-World Bank Water & Sanitation Program

Thispublicationhasbeenpreparedby

• RWSG-SA Team

Arun K. Mudgal, TechnologySpecialist,andRekhaDayal, RegionalProgram Adviser

• Consultants

TAEC Consult P. Ltd., P.O. Box 2519, Kathmandu,Nepal

P. N. Nepal, TeamLeader;L. P. Paudel,CommunityDevelopmentSpecialist;A. M. Dixit, Water ResourceEngineer;R. K. Sharma,Socio-Economist;B. R. Joshi,TechnicalExpert; R. R. Misra, Sociologist;J. K. Pathak,Financial Analyst;M. N. Tiwari, Institution Specialist;M. Neupane,Water & SanitationEngineer;andS. Pandey,Gender An~a1yst.

• Review

Internal : PeterLocher~Manager,RWSG-SA andSusanTurnquist,Consultant.

External : D. C. Pyakurel,Director General,Departmentof Water Supply and Sewerage,HMGN;V. R. Joshi,Regional Director, DWSS; Thimmy ChettyProject Officer, WES, UNICEF;JeremyNotley, Project Coordinator,RWSSP/FINNIDA.

Forfurtherdetailscontact:

UNDP-World Bank Water and SanitationProgramRegional Water and SanitationGroup—SouthAsia (RWSG-SA),

53, Lodi Estate,New Delhi-hO003, India.

Telephones:469 0488, 469 0489,Telex: 31-61493 IBRD IN, Fax: 91-11-4628250.

Funding:

This study was fundedjointly by the UNDP-World Bank Water & Sanitation ProgramandFinnish InternationalDevelopmentAgency (FINNIDA).

This documenthas beenpreparedand publishedby the RWSG-SAofthe UNDP-World Bank Waterand SanitationProgram and the Departmentof Water Supplyand Sewerage,His Majesty’s Governmentof Nepal. Copiesmaybe obtainedfrom RWSG-SAat New Delhi, India. Material may be quoted with proper attribution. Thefindings,interpretation and conclusionsexpressedin this paper are entirely those of the consultantsand should not beattrthuted in any mannerto the His Majesty’sGovernmentofNepal, the UNDP-World Bank Waterand SanitationProgram, the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme,FINNIDA, the World Bank, UNICEF, or any affiliatedorganizations. The maps that accompanythe text are solely for the convenienceof the readers; the designationsand presentationof material in them do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoeveron the part of His $Majesty’s Governmentof Nepal, LINDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, the UNDP, FINNIDA, the

World Bank, UNICEF, or any affiliated organizations.

II

INDEX

EXECUTIVESUMMARY vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION b

BACKGROUND 1THE STUDY 2

ORGANIZATION OFTHE REPORT 3

CHAPTER 2 HANDPUMP SYSTEMPERFORMANCE 4

TYPESOFHANDPUMPS 4

USERSAND USAGE 4

CONSTRUCTIONASPECTS 5

OPERATIONALSTATUS 7

RELIABILITY 9

MAINTAINABILITY OF HANDPUMPS 12

CAPITAL AND MAINTENANCE COSTS 14

USERSATISFACTION 14

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 16

COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION/CONTRIBUTION 20

CHAPTER 3 PRIVATE SECTORPARTICIPATION 22

ROLE OFPRIVATE SECTOR 22PRIVATE SECTORPARTICIPATION: CONSTRAINTS 22

CHAPTER 4 HANDPUMP PROGRAMIMPLEMENTATION: ROLEOFNGOs 25

INGOs 25NATIONAL NGOs 25

NGOsIN THE THREESTUDY DISTRICTS 26

CHAPTER5 CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMMENDATIONS 27

CHOICE OF HANDPUMP 27

SPARE PARTS AVAILABILITY 27

DESIGNIMPROVEMENTS 29

CONSTRUCTIONASPECTS 29

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 29

PRIVATE SECTORPARTICIPATION 30

ROLE OFNGO’s .. 30

FOLLOW UPACTION RECOMMENDED 31

FOLLOW-UPACTION TAKEN 31

APPENDICES Appendix-i : MAP OFNEPAL 36

Appendix-2: PHOTOGRAPHS 37

Appendix-3: DRAWINGS FORMODIFICATION OF INo.6 HANDPUMP 41

Apendix-4 : MINUTES OF MEETING 43

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Populationservedbycommunityhandpumps 5

Figure 2. Existenceof platform,drainandsoakagepit 6

Figure 3. Platformsize(m2) 6

Figure 4. Constructionqualityof platform 6

Figure 5. Conditionof handpumpfoundation 6

Figure 6. Maintenanceof theplatform,drainandsoakagepit 7

Figure 7. Cleanlinessof sitesandsurroundings 7

Figure 8. Presenceof all nut-boltsandnumberof missingnuts/bolts 8

Figure 9. Variationin thewatertableanditseffectin discharge 8

Figure 10. Primingrequirements 9

Figure 11. Interruptionscausedby loweringof watertable 11

Figure 12. Occurrenceof interruptionsin lastoneyear . 11

Figure 13. Souiteofspareparts 12

Figure 14. Sparepartsproblem 12

Figure 15. PreferenceoIharidpumps 15

Figure 16. Adequacyofplatformarea 15

Figure 17. Percentageof female membersin the userscommittee,

handpumpcommittee& caretakers 17

Figure 18. Existenceof users’ committee,handpumpcommittee& caretaker 17

Figure 19. Partiesinvolvedin theselectionof caretaker 18

Figure 20. Criteria for the selection of caretaker 18

Figure 21. Parties involved in maintenance 19

Figure 22. Selectionofsitebytypeofhandpump 20

Figure 23. Difficulties in the collection of 0 & M funds 20

iv

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADB/M - Asian DevelopmentBank,Manila

ADB/N - AgriculturalDevelopmentBankof Nepal

CDO - ChiefDistrict Officer

DAO - DistrictAdministrativeOffice

DDC - District DevelopmentCommittee

DiSvi - Movementfor Development(InternationalNGO)

DWSO - DistrictWaterSupplyOffice

DWSS - Departmentof WaterSupplyandSewerage

FINNIDA - FinnishInternationalDevelopmentAgency

HElP - HouseholdHandpump

HMG/N - His Majesty’sGovernmentof Nepal

IDA - InternationalDevelopmentAssociation

INGO - InternationalNon-GovernmentOrganization

lNo.6 - ImprovedNepalNumber6

JAKPAS - JantaKo KhanePanira SafaiKaryakram

MI-IFP - Ministryof HousingandPhysicalPlanning

MLD - Ministryof LocalDevelopment

NEWAH - NepalWaterfor Health(NGO)

NGO - Non-GovernmentOrganization

No.6 - NepalNumber6

NPC - NationalPlanningCommission

NRCS - NepalRedCrossSociety

O&M - OperationandMaintenance

RWS - RuralWaterSupply

RWSSP - RuralWaterSupplyandSanitationProject

RWSG-SA - RegionalWaterandSanitationGroup-SouthAsia

SWC - SocialWelfareCouncil

UP - TeraiTube-wellProgram

UNICEF - UnitedNationsChildren’sFund

VDC - Village DevelopmentCommittee

WDS - Women’sDevelopmentSection

WES - WaterandEnvironmentalSanitation

v

. Executive—— II

Shallowwell handpumpsareusedas householdpumps(HHPs)andcommunityhandpumpsinlargenumbersin theTerairegionto meetdomes-

tic watersupplyneeds.Therehavebeendifferencesofopinionamongimplementingagenciesonthetypeofhandpumpmost suited for community use. As nocomprehensivefield evaluationof the operationandmaintenancestatusof handpumpswas availabletoguidepolicydecisions,theDWSSinitiatedthisstudyonoperationandmaintenanceof shallowwellhandpumpsin theTerairegion.This studywasfundedby RWSG-SA and FINNIDA and supportedby UNICEF. Itincludesassessmentof theperformance,operationandmaintenanceof No.4,No.6andlNo.6handpumpswithparticularemphasison thelatter two, whichareusedascommunityhandpumps.

The studyareacomprised21 village developmentcommittees(VDCs) in Jhapa,Kailali andKapilvastudistricts in the Terai. The sampleconsistedof 721handpumpscomprising100HHPs,311 No.6and310lNo.6handpumps.Aspectsinvestigatedincludeusage,platform construction,operationalstatus,reliabilitymaintainability,capitalcosts,O&M costs,users’satis-faction,waterquality communitymobilization,effec-tivenessof presentinstitutionalsetup,involvementofthe privatesectorand the mleof district/VDC levelNGOs.A setof struduredquestionnaireswasdevel-opedandfielded.Informationwascollectedthmughin-depthinterviewsof variousactors,observationsin thefield andreviewof reportsanddocuments.

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

The main findingsandconclusionsof the studyare:

(a) The No.6 handpumpoffers advantagessuch aslower capital costs andmaintenancecosts,andbetterreliabilityandmaintainability.Themaintain-

abifity of theINo.6hasbeenadverselyaffectedbythe non-availability of spareparts in the localmarkets.Thereisnojustificationfor thecontinuedpromotionof theuseof INo.6handpumpasit doesnot offer any specific advantageover No.6handpumps.

(b) Manyfunctionalcommunityhandpumps(68per-centof No.6 and52percentof INo.6) werein factinadequatelyrepaired,usingrope,wire,bamboo!woodenpiecesin placeof spareparts;with verylittle evidenceof preventivemaintenance.Al-thoughadequatelocal skills for maintenanceofhandpumpsareavailable,maintenanceoccursonlyin responseto breakdowns,andeventhis is notsatisfactoryastheminimumnumberof sparepartsarereplacedtokeeptherepaircostslow. Asaresultmanyhandpumpsneedmajorrepairswhichusersoftenfind difficult to finance.Anotherreasonforpoor maintenanceis that the caretakerdoesnothavereadyaccessto funds.Thecaretaker,invari-ably hasto spendhis/hermoneyandThenap-proachusersfor reimbursement.Readyaccesstomaintenancefundscanimprovethe situation.

(c) Thesupplyof INo.6sparepartsatsubsidizedratesthroughnon-marketchannelshassuppressedmar-ketdemand.Therefore,localretailersdonothikeaninterestin stockingandsaleof INo.6 spareparts.TheprivatesectorcanmeettheINo.6 sparepartsdemandthroughtheexistingmarketingchannels,if donorinterventioninpricinganddistributioniswithdrawn.Thedevelopmentof afreemarketmayhowevertakesometime.

(d) With the proposedwithdrawalof donorsfrom thesupplyof sparepartstheavailabilityof spareparts

Summary

vi

is likely to sufferfurther,atleasttemporarily.Thedonorshavethemoralresponsibilityto ensurethatusersofhandpumpsinstalledunderdonorassistedprogramscontinuetobeabletooperatethem.Fieldmodificationof theINo.6pumps- estimatedtocostNRs.150perpump- tomakethemcompatiblewiththe No.6 spareparts is the preferredoption forsolvingthisproblem.

(e) A large numberóf handpumpsne~dfrequentprimingdueto leakagein thefootvalve.Thefootvalveisidentifiedasamajordesignweaknessin allthehandpumps.

(f) Nearly70 percentof HHPsdonot haveaplatform.Thereis aneedto createawarenessamongusersabout the water pollution risks of handpumpswithoutplatforms.Largerplatformsfor commu-nity pumpsprovidebetterworkingareasandthusimprovetheutility of communityhandpumps.

(g) Communityparticipationis veryeffectiveduriugthe implementationphase.Users’committeesareformedfor almostall handpumps.Thecommitteesareveryactiveandabletocreateenthusiasmin theuserstoprovidetheirshareof theconstructioncost.Usersareinvolvedin theselectionof sites.Commu-nitiescontributein theform of localmaterialsandlaboui,andin manycasesprovideprivatelandforhandpumpinstallation.In themaintenancephase,however,theusers’committeesbecomedefunctorare ineffective.Almost all maintenanceactivittesareperformedby caretakersoruserswithoutanysubstantivesupportfromthesecommittees.Oftencaretakersprovidetheir servicesvoluntarily.

Theuserscontributesignificantlyduringconstruc-tion as well asoperationandmaintenance.Thecollection of O&M furcds on a regular basis isvirtually non-existent.Acontributionof NRs.2perhouseholdpermonthwill be ableto takecareofO&M requirements.Regularcollectionof O&Mfunds is very important for the long termsustainabiltyof thecommunityhandpumps.

(i) While women’srepresentationonhandpumpcom-mitteeswasmandatory,their role in site~electionandinstallationwasnegligible.Representationofwomenin users’committeesof iNo. 6handpumpwasfoundsignificantinJhapadistrictwhere24%werefemale.In comparisononly 4 percentand5

percent womenwere in users’ committeesinKapilvastuandKailali respectively.

(j) Usersaregenerallysatisfiedwith the quality ofhandpumpwater. The userswere ~onsdousofwaterquality. Womenfelt thatwaterrelateddis-eases were reduced after they began usinghandpumpwater.High ironcontentwasacommonconcernin Jhapadistrictstudyarea.

(k) With eachHHP servingon anaverage2.6house-holds or 17 usersthe water supply coverageappearsto be muchhigher thanthe official esti-mates.

(1) Thedistrict!VDC level NGOs arenot adequatelyequippedtoundertakehandpumpprograms.Theywill needexternalassistancefor buildingcapacity.

RECOMMENDATIONS

i. Implementingagencies/facilitatingagenciesshouldnot insiston theuseof INo.6 handpumpin theirprograms.On the contrary, the use of No.6handpumpshouldbeencouraged.

ii. Themaintenanceof handpumpsisnot satisfactory.TheemphasisshouldbeonregularcontributionstoanO&M fund (NRs.2perhouseholdpermonth).Themaintenancefundsdepositedbyuserswith theimplementingagenciesat the time of installationshould be transferredto eachusers’ committeewhentheyareoperational.

iii. Thedonorsshouldstopsubsidieson JNo.6spareparts.Afreemarketshouldbeallowedto develop.A non-interventionistapproachis recommendedformarketdevelopment.

iv. A definitiveandperhapsidealsolutionfor thenon-availabilityof INo.6sparepartsisto modifyall theexistingINo.6handpumpstomakethemcompat-ible withNo.6spareparts.

v. In orderto routinizecollectionof O&M ft~ndsandimprove monitoring and record keeping it isnecessaryto considerinstitutionalchanges.Oneapproachcouldbethemergerof users’committeeandsub-committeesinto ward level/sub-wardlevelcommitteeswith theactiveparticipationof thecaretakers- whoare themostimportantactorsinO&M - andward memberwho enjoyspopularsupport. This is likely to offer the followingbenefits:(i) createamanageableunitclosetousers;

vu

(ii) through ward member’s participationprovide a formal linkagewith the VDC; and(iii)improve accountabilityand sustathability. It isthereforerecommendedthatthepresentsystemofa users’ committeeat the VDC level and sub-committeeatthehandpumplevelmaybereplacedby the users’ committeeat the ward/sub-wardlevel.

vi. Thereis aneedto improvethefoot valvedesign.

vii. Theconstructionof biggerplatformsfor commu-nity pumpsshould be encouragedto meet theneedsof users. There is also a needto createawarenessamongHHPusersthatplatformsreducethe risk of waterpollution.

viii. Capacitybuildingof NGOsatdistrict!VDC level isa prerequisite to make their participation inhandpumpprogramseffective.

FOLLOW UP ACTION RECOMMENDED

i. It is critical to take decisionsquickly on therecommendationsmadein thisreport.Ameetingofdecisionmakersshouldthereforebe convenedassoonaspossible.

ii. In order to closely observe and monitor thetransitionfromdonordrivensparepartssupplytomarketorienteddistribution, a studyshouldbeinitiated assoonas possible.

FOLLOW UP ACTION TAKEN

A meetingwasheld on 26 May, 1995 to discuss thefindings, conclusionand recommendationsof thisreport.Themeetingwaschairedby Mr. DineshChandraPyakurel,Director General;DWSSand attendedbyrepresentativesof UNICEF,~WHO,TAEC ConsultsP.Ltd., and RWSG-SA. The minutes of meeting areattachedasAnnexure4.

viii

Chapter1

Introduction2

IBACKGROUND

Nepal’sTerairegionisendowedwithshallowground-water.Shallowtubewellsarewidelyusedin theregiontoabstractdrinkingwaterandarefitted withasuctionhandpumpchosen from several available models.Handpumpsareusedby householdsandcommunitygroups.Individual householdsuselocalorNepalNo.2or No.4 handpumps(referredto as HHP in the text).LocalorNepalNo.6(No.6) andImprovedNepalNo.6(INo.6)aregenerallyusedascommunityhandpumps.A communityparticipationapproachisusedtoimple-ment the communityhandpumpprogram.The localcostsof constructingaplatform,drainandsoakagepitare met by the community The community alsocontributesto the maintenancefund andfrequentlyprovideslandfor thehandpumpinstallation.Supportagenciesorganizetrainingofhandpumpcaretakersandhealthvolunteersandprovidematerialssuchas thepump,pipesandcement.Usersareexpectedtoassumeresponsibilityfor the operationandmaintenanceofhandpumps.

Thesectoralleadagencyresponsiblefor implement-ing thecommunityhandpumpprogramis theDepart-ment of Water Supply andSewerage(DWSS). TheDepartmentreceivesbilateralandmultilateralsupportfrom the UnitedNationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF),FinnishInternationalDevelopmentAgency(FINNIDA)and the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB/M). TheMinistry of Local Development(MLD) is involvedinhandpumpprogramsinsomeTeraidistrictsthroughitsWomenDevelopmentSection(WDS).DistrictDevelop-mentCommittees(DDCs)providesupportto VillageDevelopmentCommittees(VDCs)toinstallhandpumps.The nongovernmentsectoris active in the program,

representedby WaterAid, Nepal Red CrossSociety,DiSvi InternationalandLutheranWorld Service.TherecentlyestablishedRural DevelopmentBank alsoprovidescredit to individualsandcommunitiesforhandpumpinstallation.Throughall the aboveinitia-tives,28,139communityhandpumpshadbeeninstalledin theTeraiby theendof fiscalyear1992/93.Theseareinadditionto familyhandpumps,whosenumbersrunintoseveralthousands.

In thepastcommunityhandpumpprogramshavebeensupplydriven.This approachhasnotbeenverysuccessfulandnowthereis agrowingconsensusthatwatersupply is a local functionandcentralagenciesshouldwithdrawfromdirectimplementationrole andshouldonly playtheroleof afacilitator. HisMajesty’sGovernmentof Nepal(HMG/Nepal),with assistancefrom IDA, hasbeenevolving and testing new ap-proachestosectorissuesthroughJantaKo KhanePaniraSafaiKaryakram(JAKPAS)aspartof theIDA-fundedRWSSProject.Furthermore,with theproposedestab-lishmentof the Rural Water Supplyand SanitationFund,thegovernmentisopeningupanewchannelforthedemand-leddecentralizedimplementationofRWSprojects.

TheEighthPlan(1992/97)envisagesgreaterpartici-pationof localgovernmentsindrinkingwaterdevelop-ment.With theenactmentof theVDC Act of 1992,theVDC is empoweredto developandmanagedrinkingwatersystemswithin its jurisdiction.In pursuanceofthesepoliciestherole of theDWSSis expectedtoshift,emphasizingfacilitation and~moving awayfrom thetraditionalrole of animplementor.Qrom 1994/95,theUNICEF assistedshallow tubewellprogramwill beimplementedthroughNGOs,DDCs,theprivatesectorandthecreditschemeof theRuralDevelopmentBank.

1

THE STUDY

Ina1980UNICEF sutvey,itwasreportedthattheNepalNo.6handpumpwasnotrobustenoughforcommunityuse.Subsequentlyanewhandpumpdesignwasintro-duced— a modified versionof theBangladeshNo.6handpumpknownasImprovedNepalNo.6(INo.6) -

andrecommendedforgroupsofupto125users.Severalagenciesincluding UNICEF, Water Aid, DiSvi andNepalRedCrossSocietyusetheNo.6handpump.TheNo.6 handpumpis generallyusedby governmentagenciesin their programs.AnothersurveycoveringhandpumpswasconductedbyFINNIDA. Thereweredifferencesof opinionamongthevariousimplementingagencieson the typeof handpumpmostsuitableforcommunityuse.

No comprehensivefield evaluation of theoperationandmaintenancestatusof handpumpswasavailableto guidefuturepolicy decisions.This study,focussedon theoperationandmaintenanceaspectsofHHP, No.6 and INo.6 handpumpswith particularemphasison communityhandpumps,isaneffort tofillthis gap. Initiated at the requestof the Departmentof WaterSupplyandSewerage(DWSS),thestudywasfundedby theUNDP/WorldBankWaterandSanitationGroup- SouthAsia (RWSG-SA)andRuralWaterSupplyandSanitationProject (RWSSP)/FINNIDAandsup-portedbyUNICEF.

Objective of study

Theobjectivesof thestudyinciudedassessmentof theperformance, operationandmaintenanceof all threetypesofhandpumps(HHP,No.6andNo.6)in theTerairegion,with particularemphasisoncommunityhand-pumps.Thestudyincludedthe followingactivities:

• Collectionof dataon thefield performanceof thesehandpumps,includingfrequencyof replacementofthemaincomponentssuchascupseal,foot valve,fulcrumpins,handle,handpumprod,etc.Thisalsoincluded capital costs for handpumps,averagenumberof users, averageusageandcommonproblemsencounteredin the field. Frequencyofhandpumpprimingwasanotherimportantfactorthatwas lookedinto carefully.

• Assessmentof theusers’acceptanceof andprefer-encefor thethreetypesof handpumps.

• Collection of dataon the annualcostof mainte-nanceby categoryof handpumps.

• Evaluationof thelevelof communityinvolvement

in themaintenanceof thehandpumps,thewilling-nessof the communityto payfor normalmainte-nance and the external support (government!donor) provided for the maintenanceof thesehandpumps.Particularattentionwaspaidto therole of womenin implementationandnot justasprimaryusers;

• Studyof therole playedby theprivatesectorin thesupplyof sparepartsandmaintenanceof thesehandpumpsandexplorationof the possibilityofincreasingtherole of the privatesector;

• Ascertainmentof the availability of spareparts,particularlythemetricandBSWfasteners;and

• Assessmentof the reasonsfor the substantialdifference in price betweenthe two types ofhandpumps(No.6 andNo.6) in relation to theirquality,sturdinessandreliability.

MethodologyStudyDesign:Thestudywasdesignedasanempiricalinvestigationof thethreetypesof handpumpscurrentlyinusein theTerai.An InformationCoordinationMatrixwasdesignedto organizeandmanageinformationforthestudy.Relevantsecondarymaterialswerereviewed,followingwhichasetof structuredquestionnaireswasdrafted. The primary questionnaire,intended forhandpumpusersandcaretakers,soughtinformationonoperationand maintenance,resourcemobilization,statusof sparepartsavailability etc. Questionnaireswere also preparedfor implementingand supportagencies,NGOs,retailersandmanufacturers.Pretestingof questionnaii~eswas done in Jhapadistrict. AfterpretestingthequestionnairesweremodifiedandfinalLized for the full scalesurvey.

Inception Meeting: Prior to pretesting,the studymethodologyandsurveyinstrumentsdevelopedby theconsultantwere reviewed at an inception meetingattendedbyRWSG-SA,DWSS,UNICEFandFINNIDA.Suggestionsfromthatmeetingwereincorporatedintotheresearchdesign.

SamplingDesign:Keyelementsof thestudyweretheselectionof surveysitesandsamplesize.Threedistricts,oneeachfromeastern,centralandwesternTeraiwereselectedfor survey.ThesewereJhapa,KapilvastuandKailali (seeAnnex 1). The objectivesof including thethreedistricts wereto ensuresocio-economic,cultural,operationalandgeographicalrepresentation.TwentyoneVDCs in thethreedistrictswereselectedrandomlyfor the survey. First, the districts were divided into

2

southernandnorthernregionsin relationto the East-West Highway. Considerationwas given to includeVDCs having a substantialnumberof communityhandpumps.Fromthe selectedVDCs, lists of HHPs,No.6andNo.6handpumpswereprepared.

Thesamplesof HHPs,No.6andNo.6handpumpswererandomlydrawnfrom the lists. Only functionalhandpumpswereincludedin the sample.This wasdeliberate,sinceinformationonperformance,operationandmaintenanceof thenonfunctionalhandpumpswasdifficult to obtain.However,afull censusof pumpsinthesampleVDCsandtheoperationalstatus,by typeofpump,were includedin the studyandpresentedinTable 3. Sinceolderhandpumpsweremorelikely tohavefacedproblemsinoperationandmaintenance,theminimumageof thesampledhandpumpswasfixedattwoyears.Alsopriority wasgiventoincludehandpumpsservingmorethan50users.Altogether621communityhandpumps(induding10schoolhandpumps)and100I-IHPs wereincludedin the sample.The numberofHHPs was restricted to 100 as themainpurposeof including HHPsin thestudywas tounderstandthemarketorientedmechanismavailablefor installation,operationandmaintenanceof HHPsandtoexaminewhethersomeof theelementscouldbeincorporatedintocommunityhandpumpprogram.Thehandpumpsamplesbydistrict, typeandagecategoriesarelistedin Table 1.

Field Survey:The field surveywasconductedby ateani of researchassistantsand enumerators..Thesurveyteamwas trainedin the useof surveyinstru-mentsandacquaintedwith thecontentsandobjectiveof eachquestionnaireitem.Techniquesusedfor infor-mationcollectionincludedastructuredquestionnaire-cum-checklist,on-siteinspectionandobservation,andinformaldiscussionsandmeetings.

Respondents:Group interviewswereusedto com-pletequestionnairesfor 621 users’groups.Caretakersplayed a formal role in 320 of thesegroups,andanadditionalsectionof the questionnairewasadminis-

teredtothem.ForFTHPs,thestudygaveaquestionnaireto 100 headsof households.Structuredinterviewscollectedinformationfrom 6manufacturers,28 retail-ers,12localNGOs,and7VDCsand3 DDCs.Interviewswere also conductedwith DWSS, UNICEF, DisVi,FINNIDA, NepalRedCrossSocietyandNepalWaterforHealth(NEWAH).

Supervision: In order to ensure reliability of thecollecteddata,supervisorsweredeputedto workwiththesurveyteamin eachdistrict. Completedquestion-naireswerecheckedto clarify anyambiguityandtosolicit additionalinformationif required.Eachsupervi-sor spent10 to 21 daysin thefield. Somemembersofthestudyteamalsovisitedthedistricts.ThetechnologyspecialistfromUNDP/World Bank,RWSG-SAvisitedJhapadistrict to check the effectivenessof the datacollectionprocedure.

Data Analysis:All the datacollectedthrough thecensusandin-depthinterviewswerecodedandenteredintoamicro-computetThedatawereanalyzedbyusingthesoftwareLotusandDBase.

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

This report is divided into five Chapters.Chapter1includesthe background,objectivesandscopeof thestudy,andmethodologyincluding instrumentsused,samplingdesignanddescriptionof respondents.Chap-ter2 presentsthe main body of resultsincluding atechnicaldescriptionof the typesof handpumpsanddataanalysisconcerningsystemperformance.Perfor-manceassessmentincludedusage,constructionas-pects,operationalstatus,reliability, maintainability,capitalandO&M costs,users’satisfaction,institutionalaspectsandcommunity mobilization andcontribu-tions. Theparticipationof the privatesectorand itspotentialrole in the manufactureanddistributionofhandpumpsandsparepartsarediscussedin Chapter3.Chapter4coverstheroleof theNGOsin thehandpumpprogram.Conclusionsandrecommendationsarepre-sentedin chapter5.

Table 1: Number of SampledHandpumps by Type and Age

District sampledVDCs.(No.)

No.6— — — —

2 3-7 8-13 TotalYrs Yrs Yrs

INo.6—


HHP—


School Total— —


2Yrs

3-7Yrs

8-13Yrs

Total

Jhapa 6 1 1 1 3 10 168 22 200 14 17 9 40 1 2 2 5 26 188 34 248

Kapilvastu 10 27 40 33 100 50 50 — 100 7 10 13 30 ~- — — — 84 100 46 230

Kailali 5 48 139 21 208 — -. — — 8 22 — 30 — 3 2 5 56 164 23 243

Total 21 76 180 55 311 60 218 22 300 29 49 22 100 1 5 4 10 166 452 103 721—

3

Chapter2

HandpumpSystem

PerformanceTYPES OF HANDPUMPS

~11jpes:Of the various types of handpumpsthat are inuse,No.2andNo.4aresmallerin sizeandcommonly

usedasahouseholdhandpump.No.6 andNo.6 arelargerin sizeandcapacityandusedatthecommunitylevel.TheINo.6handpumpwasintroducedin 1984byUNICEF’.

Description:The abovefourhandpumpsareall recip-rocatingsuctionpumps.Majorconstituentpartsof thehandpuniparehandpumpbody,headcover,handle,baseplateandplungerassembly.Mostof thesecompo-

nentsaremadeof cast iron. TheNo.4is similar to theNo.6in termsoftheshapeofcomponentsandmaterialof construction.Butit issmallerinsize,lighter inweightanddeliverslesswaterfor thesamenumberof strokes.The main designfeaturesof the No.6 are similar tothoseof BangladeshNo.6 handpump.The technicalfeaturesof theNo.6& No.6handpumps,whicharethemainfocusof the study,areshownin sketchesbelow

USERS AND USAGE

Population and Household Served: The 611handpumpsin thesampleserveatotalof 42,026people.

1 Aninternalreviewof theperformanceof thecommunityhandpumpsin 1982by UNICEFwashighly critical of theavailablevariety.Consequently,theBangladeshNo.6handpumpwasadoptedwith modifications.This is theImprovedNo.6pump(1N06)currentlyin use,mostly in donorassistedprojects.

NO.6 I NO.6Nomenclature of Handpump(Typical Cross Section)

4

Table 2: TechnicalSpecificationof handpumps andbathingwereavoidedto makef~tchirgwaterforParticulars No.4 No.6 INo.6

Barrel dian~ter(mm) 65 90 90

Body length (mm) 425 480 512

Rateddischargeat20 strokes(liters) 6.8 17 24

Length of stroke(mm) — 175 220

Approximate Weight (kg) 15 22 37

Theaveragenumberof householdsandthepopulationservedby a community handpumpwere 9 and 69respectively.

Householdhandpumpsareusedbyoutsidersalso.Of the100sampledHHPs,50 percentservedoutsiders,benefitting162households,or anaverageof 4.2 userfamiliesperhandpump.For all 100handpumps,how-ever,theaveragenumberof familiesandusersbenefittedby aHHPwas2.6 and17 respectively.

Handpump Use: Handpumpswere usedto meetdomesticwater needs such as drinking,. washing,cleaning,bathing, and livestockneeds.Only a fewhouseholdsadjacentto the handpumpsutilized thecommunityhandpumpsfor irrigatingkitchengardens.TheHI-IPs weremorewidely usedfor this purpose.

Figure 1. Pupulation served by communityhandpumps

Waiting I~me:Thecommunityhandpumpsserveda cluster of householdsin a VDC. Most of thehandpumps(87%)werelocatedwithin200metersof thefarthesthouseholdin thecluster.It wasobservedthattheusersstaggeredthewatercollectiontimeinsteadofqueuing.In themorningandeveninghours,washing

householduseeasy.For 81 percentof the users,thewaiting time was less than5 minutes.Differencesbetweenthetwomodelsinwaitingtimewereminimal.Only onepercenthadto waitformorethan15minutes.

Restrictionof Use: An elementof the studywasinvestigationof castediscriminationin theuseof thehandpumps.Almostall respondents(99%)mentionedthat there are no casterestrictions in the use ofcommunityhandpumps.

Summaryof Findings

a. Theaveragenumberof householdandpopulationservedbyacommunityhandpumpwere9 and69respectively.While 50percentof theHHPsservedonehousehold,theotherhalf of thesampleservedanaverageof 4.2households.

b. Handpumpsare mostlyusedto meetdomesticwaterneeds.Accessibffitytoservicewasreasonableandthewaitingtimewaslessthan5minutesfor 81percentof users.

c. Castediscrimination in the use of communityhandpumpwasalmostnon-existent.

d. Theaveragenumberof householdsandpopulation~ byan~were 2.6and17respectively.Thismeansthata very largenumberof peoplewere

servedby HHPsandwatersupplycoveragewasmuchhigherthantheofficial estimates.

CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS

Platform,Drain and SoakagePit: A platformservesthreeimportantpurposes.First,it providesspaceforcollectionof water,washing,cleaningof utensilsandbathing.Second,it providesprotectionagainstpossiblegroundwatercontaminationby preventingseepageofwastewaterinto theaquifer.And third,while servingasthefoundation,it preventslateralmovementof thehandpumpbody which increasesthe life of tI{ehandpump.Amongcommunityhandpumps,~88percentwereprovidedwith aplatform.Thiswasnot thecasewithHHPs,inwhichonly30percenthadplatforms.Adisposalchannelwasprovidedtodrainoffexcesswaterandkeeptheplatformsurroundingsdry. Thedisposalchannelexistedin 72percentof HHPsand85 percentof community handpumps.In a well constructedplatformthedisposalchanneldrainsintoasoakagepit,apit dugattheendof the disposalchannelandfilledwithgravelorbrokenbricks.It receiveswatercoming

101-125(7%)

76-100(19%)

51-75(34%)

5

<1.5 1.5—3.0 3.0—4.5 > 4.5

~ HHP ~ No.6 ~ INo.6Figure 3. Platform size(m2)

throughthedisposalchannelandkeepsthehandpumpsurroundingsdry. Thepercentageof handpumpsthathadsoakagepitswereHHP(8%),No.6(24%)andNo.6(50%).

Platform Size:Platformswereof rectangularshapein all threedistricts.On average,in the communityhandpumps,the platformsize variedfrom 1.5m2 toslightly greaterthan4.5m2.Theaverageplatformareain No.6andNo.6handpumpswere2.5m2and3.8m2respectively.In the HHPs the averageareaof theplatformwas2.3m2.However,in theRWSSP/FINNIDA- assistedprograminKapilvastu,comparativelylarge(5 to 7.5m2) platforms were found. Some of theplatformsin this districtwerecircularin shapewith adiameterofalmost2.5m.Largeplatformsprovidemorework areaand thereforeincreasethe utility of the

handpumpin termsof greaterfrequencyofbathingandwashing.Theuserswereappreciativeof largeplatformsdueto their betterutility

Construction Quality of Platforms: Constructionqualityof 96 and76percentoftheplatformsinNo.6andNo.6communityhandpumpswereassessedtobegood;i.e.,platformswerefreeof cracksordamage.Platformsin only 23 percentof the HUPs were consideredsatisfactoryin termsof their constructionquality.

Foundation Condition: In 95 percentof the No.6and69 percentof theNo.6handpumps,thefoundationwascompactandpreventedseepageof wastewaterintothe aquifer.Nearly66 percentof 1-11-IPshada loosefoundation.Besidesreducingthe eff~ctivelife of thehandpumps,aloosefoundationcancauseseepageofwastewater in to the borewell which in turn can

* w

zw0iiw0~

YES YES YES

PLATFORM DRAIN SOAKPIT

H11P ~

Figure 2. Existenceof platform, drain and soakagepit

90

80

70

~60U.’

~50I—~ 40C)ccw 30a-

20

10

GOOD BAD

~ HHP ~ No.6 No.6

Figure 4. COnstruction quality of platform

LOOSE TiGHT

~ HHP ~ No.6 ~ INo.6

Figure 5. Condition of handpumpfoundation

6

OPERATIONAL STATUScontaminatetheaquifer.Althoughtheextentof healthhazardbroughtaboutby groundwatercontaminationremainsto beinvestigated,afewstudiesin Nepalhaveshownthatcontaminationcanoccur.Therefore,health!hygieneeducationactivitiesneedcontinuedfocustoeliminatesuchrisk.

Summaryof Findingsa. Ninety eight percentof INo.6, 78 percentNo.6

handpumpsand30percentof HHPshadplatforms.Drains existed in 85 percentof the communityhandpumpsand72percentof HHPs.Soakagepitsexistedin 50 percentof INo.6 and24 percentofNo. 6 handpumps.Only 8 percentof HHPshadsoakagepits.

b. While the size of platformis independentof thetype of handpump,it was observedthat theplatformareain 69 percentof the INo.6 and19percentof theNo.6handpumpswasgreaterthan3m2.Greaterprevalenceof largerplatformsinNo.6handpumpwasprobablydueto increasedusers’participationin planningandinstallationof INo.6handpumps.Only 1 percent of HHPs had aplatformof thissize.

c. The increasein platformareaimprovesits utility 70

andconveniencetousers.In theRWSSP/FINNIDAprojectwhereplatformareais5-7.5m2,peoplewereveryappreciativedueto its greaterutility.

d. Overallconstructionquality of theplatform hasbeenassessedas good for 86 percent of thecommunity handpumps.The foundation in 95percentof No.6and69 percentof No.6handpumpswerefoundadequatelytight.

e. Over70 percentof HHPsand22 percentof No.6handpumpsdid nothaveplatforms.Thisincreasestheriskof aquifercontamination.Constructionoflargerplatformsin communityhandpumpstosuitusers’needsshouldbeencouraged. Figure 7. Cleanlinessof sites and surroundings

Table3: Numberof communityhandpumpsin thesampledVDCs and their functional status

District Total No. ofVVDCS

Studied

No.6

Total No. ofCommunityhandpumps_____

1N06 Total

~

Working Condition

No.6 INO.6 Total

Working Not working Working Not working Working Not working

Jhapa 6 - 456 456 - - 331 125 331 125 -Kapilvastu 10 148 184 332 126 22 — 182 2 308 24

Kailali 5 537 - 537 461 76 - - - - 461 76

Total 21 685 640 1325 587 98 513 127 1100 225

Nonfunctional Handpumps: Only functional hand-pumpswereselectedfor investigation.Thedecisionto

90

60

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

w

zw0ci:w0~

PLATFORMS DRAINS SOAKPITS

~ HHP ~ No.6 ~ lNo.6

Figure 6. MainIcuance of the platform, drain & soakagepit

50t

79

) 67

) 1

SI~4_9

41)~ 42

59 j 58

) 21

~ H I~— .~

40

30

20

10

CthAN INOfCLEAN

OrFES

DRY& CLEANWEr & DIRTY

SURROUNDINGS

7

includeonly workinghandpumpsin thesamplewasdeliberate,for thereasonthattheprobabilityof collect-ing informationon pastperformancewasgreaterinfunctional handpumpsrather than nonfunctionalhandpumps.However,to ascertainthepercentageofworking handpumpsin the field, all communityhandpumpsinstalled in the sampledVDCs werevisited.Table3givesthefunctionalstatusofhandpumps.The percentageof nonfunctionalhandpumpswasgreateramongNo.6(20%)comparedto No.6(14.3%)handpumps(seePhotos3 - 6 in Appendix2).

Maintenance of Platfornis, Drains and SoakagePits: Platformswere satisfactorilymaintainedin 75

30

ONE 2—4 5—4

PRESENCE NO.OFMISSING NUTBOLTS

MHPF~1 ~

percentof the communityhandpumps.Maintenancewasgoodonly in25 percentof theHHFs.Wastewaterwasdrainedin65percentof thecommunityhandpumpscomparedto56 percentof theHHPs.Theconditionof39 percentof soakagepitsin-INo.6 and23 percentinNo.6wasassessedasgoodwhile 7percentof HHPhadsoakagepit in goodcondition.

Cleanlinessof platforms and surroundings:Clean-linessof theplatformwasassessedin termsof absenceof algaeanddirt. Thecleanlinessof surroundingswasassessedin termsof surroundingsbeingdry andfreefrom trash.Communityhandpumpplatforms werecleanercomparedto theHHPs.Only41 percentof theHHPsitesweremaintaineddeanwhile79percentof theNo.6and49percentof No.6handpumpplatformswereclean. Poor handpumpsurroundingswere due toabsenceof platforms.Handpumpsurroundingswerecleanin 61 percentof theHHPs,67percentof No.6and42 percentof No.6handpumps.Due to limited use,HHPs surroundingswere fairly clean even in theabsenceofplatforms.

Missing Nuts and Bolts and Their Replacement:Nuts andbolts werefrequently missing,and lackoftimely replacementwas a commonproblem. In 60percentof thecommunityhandpumpsnutsandboltswere missing. Missing nuts and~bolts was also acommonproblemamongtheHHPs(58%). Almost40percentof thecommunityhandpumpshadtwo to fourmissingbolts and theseweremostly from the coverplate. Absence of preventive maintenanceandnonavailabilityof fundsfor thepurchaseof sparepartsappearedtobethemaincausesfor thenon-replacemelltofboltsandnutsin time.Thedelaycancausedamageto costly handpumpcomponents,making major re-placementsnecessaryatalaterdate.In 68 percentofNo.6 and52 percentof No.6handpumpsthe useofrope,wire, bamboopiecesandwoodenhandlewasobserved.This is a clear indication of inadequatemaintenance.

Number of Idle Strokes: Another aspectinvesti-gated wasthedischargecharacteristicof thehandpumps.Almost 63 percentof the community handpumpsdeliveredwaterin thefirststroke.However,16percentof No.6 and10 percentof No.6handpumpsrequiredtwo tofour strokesforwaterdelivery,and9 percentofINo.6 deliveredwateraftermorethanfour strokes.

Discharge: In termsof discharge,the handpumpperformancewasgenerallysatisfactoryThe averagedischargeper20 strokeswasmeasuredas 13 liters for

42

40

30

20

10

x

xxx

xxxxx>4

YES

9

7

4 33

ABOVE 6

Fi~urc8. Presenceofall nut-bolts & no. of missing nut-bolts

*

SIGNIFICANTVARIATION EFPECr IN DISCHARGE

— HHP

Figure 9. Variation in the water table and its effect in discharge4

8

HHE 17 liters for No. 6 and 20 liters for No. 6handpumps.Theaveragedischargein thecaseof HHPswashigherthantheratedperformanceasgivenin Table2 as40 HHPsin Jhapawereof No. 6 type.

Seasonalvariation in the water table is a generalcharacteristicin the Terai. Somehandpumpswereaffectedby thisvariation.A higherproportionof HHPs(38%) wereaffected,probablydueto shallowboring.SomeNo.6 (29%) andNo.6 (15%) handpumpswerealsoaffectedby fluctuationsin the watertable. Thepercentagesof HHPs,No.6andNo.6,handpumpsinwhich dischargewas significantly affectedby watertablefluctuationswere 13, 13 and11 percentrespec-tively.

PrimingRequirements:Around 51 percentof theHI-IPsand42 percentof theNo.6handpumpsrequii~edpriming.In thecaseofINo.6 handpumps,thepercent-agerequiringprimingwas39.Almost 15to 20 percentof the sampledhandpumpsrequiredpriming beforeeveryuse.

Physical Appearance and Iron Content: Abouttwo-thirdsof the HHPsdeliveredclearwater.Amongcommunityhandpumps,physicalappearanceof thedelivered water was clear in 87 percent of thehandpumps.Iron contentin 55 percentof all thehandpumpswaslessthan2ppm(partspermillion). InJhapa,50 percentof handpumpsdeliveredwater inwhich ironcontentwas more than5 ppm. The ironcontentwaslower in Kapilvastu(lessthan2ppm) formore than90 percentof the HHPs andcommunityhandpumps.The presenceof iron in water is ageologicalphenomenonandindependentof thetypeofhandpump.

Summary of Findingsa. Of the totalcommunityhandpumpsinstalledin the

VDcs,about86 percentof No.6 and80 percentofNo.6werefunctional.

b. Maintenanceof platforms was satisfactoryin 75percent,drainsin 65 percentandsoakagepits in32percentof thecommunityhandpumps.Platformsinmorethan60percentandsurroundingsin 54 percentof communityhandpumpswerekeptclean.

c. Maintenanceof thecommunityhandpumpswasnotsatisfactoryPreventivemaintenancewasnon-exis-tentandwascharacterizedby thenon-replacementof nutsandboltsin manyhandpumps.In 68percentof No.6and52percentof No.6handpumpstheuseof rope,wire,bamboopiecesorwoodenhandlewas

observed.This is a clear indication of the poormaintenance.Thephotographs(1-6)attheendof thisreportdepictthepoorstateof repairsof someof thecommunityhandpumps.

d. Morethan60percentof thecommunityha~’tdpumps,irrespectiveof their type, dischargedwaterin thefirststroke.Theaveragewateryieldat20 strokesforHHPs,No.6andNo.6handpumpswere13,17and20 liters respectively.Although No.6 handpumpsperformedasrated,No.6handpumps’averagewas4 liters belowtheir rateddischarge.

e. Physicalappearanceof water from more than 85percentof the communityhandpumps~wasclear.About34percentof I-IHPsyieldedturbidwatetIroncontentwaslessthan2 ppmin watersamplesfrom60 percentof the communityhandpumps.In 50percentof communityhandpumpsin Jhapa,ironcontentwasin excessof 5 ppm.

1. About50 percentof HHPs,42 percentof No.6and39 percentof No.6handpumpsneededdailyprim-ing. In 15 percentof No.6 and20 percentof No.6handpumpsprimingwasrequiredbeforeeveryuse.

RELIABILITY

Reliability was assessedin termsof durability, fre-quencyof sparepartsreplacementandinterruptioninsupply.

Durability: Majorcomponentsreplacedduringthelast one year are listed in Table 4. Among No.6handpumps,thehandpumpbodyandhandleneededno replacementduringthisperiodimplying thatNo.6

60

50

40

*

~20

10

REQUIRMEN?

_u~ ~

Figure 10. Printing requirement

9

is structurallymorerobustthanthe No.6.Replacementof SpareParts: Recordsof frequency

of repairandcostincurredfor maintenancewerenotmaintainedby userscommitteesor caretakers.Theinformationon sparepartsreplacementpresentedinthisreportisbasedontherecollectionof thecaretakers

andusersaboutthepartsreplacedin thelastoneyear.Thetypeof handpump,numberof partsreplacedandfrequencyof spareparts replacedduring oneyearperiodarelistedin Table5. Frequencyof replacementof sparepartswas 6.55 for No.6 and 7.30 for No.6handpumps.

Table 4: Numberof major componentsreplacedduring thelast oneyearType ofhand-

pumps

Age ofhand-pumps

~

No. ofhand-

pumps

No. of major component replaced During last 13 years

Body Head cover Handle Plunger_rod

Total % Total % Total % Total %

No.6 6 years & less 210 2 0.95 5 2.30 25 11.90 88 41.90

More than 6 years 101 4 3.96 12 11.88 23 22.77 53 52.48

lNo.6 6 years&

More than

less 244 0 0.00 7 2.87 0 0.00 80 32.79

6 years 56 0 0.00 4 7.14 0 0.00 36 64.29

Table 5: Numberof componentsreplaced in the last oneyear with their frequencies

S.No.

12

3

4

56

7

8

910

1112

13

1415

16

17

1819

20

21

2223

24

25

26

Components

Pump BodyHandle

PumpHead Cover

Head BoltHeadNutFulcrum Pin

PlungerRod Pin

SocketHeadScrew

Fulcrum Bolt and Nut

PlungerRod Bolt and

PlungerRodPlungerCage

PlungerPuppetValve

UpperPlateSpacer

Lower Plate

Lock NutBucket Washer/CupLeather Flapper

FlapperValve WeightBolt and Nut

BasePlate

BasePlate‘BoltBasePlateNut

Spring Washer

Flat Washer

Total

JhapaINo.6

—

—

11

7276

49

8878

—

—

91

—

—

123

36

91

127

553244

44

40

3

22

222—

1,772

KapilvastuINo.6 No.6

— 1— 6

— —

16 2521 25

17 —

33 —

40 —

— 24

— 2925 25

— 20— —

9 —

2 —

6 —

5 - —

240 24027 163

— —

— 3

— —

1 1O4 12

1 —

— 1447 584

KailaliNo.6

542

17

153157

—

—

—

24

27116

22

15

—

—

—

—

581177

30

2

2

22

20—

20

1,432

TotalNo.6

6

4817

178182

—

—

—

48

56141

42

15

—

—

—

—

821340

30

52

32

32—

21

2,016

INo.6

—

118897

66

121

88

—

—

116

—

—

132

38

97

132793271

44

40

3

23

26

3

—

2,189

FrequencyNo.6 INo.6

0.02 —

0.16 —

0.06 0.040.58 0.290.59 0.32

— 0.22

— 0.40

— 0.290.16 —

0.18 —

0.46 0.39

0.14 —

0.05 —

— 0.44— 0.13

— 0.32— 0.44

2.67 2.64

1.10 0.90

0.10 0.15

0.02 0.13

0.01 0.01

0.10 0.08

0.10 0.09

— 0.01

0.07 —

6.55 7.30

10

Supply Interruptions: Interruptionof watersupplywas common in someof the handpumps,while itwas not so for others. Interruption was faced in39 percentof No.6 handpumpsafter installationcomparedto 32 percentof theNo.6 and27 percentoftheHHPs.

Response Percent_of_Handpumps

HHP No.6 INo.6Interrupted 27 32 39

Not Interrupted 73 68 61

Total 100 100 100

The major factors leading to interruptionsweredroppingwater table, lack of funds for repair andnonavailabiityof spareparts.In 20 percentof HUPsand22 percentof No.6handpumps,supplyinterruptionwas dueto acombinationof lackof repairandwatertablefluctuations.Nonavailabilityof sparepartswasresponsiblefor interruptions in 20 percentof No.6handpumps.

Duration Percent(%)_________

HHP No.6 INo.6OneDay 5 2 5

2:3 Days 5 13 5

More than3 Days 9 5 22

Total 19 20 32

Supplyinterruptiondueto lackof interestto repair,lackof fundsandnonavailabilityof sparepartslastedformorethan3daysin 22percentof No.6handpumps.ForNo.6andHHPsthe comparablepercentageswere5 and9respectively.

Table 7: Reasonsfor Interruption

Response Percentof HandpumpsHHP No.6 INo.6

Water TableLowering 8 12 7

Lack of Interest 12 10 9LackofFund 6 7 3SpareParts Unavailability 1 3 20

Total 27 32 39

Figure 12. Occurenceof interruption in last one year

Theinterruptionsdueto droppingof thewatertablelastedfrom lessthan two monthsto morethanfourmonths.Sevento twelve percentof the handpumpswei~eaffectedby afallingwatertable.

Inthe previous oneyear, 26percent of the INo.6, 11percentof theNo.6and18percentof the1-11-IPsrecordedone interruption, while 13 percent of the No.6, 21percentof theNo.6and9 pen~entof theHHPshadmorethanoneinterruption.

Summary of Findings

a. Annual frequencyof replacementof sparepartsaveraged6.55 for No.6 and 7.30 for JNo.6

Table 6: Interruption in Water Supply I

ABOVE 2 MONTHS 2-4 MONTHS >4MONTHS


Figure II. Interruptions causedby lowering of water table

Table 8: Duration of interruptions due to reasonsotherthan lowering of water table

ONCE -~ MORE THAN ONCE

~ HHP ~ No.6 ~ lNo.6

11

handpumps.Replacementof bodyandhandle~hadnotbeennecessaryin No.6handpumps.

b. Supplyinterruptionwasslightly higher in No.6handpumps(39%)comparedtoNo.6handpumps(32%). The major causeof interruptionin No.6handpumpwas nonavailability of spareparts,whilein thecaseof FIT-It’s andNo.6droppingof thewatertableand lackof fundsfor O&M coupledwith low interestto repairweremajorreasonsforsupplyinterruption~.

c. Althoughno replacementof majorcomponentslikehandleandbodywasobservedinNo.6handpumps,the frequencyof spareparts replacementwashigherin No.6 handpump.Whenjudgedon thebasis of the number and duration of supplyinterruptionsandfrequencyof sparepartsreplace-mentstheNo.6handpumpis morereliable.

MAINTAINABILITY OF HANDPUMPS

Maintainabilityhasbeenassessedin termsofhandpumpdesignandeaseof maintenance.

Design:Thecommondesignweaknessobservedinall categoriesof handpumpswasthefootvalve.Alargepercentageof handpumpsneededprimingdaily andsomeof them beforeeveryuse.In the caseof No.6,somedesignflaws/limitationswereobserved.Thesearebriefly describedbelow.

(a) High TensileSocketHeadScrew: Theseareusedtosecurefulcrumpins andrcd pins in position.Theinternalthreadsmadein thehandleandheadcoverfor fixing thesescrewsgetwornoutratherquicklyasscrews— whichhaveamuchhigherhardnessthan the cast iron components— have to befrequentlyremovedforgreasing.Oncethreadsaredamaged,thefulcrumpinsandrodpinscannotbesecuredin position.Moreover,thistypeof screwneedsaspecialtool knownas an “allen key” fortighteningor loosening.The allenkey is alsonotusual!) availableinhardwareshopsin smalltowns.Apartfrom thisusersarenot familiarwith theuseof thisspecialtoolandthereforetechnicaltrainingofhandpumpcaretakersbecomesnecessary

The length of the allen screw is longer thanrequir~d.Caretakersareunabletojudgetheportionof the screw that needsto be driven into thethreadedhole.The tendencyis to apply greaterforce thanneededto tighten the screw. Conse-

quently,thescrewgetsshearedatthepointwherealienheadandthreadedportionmeet.Thebrokenpieceof thescrewcannotberemovedfrom theholebycaretakers.

(b) Fulcrum Pins and RodPins: Thespeciallydesignedfulcrumpinsandrodpinsarenot availablein thelocalmarket.Oncetheyaredamagedor lost,make-shift replacementssuchasanunder-sizedboltorapieceof woodismadebyusers.Thesereplacementsarenot satisfactory,andcan ultimately damagemajorcomponents.

(c) Fasteners:High tensilemetric nuts andbolts areused.Thesearenot commonlyavailableinvillages.

w

4

LOCAL SHOPS I SUPPORTAGENCIESCOOPERATIVES VDC

~ HI-F ~ No.6 ~ INo.6

Figure 13. Sov.rceif Spare parts

EXPENSIVE NCjT AVAILA&E LOCALLY OTHERS

~ HHP No.6 INo.6

Pigure 14. Spare parts problem

12

Table 9: Annual Maintenance Cost of No.6and INo.6

S.No. Nameof spareparts No.6 INo.6SparePartsR laced

AverageUnit Cost

(Rs.)

Cost PerHand-pump

Spare PartsR� laced

AveragUnit Cost

(Rs.)

Cost perHand-pumpTotal Per

HandpumpTotal Per

Handpump

1 Pump Body 6 0.02 595.00 11.90 — — 650.00 —

2 Handle 48 0.16 110.00 17.60 — — 312,00

3 PumpHead Cover 17 0.06 107.00 6.42 11 0.04 234.00 9.36

4 HeadBolt 178 0.58 4.00 2.32 88 0.29 10.35 3.00

5 Head Nut 182 0.59 3.85 2.27 97 0.32 3.40 1.09

6 FulcrumPin — — — — 66 - 0.22 25.95 5.71

7 PlungerRod Pin — — . — — 121 0.40 22.00 8.80

8 SocketHead Screw — — — — 88 0.29 8.75 2.54

9 FulcrumBolt & Nut 48 0.16 5.50 0.88 — — — —

10 PlungerRod Bolt & Nut 56 0.18 8.50 1.53 — -. — —

11 PlungerRod 141 0.46 19.65 9.04 116 0.39 94.00 36.66

12 PlungerCage Assembly 42 0.14 39.70 5.56 — — — —

13 PlungerPuppetValve 15 0.05 12.50 0.63 — — — —

14 Upper Plate — — — — 132 0.44 26.00 11.44

15 SpacerRing — — — — 38 0.13 7.35 0.96

16 Lower Plate — — — — 97 0.32 18.95 6.06

17 Lock Nut — — . — — 132 0.44 6.55 2.88

18 Bucket Washer/Cupseal 821 2.67 13.50 36.01 793 - 2.64 17.85 47.12

19 LeatherFlapperValve 340 1.10 18.75 20.63 271 0.90 23.35 21.02

20 FlapperValve Weight 30 0.10 5.50 0.55 44 0.15 9.35 1.4021 Bolt Nut Securing

Valve Weight 5 0.02 3.00 0.06 40 0.13 10.00 1.30

22 BasePlate 2 0.01 100.00 1.00 3 0.01 195.00 1.9523 Base PlateBolt 32 0.10 3.20 0.32 23 0.08 . 9.10 0.73

24 BasePlateNut 32 0.10 2.00 0.20 26 . 0.09 3.25 0.29

25 Spring Washer — T. — 3 0.01 3.45 0.03

26 Flat Washer 21 0.07 4.50 0.32 — — — —

Total 2016 6.55 — 117.24 2189 7.30 — 162.34

If anut or abolt is lostor damagedbothnut andbolt haveto bereplacedwith local oneswhichdonot have the samedimensionsas the originalfasteners.Theloose-fitfastenerscancausedamageto majorhandpumpcomponents.

Easeof Maintenance:This aspectwasassessedintermsof (1) availability of sparepartsand (2) localavailabilityof appropriateskills.

(a) Availability ofSpareparts:Thesourcesof mostof thesparepartswerelocalmarkets(6%), cooperatives(38%),VDCs/DWSOs(23%),andsupportagencieslike NRCS(33%). The local marketsincludebothregularshopsandweeklymarkets.More than90percentof HHPandNo.6usersgotthesparesfromlocal shopscomparedto only 6 percentof No.6users.The usersin 34 percentof No.6 pumps

13

reportedthat cup washerswere availablein localshops.Thesupplysourceswerelocatedlessthan8km fromtheserviceareasandwereeasilyaccessible.Sparepartsof No.6andHHPswereeasilyavailablein the local market.In thecaseof No.6,however,nonavailabilityof sparepartsin local marketsisoneof themajorfactorsadverselyaffectingits maintain-ability. All the HHP usersand85 percentof No.6usersreportedthat the spareparts were easilyavailablebut expensive.However,in the caseofNo.6 handpumps61 percentof usersreportednonavailabilityof sparepartstobe aproblem.

(b) Local Skills: Almost 80 percentof INo.6 and 32percentof No.6 caretakershadreceived formaltraininginO&M activities.Communityhandpunpsof bothtypesweremaintainedbyusers,caretakersand sevikas(women volunteers)selectedfromamongtheusersby implementingagencies.Theirdutiesindudedkeepingtheplatformandhandpumpsurroundingsclean.The majority of HHPs (54percent) were maintainedby the ownersandremaining46percentof HHP usershiredmistries(local technicians)for maintenance.Appropriateskills for maintenanceof handpumpswasavailablelocally.

Summary of Findings

a. Themajordesignweaknessin all thehandpumpswas the foot valvedesign.This isreflectedin thelargenumberofhandpumpsthatneededpriming.

b. Sparepartsfor HHPsandNo.6wereavailableinthe local market.In thecaseof INo.6, sparepartswerenot readilyavailable.The non-interchange-ability of componentswith locallyavailablespareparts was considereda major designdrawbackadverselyaffectingmaintainability.

c. Local skills availablearesufficientfor themainte-nanceof all typesof handpumps.

d. The common problem observed in all thehandpumpswas priming. This appearsto be adesignissue.Maintainabilityof INo.6sufferedonaccountof (i) complexdesignfeaturessuchastheuseof allenscrewsandnon-standardfasteners,and(ii) nonavailabilityof spareparts.The local skillsavailableat the village level areadequatefor themaintenanceof handpumpssubjectto theavailabil-ity of spareparts.The maintainabilityof theNo.6handpumpis clearlybetter.

CAPITAL AND MAINTENANCE COSTS

Capital Cost:Thecapitalcostof ahandpumpdependson itsweight,thebrand,qualityof materialsusedandvolume of productionbatches.The averagecost ofNo.6handpumpisNRs.2,1002andthatof No.6isNRs.90(J.TheNo.6handpumphasahigherproductioncostdue to small productionbatches,stringentqualityrequirements,higherweightof handpumpanduseofspecialfasteners.

O&M Cost:Theannualoperationandmaintenancecostvariesaccordingto the typeof handpumps.TheannualO&M costshavebeenworkedoutin two ways.First,by askinguserstheamountspentonO&M duringthe last one year. Second,by asking the usersthenumberof partsreplacedduringthelastoneyear,andworking out annualcostbasedon the openmarketprices.Fromtheinformationprovidedby theusersonamountspenton O&M, the averageannualmainte-nancecost isNRs. 123for HFIP,NRs. 175for No.6andNRs.103forNo.6handpumps.It maybenotedthattheO&M costof No.6handpumpsis influencedby thedonors’subsidyon spareparts.Thesubsidyrangesfrom 10 to 90 percent dependingon the type ofcomponents.Annualcostsof sparepartscalculatedonthebasisof frequencyofreplacementandmarketpriceof sparepartsworksoutto NRs.117for No.6andNRs.162 for No.6 handpumps(seeTable9). An averageannualcontributionof NRs.13 to18by eachhouseholdwill covertheannualO&M costs.

Summaryof Findings

a. Theaveragecapitalcostof No.6handpumpwasNRs. 2,1002andthatof No.6wasNRs. 900.

b. AverageannualsparepartsreplacementcostsforthemaintenanceofNo.6andINo.6handpumpsisestimatedto beNRs. 117 and162 respectively.

c. Small productionbatches,costly inputs, higherweightof handpump,useof specialfastenersandstringentquality requirementsmake the No.6handpumpmoreexpensive.

d. ThecapitalandO&M cosCsofNo.6werefoundtobesignificantlyhigherwhencomparedwith No.6handpump.

USER SATISFACTION

Satisfactionlevelofusershasbeenassessedin termsof

2 Himal Iron and Steel Pvt. Ltd. and Local Shops.

14

preference,adequacyof discharge,waterquality, loca-tion convenienceand waiting time, platform area,downtimeandwomen’ssatisfaction.

Preferencefor a particular type:Overall therewas& high level of satisfaction among the users ofhandpumps.Mostusersseemedinterestedtocontinueusinghandpumps.Availabifity of spareparts,lowerfrequencyof breakage,easyoperation,easymainte-nanceandadequatedischargewerethereasonsgivenfor users’satisfaction.Thoughsomehandpumpsre-quiredpriming,it wasnot consideredtobeaproblemby mostusersbecausetheneedfor waterseemedtooverridethedifficulties posedby theneedfor priming.However,nonavailabilityof sparepartswasamajorconcernexpressedby No.6 users.ThepreferenceforHHPs was rather low at 63 per cent. The reasonsreported for dislike were: low discharge,frequentprimingandbreakdown(18%);expensivemaintenance(11%);anddifficult to operate(8%).

Water Quality: The userswere consciousof thewater quality. High iron and its elimination werecommonco~cems.In somecases,indigenoustech-niqueswereusedto reducetheiron content.Filteringin two or threestagesthroughsandlayersin earthenvesselswasacommonlyadoptedtechnique(seePhotos7 and8 in Annex 2). Whereaccessto alternatewatersourcesexisted,handpumpsthatdeliveredwaterwithhighiron (morethan5 ppm)wereabandoned.

Locationalconvenienceand Waiting time: Around40percentof thehandpumpswerelocatedatadistanceof lessthan100metersfrom all thehouseholds.For50percentof the handpumps,the farthesthouseswerelocatedbetween100to200metersfrom thehandpumps.The remaining10 percentof the handpumpswereinstalled more than 200 meters from the farthesthousehold.Consequentlyaround80percentof theusersconsideredthe location convenient.The maximumwaiting time for 80 percentof theuserswaslessthan5minutes.In general,thelocationandwaitingtimewaswithin thesatisfactionlevel of the users.

Platform Area: Seventyfour percentof the No.6usersand56percentof No.6usersfeelsatisfiedwiththeplatformprovidedatthecommunityhandpumps.Thehigherlevelof usersatisfactionmaybeprobablydueto increasedusers’ participation in planning andinstallationof No.6handpumps.The2.lmx 1.8msize~vas~assessedto be adequate.Comparativelylargeplatformsin theFINNIDA- supportedRWSSprojectinLunibini zone receivedgreaterappreciationfrom the

users.It maybe notedthatthe size of theplatformisindependentof thetypeof handpump.

Down Time: The usersconsideredthatthe“downtime” could be minimized if the usersandsupportagenciescooperated.Thefeelingsvariedaccordingtoaccessto alternativewatersources.Thosewho hadaccessto alternativesourcesappearedlessconcernedaboutthe“downtime” andfeltnoneedtominimizeorrectify theproblem.Thosewhofelt soalsoconsideredthatreducing“down time” wastheresponsibilityof theimplementingagenciesor thecaretakers,butnottheirs.However,“downtime” affectsuserswhohavenoaccess

w

zwC.)w

w0

zw0Erw4.

Figure 16. Adequacyof platform area

LIKE DO NOT LIKE


Figure 15. Preferenceof llandpunlps

ADEQUATE NOTADEQUATE


15

to alternatesource.They weremoreeagerto rectifytheproblemandworkwith thecaretakerasacommonresponsibility. “Down time” occurredmore amongNo.6handpumps(32%)comparedto 20 percentand19 percentamongNo.6 andHI-IPs respectively(seeTable8).

Women’sSatisfaction:Thetraditionalgenderbaseddivision of labour in the villages in the sensethatdrinkingwateriswomen’sbusinessispervasivein thestudydistricts.However,women’srole inselectionofsites, in installation etc., was negligible, althoughwomen’srepresentationin thehandpumpcommitteewas made mandatory. Women users in generalappearedsatisfiedwith the community handpumpsbecauseof dischargeof adequatewater,easeof opera-tion and conveniencecomparedto dug wells. Aplatformis oneof theattractivepartsof thecommunityhandpumpasit se~instoallow interactionwith otherswhile cleaningutensils,washingclothes,etc. Evenwomenfrom thehouseholdswith HHPsappearedtopreferthe useof thecommunityhandpumpsfor thisreason.

Womenfeltthatwaterrelateddiseaseswerereducedafter theystartedusinghandpumpwater. It wasalsonotedthatbothwomenandchildrenstartedto bathemorefrequently.Timesaved,althoughnot significant,wasreportedto beusedfor householdactivities,suchas child careandrest.The majordissatisfactionwasnonavailabilityof No.6 sparepartswhich tendedtoincreasethe“down time” of handpumps.In all casesthewomenseemedtodislikewaterwithhighironcontent.In suchcasespreferencefor dugwells washigh.

Summaryof Findings

a. Morethan90percentof thecommunityhandpumpusersand63 percentof the FIFIPusersliked thetypeofhandpumpthattheywereusingatpresent.The reasonsfor dislike of HHPs werelow dis-charge,frequentpriming andbreakdown(18%),expensivemaintenance(11%)anddifficult tooper-ate(8%).

b. Nonavailability of spare parts for the No.6handpumpswasamajorproblemfor repairs.

c. Usersweregenerallysatisfiedwith thequalityofhandpumpwater.However,whentheiron contentwas high (more than5 ppm), userstended toabandonhandpumpsassoonastheyhadaccesstoanalternativesource,usuallyadugwell. Whereno

alternativespumewasavailable,peopleusedindig-enoustechniquesto reduceironcontent.

d. The locationof thecommunityhandpumpswasconsideredconvenientby 80 percentof theusers.Waitingtimewaslessthan5 minutesatmajorityofhandpumps.

e. Seventyfour percentof the No.6 usersand 56percentof the No.6 usersweresatisfiedwith theexistingsizeof theplatform.Althoughaplatformof 2.lm x 1.8m size appearsto be adequate,theincreasein platformareato 5 - 7rn2 increasesthehandpumputility significantly.

f. “Down time” wasmore commonand of longerdurationamongNo.6 handpumpscomparedtoNo.6.

g. Overallusersweregenerallysatisfiedwith thetypeof communityhandpumptheyuse,their locationandwaitingtime.Althoughmostof theusersweresatisfiedwith theexistingsizeof theplatform,theusers’appreciationof alargeplatform(5-7m2)asinFINNIDA-assistedRWWSPwasveryhighas thisimprovedthehandpump’sutility The“down time”wasmuchhigherin No.6handpumps,primarilyduenonavailabffityof spareparts.

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Theagenciesinvolvedin handpumpprogramscanbecategorizedassupportagencyandimplementingagencyThosein thefirst categoryprovidefinancial,materialandtechnicalsupport.Somealsoprovidesparepartsatsubsidizedrates.UNICEF,FINNIDA andDiSvi fall intothis category;Thosein the secondcategoryincludeagenciesresponsiblefor overallimplementationwhoprovidemanpowersupport,selecttheservicearea,etc.These include DWSS, NRCS, and Nepal Water forHealth(NEWAH). DistrictDevelopmentCommittees,District Offices of Implementing Agencies(DWSO,NRCS, Local NGOs etc.), Users’ Conmiittees,Sub-committees(HandpumpCommittees),caretakersandusersareinvolvedin the installation,operationandmaintenanceofhandpumps.Therolesandresponsibili-ties of the DDC, DWSO, Users’ Committee,Sub-committeeandCaretakeraregivenin th~.WaterSupplyProjectConstructionandManagementDirective,of HisMajesty’s Governmentof Nepal, known as MHPPDirective,1991.Thesearesummarizedas follows:

District DevelopmentCommittee(DDC): Selects

16

VDCs basedon predeterminedpriority criteria forHandpumpProgramimplementation.

District Water Supply Office: Identifiespotentialhandpumpsites;conductsfeasibility studiesat eachsite;negotiateswith thesub-committees;procuresandprovidesstandardhandpumpsandprescribedcon-structionmaterials;installshandpumpsincooperationwithusers’committeesandsub-committees;provideshandpumpownershipcertificateto sub-committeesandrestoresmaintenancefund collectedearlier to thecaretaker; trains caretakerfor pump 0 & M andprovidesasetof tools;arrangesfor local availabilityofspareparts;participatesinUsers’Committeemeetingsfor0 & M evaluation;maintainsrecordsof handpumpswithin the district; andprovidesmajormaintenanceassistance(supply of headcover,handle,bodyof thehandpump,andrehabilitationof thetubewell).

Users’Committeesareformedunderthechairman-shipof theVDC chairmanandindudeonerepresenta-tive from eachhandpumpcommittee. The.Users’Committeeshavetheresponsibifitytomediatebetweenthe DWSO andsubcommittees(handpumpcommit-tees);conveneameetingfour ormoretimesayeartomonitorandevaluatehandpump0& M ofhandpumpsin their jurisdiction; storeandmanageconstructionmaterials;reorganizehandpumpcommitteesif neces-saryandreport to the DWSO; ensureavailabilityofsparepartswithin thevifiage;andassistinpromotionof improved environmentalhygieneand of healtheducation.

N ~ INo.8

Figure 17 Percentageof femalemembersin theusers committeeand handpumpcommittee,and as caretakers

Subcommittees(Handpump Committee) areformedfrom amongthehandpumpusersandconsistofthreemembers.Onememberçf thecommitteeservesasChairmanandcaretakei.andrepresentsthegroupasamember of the VDC level Users1 Committee.Thesubcommitteehasresponsibilitytøcollectthemainte-nancefund requiredprior to handpumpinstallation;provideall local inputsduringinstallation,includingplatformconstruction;storeandmanageconstructionmaterials;operateandmaintainthe handpump;andmanagethemaintenancefund(returnedafterhandpumpinstallation),includingmaintainingthefundby collect-ing regularinstallmentsfromuserstoreplenishfundsspenton 0 & M.

Caretakers,who arealsothe subcommitteechair-menandrepresentativeto theUsers’Committees,areexpectedto carry out all preventivemaintenanceandkeeptheUsers’Committeeinformedof anyproblems.

Existing Implementing Actors:

The work of the variouslevelsof theexistinginstitu-tional frameworkandtheireffectivenessarediscussedbelow.

Support Agencies: Most of the communityhandpumpprogramsare donor supportedand thesupport agenciesplay an important role in theirimplementation.The prOgramsareprimarily imple.-mented through DWSS, NRCS and NEWAH. InhandpumpprogramssupportedbyUNICEF,Disvi andWaterAid,thesupportagency’sinputsincludetraining

Figure - 18. Existenceof users committee,handpumpcommitteeand caretaker

70

00

60

40

30

20

10

0USERSCOMMITTEEI-IANDPUMP COMMITIEE CARETAKER USERSCOMMIUEEHANOPUMP COMMITTEE CARETAKER

~ No.6. ~ INO.8

17

• of caretakers,supplyof atoolboxto thecaretakerandsupplyof INo.6 sparepartsat subsidizedrates. inaddition,monitoringsupportis frequentlyprovided.For example,asperagreementreached,DWSOmoni-tors the performanceof UNICEF assistedINo.6handpumpsinJhapa.it is interestingtonotethatothercommunityhandpumpsinJl~apaarenotmonitoredbyDWSO. The performanceof 63 percent of No.6handpumpswasmonitoredby the supportagencies.Fifty-one percentwere monitoredannually,and 12percentwere monitored every eight months.MoreINo.6handpumpsweremonitoredinKapilvastu(91%)thaninjhapa(40%).Only 13percentof No.6handpumpsweremonitored.No monitoringtakesplaceapartfromdonorsupportedefforts. -

Users’Committees:Users’committeesexistedonlyfor 32 percentof No.6 and 16 percentof No.6handpumps.Thecompositionof theusers’committeeswasnot genderbalancedasin mostcasesthemenibersweremale.The representationof womenwashigher(19%) for the INo.6 comparedto 4 percentfor No.6handpumps.Thehigherpereentageof womenmembersin No.6handpumpmaybedueto bettercommunityinvolvementin theplanningandimplementationstagesandtheinsistenceof thesupportagenciesthatwomenshouldberepresentedontheusers’committees.Repre-sentationof womenin the User’sCommitteesof theNo.6wasfoundonlyinJhapadistrict,whereoutof 212users’committeemembers51(24%)werefemale.In thecaseof -No.6 groupsout of the total of 340 userscommitteemembersinKapilvastudistrict14(4%)were.

women,andin Kailali therewereeight (5%) womenamongthe166-members.Thelargenumberof femalesin theJhapausers’committeesis probablydueto theinsistenceof UNTCEFtrnainsupportagency)onindud-ing two femalemembersin eachusers’ committee.While theusers’committeeswereveryeffectiveduringthe constructionstage,this wasnot true of the postconstructionphase. - - -

Sub-committees(‘handpump committees): Sub-committeesexisted in threepercentof No.6 and34percentof No.6.handpumps.Therewereno femalerepresentativesin sub-committeesof theNo.6,whilewomencomprised66 percentof INo.6handpumpsub-committeemembers.ThehigherfemalerepresentationinNo.6handpumpsappearstobedueto amandatoryrequirementof donoragenciesto includetwo femalemembersin the sub-committee.The sub-committeeswere very active at the time of installationof thehandpump,but thereafter,did not appearto takeanyresponsibilityfor the maintenanceof the communityhandpumps.Forexample,therewasverylittle evidenceof sub-committeescollectingO&M funds.Thesecom-mittees,beinginformalinnature,cannotforcetheuserstopayO&Mcharges.

Caretaker:Formalcaretakingarrangementsexistedin33peitentofNo.6and73percentofNo.6handpumps.Only two percentof theNo.6handpumpshadfemalecaretakers.In addition to ahandpumpcaretakerit ismandatorytoappointtwo sevikasfor eachcommunityhandpump.However,sevikaswereactive only withNo.6handpumpsinJhapa- apredominantlyUNICEF-

100

go

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 SUPPORTAOENCY BENEFICIARIES

USERSCOMMITIEE VDC OFFICIALS

No.6 INo.6

Figure 19. Parties involved in the selectionof caretaker

NEARNE8STOTHE PUMP C~OOOI~IATIONWITH THE

MOTIVATE TO WOFE -

No.e INO.6

Figure 20. Criteria for the selection of caretaker

18

Figure 21. Parties involved in maintenance

assisteddistrict.Sevika’smainresponsibilityis tokeepthe platformandits surroundingsclean.The surveyfindingsalsorevealedthat7percentof sevikasrepairedJNo.6handpumps.

Almost80percentofthecaretakerswereselectedbytheusers.Somecaretakerswereselectedwiththehelpof thesupportingagencyduring theinstallationof thehand-pumps.Totheextentpossible,selectionofcaretakerswaskeptfreeofpolitical influenceasobservedfrom thelowinvolvementofVDC officialsin theirselection.Theselec-tion ofcaretakersseemedtodependonseveralcriteria.

Thoseliving closeto thehandpumpsite,showingmotivationtowork ascaretaker,havinggoodrelationswith communitymembersandleadershipqualitywereselectedascaretakers.“Nearnesstothehandpumpsite”and “good relationswith communitymembers”ap-pearedto bethe mainconsideration.

Caretakerswere given threedays of training inidentifying faults,makingminorrepairsandhandpumpinstallation. Caretakersfor 58 percentof the No.6handpumpswere trained, while for No.6 only 10percentof the caretakerswere trained.Training ofcaretakerswasobligatoryinNo.6handpumps.Assuch•thenumberof trainedcaretakersforNo.6handpumpsis greaterthanfor No.6 handpumps.

Thecaretaker’sservicesarevoluntary.Somecaretak-erswerefoundto useeventheir personalresourcestobuysparepartsandrepairthehandpumpsto prevetitinterruptions.In somecases,caretakers’wivestookoncaretakingresponsibilitywhen their husbandswereawayfrom home(e.g.KechanaVDC). Generally,the

performanceof hill migrantwomencaretakerswasfoundto bebetterthanthatof otherwomencaretakers(e.g.Dharmpur,Jhapa).

Thoughsomecaretakersplayedapassiverole,mostof theusersappreciatedtheircontributionsfor smoothfunctioningof the handpumps.In relativeterms,thepercentageof userswhovaluethecaretakers’workwasgreaterin No.6handpumpgroupscomparedtoNo.6handpumpgroups,indicatingperhapsthe beneficialeffectof traininginputs.Someusersconsideredselec-tion of anappropriatepersonto bethemainreasonforgoodperformance.

Involvementof Various Actors in O&M: Mainte-nanceof the HHPs wasmostly doneby the owners(54%) followed by hired mistries(skilled workers)(46%). In the caseof No.6, maintenancewasdonebyusers(74%)followed bycaretakers(25%).In thecaseofINo.6repairswerecarriedout bycaretakers(65%)andusers(28%).Sevikas(femalevolunteers)alsorepairedseven percentof No.6 and one percent of No.6handpumps.

Record Keeping Practice: The userswere askedaboutthesystemof keepingmaintenanceandfinancialrecords.Themajorityof theusers(98%)mentionedthatno record keepingsystemexists.The caretakersandsomeusersfelt thatit wasaburden.Almostall users’committeescollectedfundsforrepaironlyafterbreak-downsoccurred.

Summarypf Findings

a. Supportagencies(UNICEF,NRCS,DiSvi) provideatoolboxto thecaretaker.TheyalsoprovidesparepartsforNo.6handpumpstousersthroughvillagecooperativesatsubsidizedrates.

b. Noregularmonitoringsystemexiststo coverall thecommunityhandpumps.The handpumpsweremonitoredby implementingagenciesat donors’insistence.Sixtythreepercentof No.6handpumpswere reportedlymonitored as comparedto 11percer~tof theNo.6handpumps.

c. Users’committeesexistedonly for 16 percentofINo.6 and32 percentof No.6 handpumps,whilesub-committeesexistedfor 3 percentof the No.6and34 percentof theINo.6 handpumps.Seventythreepercentof theNo.6and3-3percentof theNo.6handpumpshadcaretakers.

d. The users/handpumpcommitteeswereeffectiveduringtheconstructionphaseandthereafterthey

HIRED MISTRIES CARETAKER SEVIKA

~ HHP ~ No.8 ~ INO.6

19

didnot servetheintendedpurpose.Theytendedtoloose their initial enthusiasmseenduring theconstructionphase.

e. Femalerepresentationin users’committeesandsub-committeesof No.6handpumpswasnineteenpercentand66 percentrespectivelycomparedtotourandzeropercentin No.6handpumps.

f. In almost80 percentof ~allcases,caretakers~wereselectedby the users. About 51 percentof thecaretakersof No.6handpumpshadreceivedtrain-ingwhile only 8percentof thecaretakersof No.6were trained. This indicatesthat even withouttraining adequatetechnicalskills are availablelocallytoundertakerepairsof theNo.6handpumps.

g. Almost all maintenanceactivitieshavebeenper-formedby theusersandcaretakers.Thecaretakeris themosteffectivelevel in thepresentinstitutionalarrangement.

h. Recordkeepingfor maintenanceandfinancedidnot exist.

i. Manycommunityhandpumpsdid nothaveusers’committeesor sub-committees.Thesecommitteeswhereveravailablewerenot veryeffectiveinO&M.Keepingin viewthesectoralchangesandespeciallythedecentralizedplanningandimplementationinwhich users,local institutions,communitybasedorganizationsandprivatesectortakealeadrole,itis necessaryto testnew ipproacheswhich willimprove overall institutional effectiveness,i.e.,

~3o

routinizecollectionof O&M fundsand improvemonitoringandrecordkeeping.Thecaretakeristhemost importantandeffective level of thepresentinstitutionalarrangementforO&M.

COMMUNITY -- MOBILIZATION!CONTRIBUTION

Community mobilization and contributionisassessedin termsof selectionof sites, users’ contributiontocapitalandO&M costs,willingnesstopay,affordabilityandusers’role in maintenance.

Selectionofsites:TheNo.6 handpumpsiteswereselectedby community(64%),supportagency(30%),localleaders(3%)andusers’committee(3%).In thecaseof No.6handpump,siteswereselectedby localleaders(50%), community (22%), supportagency(20%) andusers’committee(8%).Around 90percentof theNo.6handpumpsitesin Jhapawereselectedby thecommu-nity whileinKapilvastu83 percentwereselectedby thesupport agencies.The intervention of the supportagenciesto selectthe sitesmostlyoccurredin thoseareaswherethereweresometechnicalcomplexitiesorthevifiagerswereunabletoreachadecisionbecauseofconflicts.Kailali wasdifferentregardingthetypeofsiteselector.In this district,mostof the No.6handpumpssiteswereselectedby the local leaders.

Contributions to Capital and O&M Costs:Wheneversuitablepublic land wasnot availabl.eortherewasaneed,usersprovidedlandfor handpumpinstallation.In 75percentof thecases landforhandpumpinstallationwasprovidedby theusers.During imple-mentationtheyprovidedinputslike localmaterialsandlabor.For operationandmaintenanceuserscontributedcash,albeit irregularly. Among 70 percentof INo.6handpumpstheannualcontributionforO&M waslessthanNRs.30perhousehold.It averagedmorethanNRs.

20 0 6

• 3

0 -.

_- E • ~••. 2.•

DIFFICULT NOTWIILINC (YI0EE~AGENCY I USERSCOMMITTEE

LOCAL LEADER COMMUNITY

~ No.6 ~ INo.O

figure 22. Selectionof site by type of handpump Figure 23. Difficulties in the collection of O&M funds

CANNOTAFPOIW NOT IMPOETANT

20

40perhouseholdinNo.6handpumps.Thecontributionratesvariedbetweenthe districts.In Jhapa,all userspaidlessthanNRs.30peryear,whileinKailali theuserspaid NRs. 40. Thesecontributionswererepaireventbased.

Paymentfor SpareParts: The eventbasedcollec-tion of fundsfor repairsweremostlyusedtoreplacethespareparts.Morethan95percentof thesparepartswereprocuredby thecommunitywith theexceptionoi afewsparepartsfor No.6providedby thesupportagencies

Willingness to pay: About 90 percent of thecommunityhandpumpusersexpressedtheir willing-nessto contributemorethanwhat theyarecurrentlycontributingif theneedarises.

Users’ Role in the Maintenance: Almost allcommunityhandpumpshadbeenmaintainedbyusersandcaretakers.The servicesofferedby the caretakerswerevoluntary. In manycasescaretakershadto usetheir personalfundsto repairthe handpumpswhi~hwerelater reimbursedby users.In the caseof HHPs-localmistrieshavebeenhiredin 46 percentof thecases

MaintenanceFund: To preparetheusersto p~iyforthe operationandmaintenancecostssomeagenciesrequiredtheusersto depositatotalsumof NR~200to350 before the handpumpwas installed. Nearly40 percent of the No.6 and 60 percent of theNo.6handpumpusersreportedthattheyhaddepositedsuch funds with implementing agencies.However,the maintenancefunds had not beenutilized astherewereproceduralproblemsin thetransferof fundsfrom implementingagenciesto theusers.Thetransferissueis a majorproblem.This mayhavecontributedto the difficulty of establishinga regular collectioncontributionforO&M funds.In almostall casesfundswere collected for repair only after breakdownor-curred.

Difficulties in the Collection of O&M Fund: Sixtysix percent of the No.6 and 59 percent of No.6handpumpusers/caretakers/committeesmembersdidnot report any difficulty in collection. Others citedvariousdifficulties in the collection of O&M funds.Thoughmostof theusersdid notrefusetopay,paymentwasirregular.

Summaryof Findings

a. Userswereinvolved in the selectionof sitesfor64 percent of the INo,6 handpumpswhile

50 percentof No.6siteshavebeenselectedby thelocalleaders.

b. Thecommunitiescontributedin theform of localmaterialsandlabor. In 75% of the caseslandforinstallationof a handpumpwas provided by acommunitymember.

c. TheentireO&M costwasborneby theusersin amajority of thecases.AnnualcontributiontowardsO&M wasaboutNRs.30 -40 per handpumpperhousehold.However, the collection was repaireventbasedandthereforefundswerenot readilyavailablefor preventivemaintenance.

d. Currentlythedepositionof amaintenancefund iscompulsoryprior to installationof a handpump.Depositedmaintenancefundshavenotbeenhandedover to communitiesandcannotbe usedby thecommunity.In morethan50percentof thesamplehandpumps,maintenancefundsrangingfromNRs.200to350hadbeendepositedwiththeimplement-ing agenciesbeforehandpumpinstallation.

e. Morethan60percentof all usersfelt thatcollectionof O&M fundsis not difficult. Thoughuserswerewilling to contributeto thecostof maintenanceitwasnot regularlycollected.Thisappearstobeduetheabsenceof aneffectiveinstitutionalstructureatthe village level for collection andus~of O&Mfunds.The caretaker’srole,althoughvery impor-tant,is informalandhe/shecannotdemandregularcontributionsfromusers.

f. Caretakerswerenot paidfor servicesrendered.

g. All communityhandpumpsweremaintainedbytheusersorcaretakers.Theyarethemostimportantactorsin O&M of handpumps.

h. Users’participationis significantin the planning,implementationandO&M. Users’docontributetoO&M costsandarewilling to paymorn thanthepresentmaintenancecharges.However due toineffectivenessof committeestheO&M fundswerenotcollectedregularly.Thenonavailabilityof readyfunds has introduced an ad hoc approach tomaintenancewithvirtually nopreventivemainte-nance.Transferof maintenancefundsto usersislikely to encourageusersto collect O&M fundsregularly.

21

Chapter3

Private

SectorParticipation

ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTOR

The private sector plays a significant role in thehandpumpprogram.This includesconstructionofboreholesand installationof handpumps,supplyofspareparts,repairof handpumps,andmanufactureofhandpumpsandspareparts.

Construction of Borehole & Installation OfHandpump: The HHP and communityhandpumpssurveyedweremostlyinstalledby theprivatesector.This includesconstructionof boreholeandinstallationof handpumps.

Spare Parts Supply: The privatesector also pro-videsasmoothflow of sparepartsthrough efficientmarketchannelsandspareparts for No.4 andNo.6handpumpswereevenavailablein theweeklybazaarsheld in villages. However,in the caseof No.6, thedemandfor sparepartsis satisfiedprimarilyby thesupplyof No.6sparepartsby donorsthroughVDCsandNGOsatsubsidizedrates.Theprivateretail outlets,therefore,do not stockthesespareparts.This supplydriven distributionstrategyis not conducivefor thedevelopmentof amarketorientedsparepartssupplysystem

Repair Services:The privatesectoralso providesservicesfortherepairof handpumps.Theaccessibilityto handpumpmistriesfor handpumprepairsin thecommunitiessurveyedwasexcellent.

LocalManufacture:Themanufactureof handpumpsandsparesis anotherareawheretheprivatesector isactive.Thetwomajormanufacturersof thehandpumpsin Nepalare Raffia Iron IndustriesPrivate Limitedand Himal Iron and Steel Private Limited. Thesetwo companieshave several years of handpump

production experience and have a combinedannualproductioncapacityof over 7500handpumps(seeTable10)

Table 10: Annual Handpump Production Capacity ofMajor Local Manufacturing Units in Nepal

1~ipesof the Handpumps Nos. ProducedRaffia Iron Flimal Iron &

Steel

No.4 - 3000 --

No.6 400 --

INo.6 60 4200

Source: Field Survey,1994

Productionof the No.4 andNo.6 handpumpsisbasedon marketdemand.The marketis largely forHHPsandisusuallystrongforbothcompletehandpumpunitsaswell asspareparts.Communityhandpumps,andespeciallytheNo.6aremanufacturedonlyafter thereceiptof purchaseordersfromsupportagencies.Manyof thesepurchaseordersare-for a smallnumberofhandpumps.The tendencytherefore,is to wait toreceive purchaseorders for a sizeablequantity ofhandpumpsbeforetakingup a batchfor production.

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION:CONSTRAINTS

Thereare a numberof constraintswhich impede- expandingtherole of theprivatesector.

Lack of Demand: The lack of demandfor No.6• handpumpsand its spare-parts is primarily due to

donorpoliciesandpracticeswhich havelimited thegrowthof thefreemarketforces.Itwaslearntthatlocal

22

manufacturersarediscouragedtosellNo.6handpumpstoprivateretailoutlets.Moreover,No.6sparepartsaresupplied by donors through Vifiage Cooperatives,DWSOs,VDCsandNGOsatsubsidizedrates.Thishassuppressedthemarketdemandfor INo.6handpumpsand spareparts. The majority of the traderswerereluctantto stockINo.6 sparepartsastherewashardlyanydemand.Moreover,onecannotexpecttheprivatesectortocompetewithdonorswhenthesparepartsaresuppliedatsubsidizedprices. - - -

Cornpetition from Imported Handpumps andSpareParts:Thelocalmanufacturershaveto competewith imported handpumpsandspareparts whichare substantially cheaper.Local retailers, therefore,prefer to import No.6 handpumpsand- sparesforeconomicreasons.The government’sfiscal,industrialandprocurementpolicies may needadjustmenttoencouragethegrowthof local industrybutthisaspectrequiresmorestudybeforespecificrecommendationscanbe made.

RawMaterialAvailability: The availabilityof rawmaterialslike pig ironandBP cokeis very uncertain.As theseneedtobeimportedfromIndiaunderaquotasystem,theyarenot freelyavailablein themarket.Thiscreatesa lot of uncertaintyin productionplanning.Governmentinterventioncanbehelpfulin improvingtheavailabilityof rawmaterials.

Donor Procurement Policies: The procurementpractice in someof the externally assistedprojectshas also adversely affected the local productionanddistributionofhandpumpsandspareparts,whichin turndiscouragescapacitybuildingfor localproduc-tion. -

Stepsby UNICEF to Correct Market Distortion:With the recent changes in the implementationstrategyof theRWSprogramin Nepal,whichcallsforgreater involvement of community in planning,constructionand O&M of water supply facilities,the donorsproposeto discontinuesupply of hand-pumpsandspareparts.However,to ensurea marketsupply of No.6 spareparts,UNICEF has recentlyinitiatedactiontomotivatesmallscaleindustriesin theeasternregiontomanufactureNo.6spareparts.Deal-ershavealsobeenestablishedfor the saleof theNo.6spareparts in three districts (Jhapa,Morang andSunsari)out of21 districtsin theTerairegion.Ameetingof UNICEF,DWSOs,andapprovedmanufacturersandretailersheldin February1994,cameto thefollowingagreement

(1) sparepartssupplythroughVDCsandcooperativeswill bediscontinued;

(2) sparepartswifi be supplied to usersthroughapprovedretailersatagreed-uponprices;

(3) retailerswill purchasesparepartsonly from theapprovedmanufacturers;

(4) additionof newmanufacturersandretailerswill besubjectto approval;

(5) thesellingpricesof sparepartsshallbereviewedperiodically;and

(6) manufacturersandretailerswill bereimbursedbyUNICEFfor unsoldparts.

• Thisagreementwasintendedtofacilitatecontinuedproductionanddistributionwith someleverageonprices andquality. However, it is not clear, to whatextent the interventionin market forces will eitherrestrictan openmarketor artificially sustaina weakmarket.This transformationof the donor/VDCcon-trolledsparepartssysteminto amarketorientedsystemis complexespeciallywhenthereisexternalinterven-tion/support.Theprocessof transitiontherefore,needsto be monitoredclosely. This will helpUNICEF andDWSSto makemid-coursecorrectionsin thestrategyfor thistransformation.

Summary of Findings

a. 1-IHPs,No.6,andNo.6handpumpsaremanufac-turedby theprivatesectorin limitedquantities.Thedemandis largelymetby importsfrom India foreconomicreasonsanduncertaindeliveryschedulesof localmanufacturers. -

b. While the productionof No.4 and No.6 hand-pumpsandtheir spareparts is gearedto meetthemarket demand,the manufactureof No.6 isdependentonpurchaseordersfromdonoragencies-andNGGS. - -- --

c. Donors’policiesandpractices,suchascontinuingtosupplysparepartsto usersatsubsidizedrates,have suppressedthe market demand for No.6spareparts.Theretailerstherefore,did not find saleof No.6sparepartsfinancially attractive,- -

d. UNICEFhasbegunto establishamarketorientedspare parts supplys~rstem,yet one that remainscontrolledandsustainedby licensinganddonorpriceguarantees.Giventhecomplexityarising out

23

of external intervention, the processof transitionneedsto be closelymonitored.

e. Themarketingchannelsfor thesparepartsofNo.4andNo.6handpumpsarewelldeveloped.Asthereis acontinuingdemand,thesesparepartsareeasilyavailable in the local market. Should a strongdemandexist for No.6 spareparts, thereis noreasonwhy thesamemarketingchannelscouldnottakecareof the supplyof No.6spareparts.

f. ObtainingPigIronandBPCokeis difficult. This isamajorproblemfacedby local manufacturers.

g. The lack of marketdemandis the main reasonfor the nonavailability of INo.6 handpumpsandsparepartsin the openmarket.Appropriatedonorpolicies would help in buildii~ga stronglocalmarketfor spareparts.Theprivatesectorisvery active in the manufactureand supply ofhandpumpsandcouldrespondto theNo.6spareparts demandeither through imports or localproduction.ThegOvermnént’sindustrialandfiscalpoliciesmaybe constrainingthe growth of localindustrie~.

24

Chapter4

Handpump Program[~JImplementation:

• I Role of NGOs

andpumpsinstalledby thegovernmentin thepasthaveencounteredproblemsshortly after

tallation due to the lack of communitysupportand maintenance.Eventhough thehandpumpprogram emphasizes a community participationapproach, problems remain. One of the factors forineffectivenessof the program hasbeena centralizedapproach to implementation. The central agencieshavebeenunableto respondtovariationsin grassrootsneeds as their program implementation loop islong.Non-governmentalorganizations’involvementinthe delivery of serviceshasoften produced betterresults.Closenessto the grassrootshavemadelocalNGOs more sensitiveto specific local needs,whichresultsin a comparativeadvantagein designingandimplementingprojects.

The NGOs in Nepal are active in many sectorssuch as environmentand conservation,populationandhealth,womenindevelopment,non-formaleduca-tion, poverty alleviation,waterandsanitation,etc.TheNGOs include International NGOs (INGOs) and Na-tional NGOs.

INGOs

The operation of international NGOs in Nepalstartedin the 1970s.Their numbersandfunding levelshavegradually increasedover the years.By 1991,theINGOs provided about 8 percent of the totalexternal aid. The 61 NGOs active in Nepal includethosesupportedby governments(e.g., SNY & VSO),churches(e.g.Lutheran World Service,UnitedMissionto Nepal)andsecularINGOs(e.g.ActionAid and~tèrAid).

Table 11: Number of INGOs, by TypeType NumbersDonor GovernmentSupported 10ChurchBased 18Secular 33Total 61

Source:EastConsult,1991

Themajority of these(52%) areregisteredwith theSocialWelfareCouncil (SWC)while therestwork withtheministries.Amongthese,19NGOsareinvolvedinthe drinking water supply sector.The NGOs followdifferentmodesof operation.Somedirectlyimplementthe programs, while others support local NGOs toimplementprogramsin partnership.Whicheverap-proach is followed, the objective of the program is toenhancecommunitycapacityfor sustainedoperationandmaintenance.

NATIONAL NGOs

National NGOsundertakea widerangeofactivities, atlocal and national levels.LocalNGOs include informalorganizationssuchasGuthi and Dhikur. Guthi adheresto athe traditional,paternalisticandreligious orienta-tion. Dhikur isacreditassociationformedbymemberscommittedto entrepreneurshipdevelopment.

The governmenthasrecognizedthe importance ofNGOs and they are encouragedto participate indevelopmentactivities.Thoughactivesincethe1970s,mostNGOs emergedin the early 1990s.While therewereonly two hundredregistered NGOs in the 1990,today the number has reachedalmost six thousand.Only a fewNGOsaredirectly involved in the drinkingwater sector.Nepal~RedCross Societyis the national

25

NGO most widely involved in the water sectorandespeciallythehandpumpprogram.

Boththegovernmentandthedonorsadvocateassign-ing a greaterrole to NGOs in the drinking waterprogram.TheEighthFiveYearPlan (1992-1997)aimstomeet 60 percentof the water andsanitationtargetsthroughNGOs andprivatesector. It is committed tocreatingaconduciveenvironmentfortheNGOstoworkfreelyandindependently.The NGOsandlocal NGOsaccountfor nearly11 percentof the sectorcoverage(ADM/M Third WaterSupplySectorProject,1994). -NGOs IN THE THREE STUDY DISTRICTS

A survey of existingregisteredNGOs in threestudydistrictswasconductedto identify areasof operation,willingnesstowork in thewatersector,NGOstrengthsandweaknessesandassistanceneededfor capacitybuilding. Altogether231 NGOs areregisteredin thethreestudydistricts. Most of the NGOs showedaninterestin thewatersectorbut emphasizedtheneedforcapacitybuildingto maketheirparticipationeffective.Based on the nature of their operation NGOs arecategorizedas follows.

Table 12: RegisteredNGOs in Jhapa, Kapilvastu andKailali Districts

1~pes Jhapa Kapilvastu Kailali TotalSocial 38 6 10 54

V~bmenWelfare 15 - 1 16DevelopmentOriented 25 12 23 60Religious 18 1 3 22Ethnic 6 - - 6

Others 44 22 7 - 73

Total 146 41 44 231

Strengthsandweaknesses:NGOshavestrengthsaswell asweaknesseswhichhavesignificantbearingontheir selectionfor partnershipandenhancementofinstitutionalcapacity.Thereportedstrengthsof mostofthe NGOsare:

• ability to understandthe local problems,

• abifity to build on trustof the local comrnunit~

• commitmenttoandexperienceinaspecificsector(s),

• democraticworkingstyle,

• teamspirit,

• ability to makerapid decisions,

• concernwith the emergingissues(e.g. relatedtowomenandpoor),and

• innovativeapproachto development.

The NGOs alsoidentified thefollowing weaknesses:

• projectlednatureof the workingstyle;dependingon the availability of project, the focus changesfrom onesectorto another• - lackof specificcommitmentto thedrinkingwatersector

• lackof trainedmanpowerto supervisedrinkingwateractivities

Improving the effectivenessof NGOs:To be effective, most of the local NGOs need thefollowingsupportfromboth governmentand INGOstobuildcapacity

• IdentificationofNGOsspecializingin thedrinkingwatersectorandpotentialNGOswith interestinthissectoris necessary.Institutionaldevelopmentof the NGOsidentified shouldbe supported.

• It is importantthatthegovernmentshoulddeviseaclearpolicywhichwouldfacilitateinvolvementof NGOs in the processof drinking watersectordevelopment.Therole of varioustypesof NGOsshouldbedefinedwith clear andobjective criteria.

• At present,mostNGOsareworkingonthebasisoftheir directaccessto centrallevelsupportagencies(NGOs,other donor agenciesor government).Atthe district level, very little is known about theiractivities. Thisleadstoproblemsfor thecoordina-tion of local activities. Thiskind of problem couldbe solvedif their activities are coordinated asasupplementto activitiescoveredunder thedistrictdevelopmentplan. The role of the DDC in thisregardshouldbeto facilitatetheNGOsby resolv-ing conflids of li~i~est(if an~r)betweenthem andthe support agericy. DDC should mediate, notdirect. The NGOs should be allowed to workindependentlyandto build on their comparativeadvantages.

• The supportprovidedby NGOs should aim atoverall developmentof local NGOsand longtermreplication of capacity building rather thanmereexpansionof sizeandactivitiesof thelocal NGOs.

• P,rogramsprovidingreorientationto line agencyandNGO staffareneeded.Trainingprogramsandworkshopstoshareexperiencesandissuesrelated

- to handpumpdrinking water supply should beorganized.

26

Chapter5

• ConclusionsJAnd

Recommendations

n thepast,thecommunityhandpumpprogramwassupplydriven.With theproposedchangesinsector

olicy theemphasiswill beongi~eaterparticipationbyusers,responsivenessto demand,anddecentrali~edimplementationinvolving localinstitutions,NGOsandtheprivatesector.The proposedestablishmentof theRWSSFundby theGovernmentwith assistancefromIDA will strengthenthe channelfor innovativeimple-mentationapproachesdevelopedby theJAKPAS3pilotproject.Theseapproachesaredemandresponsiveandimprovesustainabilityof watersupply facilities. Theconclusionsand recommendationsbelow take intoaccountthesesectoralchanges.

CHOICE OF HANDPUMP

Table13 comparesNo.6andINo.6 handpumpperfor-mance.Theperformanceof No.6andNo.6haudpumpsin termsof rateddischarge,frequencyof sparepartsreplacement,local skills requiredfor repairs,primingrequirementsandusers’preferenceissimilar.However,whencomparedon thebasisof indicatorslikepercent-ageof functionalhandpumps,idlestrokes,frequencyofinterruption,sparepartsavailability design,capitalcosts and O&M costs, and downtime, the No.6handpumpperformsbetter.Overall,theNo.6handpump

3 A pilot project implemented by RWSG-SA, Nepal.

offersadvantageslike lower capitalandmaintenancecosts,andbetter maintainabilityand reliability. It isthereforenotjustifiablefor any implementingagencytoinsiston the useof INo.6handpump.

Recommendation:

1. Implementing/facilitating agenciesshouldnot in-sistontheuseof No.6in theconimunityhandpumpprogram.Onthecontraryuseof theNo.6handpumpshouldbeencouraged.

SPARE PARTS AVAILABILITY

A largenumberof No.6handpumpsarenonfunctionaldue to thenonavailabilityof sparepartsin the localmarket. This is primarily becausethe distributionchannelsdevelopedbydonorsutilizedvillagecoopera-tives,VDCsandNGOsratherthanopenmarkets,whichwere furtherdiscouragedby thesubsidizedpricesofsparepartsdistributedthroughvillage cooperatives,VDCs and NGOs. A changein donor policies tofacilitategenerationof marketdemandan~availabilityof spareparts through local retailers is thereforenecessary

The availability of spareparts is an importantcriterionfor theselectionof a handpiimp.Keepinginview thatin futuretheuserswill takealeadrole in the

Table 13: Comparison of Relevant FactorsPump1~pe

)perationalStatus(% ofhandpump) Reliability Maintainability cost(NRs./pump) User’s satisfactionFuixtiosal

lwxlpumçsMissing

nut!bolts

IdealStrokes

PrimingReqd.

)ischarg(ltt!29

strokes)

Robust-ness

Frequencyof SparepartsInterruption replacement!

(%of handpump/handpumps) yr.

Design sparepartsavailability

Localskill

capital

~

Mainte-nanceperannum

like (%f users

downtiipe(% of

haiidpumps)

No.6 80 52 40 39 20 morerobust

39 7.3’ somelimitation

difficult available 2100 162 97 32(high)

No.6 86 68 34 43 17 less 32 6.55-

ippmpriat~

easy available 900 117 ~4 20(low)

27

planningandimplementationof handpumpprogramsand O&M of community handpumps in Nepal, theavailability of sparepartsthrough local retailersbe-comescritical. it isbetter forausertoselectalessrobusthandpumpwhosesparepartsareeasilyavailablethana robusthandpumpwhosesparepartsarenot easilyavailablefrom retailers.

With theproposeddiscontinuation of the supply ofhandpumpsandsparepartsby donoragencies,theavailabilIty of No.6 spareparts is likely to worsenunlesseffectivestepsaretakenimmediately.Thedonorshavethemoral responsibilityto ensurethat theusersof INo.6 handpumpsinstalledunderdonor assistedprogramscontinueto haveaccesstospareparts.Therearetwo possiblesolutionsto addressthe problemofnonavailabiityof INo.6 spareparts.Theseare dis-cussedbelow

(a) ImprovingAvailability ofSparePartsThroughPrivate

RetailOutlets:Currentlyeffortsarebeingmadetomake the—No.6 spareparts available throughprivateretailoutlets.UNICEFhastakentheinitia-tivetoidentify localindustriesandprivateretailersandmotivatethem to manufactureandmarketNo.6sparepartsin 3 out of 21 districtsin theTeraiRegion.This transition of a donor/VDC/NGOcontrolled sparepartsdistribution systemto amarket oriented spareparts supply systemiscomplexespeciallyasit involvesexternalinterven-tion.Thetransitionprocessneedstobemonitoredclosely. Monitoring will also help UNICEF inmakingmid-coursechangesin theimplementationstrategy,if necessary

(b) ModifyingExistingINo.6ToSuitSparePartsAvailablein Local Markets:Thisstrategyhasbeensuccessfullyadoptedby theFINNIDA-assistedRWSSProjectinLumbini district. Somecomponentsof the INo.6havebeenmodified (seedrawingno. 1 andpartfloS. ito ~ inAnnex3) sothattheNo.6sparepartsavailablein localmarketscanbeusedfor therepairof INo.6 handpumps.For example, the pistonassemblyhasbeenmodifiedsoas to facilitatetheuseof eitherNo.6cupwasherorNo.6leathercupwasher. -

For the first option the following considerationsarerelevant:

• TheNo.6handpumpdoesnotprovideanyspecificadvantagewhichjustifies theextracapitalcosts.

• Due to higher capital and O&M costs,it is veryprobable that the demand for No.6 in the futurewill remainverylimited.This will providea realbarrier to marketdevelopmentwhich cannotberemovedbyexternalintervention.

• The truestrengthof the marketwill not becomeapparentuntil donorsupportedcontrolsonmanu-facturingandretailsalesin thecurrenttransitionalstageare discontinued.This extendsthe uncer-tainty over the long-term viability of an openmarketstrategy.

Forthesecondoptionthefollowingconsiderationsarerelevant:

• The numberof the existingNo.6 handpumpsisknownandworkinvolvedin themodificationcanbe assessed,plannedand completedwithin astipulatedtime.

• Theconversioncostsaremarginalanditsbenefitsaremanifold.

• The conversion of the No.6 handpumpshasalreadybeentried successfullyin the’FINNIDA -

- assistedRWSSprojectand therefore,thereis noneedfor apilot testingbeforetakingup the largescaleconversionof theexistingNo.6handpumps.This, however,will requirecareful planningoflogis.lics to complete conversion of all’ No.6handpumpsearly.

Details of Modifications: The following stepsareinvolvedin themodificailonof No.6handpumpsto makethem compatiblewith the locally availableNo.6spareparts.For technicaldetailsof modifications(see attacheddrawing no. 1 andpart no. 1 to 4 inAnnex3).

• Replacefulcrui~pin,androdpinby5/8”bolts(partnos. 1 and2 in Annex3) andnuts.Use of allenscrewsisnot necessary.

• Reducetheplungerrodlength(partno.3Annex3)from 554 to 486mm andcut 1/2” BSW threadstoa lengthof 32 mm.

• Supply an adapter(required only whenNo.6plungerelementsareused)asperdetailsgiveninthe drawingof partno. 4 in Annex 3.

Thecostof theabovemodification~will belessthanNRs. 150perhandpump.

28

Recommendations:

1. Thedonorsshouldimmediatelystopsubsid~iesonNo.6spareparts.Thiswifi providealevelplayingfield for the private sectorparticipation. As theopenmarketmechanismdevelopthesupplythroughvifiage cooperatives,VDCs, DWSOs and NGOsmaybe withdrawn.The donorsshouldconsiderchangesin policiesandpracticesto facilitateeasieravailabilityofsparepartsthroughtheopenmarketin theshortestpossibletime.

2. A non-interventionistapproachis recommendedfor the developmentof marketsuppliesof INo.6spareparts. However, if, for any reason,thetransformationof adonor/governmentsupportedsparepartsdistributionsystemto anopenmarketsparepartssupplysystemwithdonorinterventionis pursued,it will be necessaryto monitor thetransitionprocessclosely. -

3. A definitive andperhapsthe ideal solutionis tomodify all theexistingNo.6handpumpsasdonein the FINNIDA-assistedRWSSPsothatthelocallyavailablespareparts from the No.6 handpumpcouldbe usedfor maintenance.

DESIGN IMPROVEMENTSA largenumberof handpumpsneedpriming.Thishasemergedasacommonmajordesignweaknessin all thehandpumps.The foot valvedesign,therefore,needscloserscrutiny.

Recommendations:

1. The foot valvedesignneedscloserscrutiny.

CONSTRUCTION ASPECTSPlatformsof almostall the No.6 handpumpsand alargepercentageof No.6 handpumpsareassessedassatisfactory.A majority of thehouseholdhandpumps(70%) arewithout platformsandthis posesarisk ofaquiferpollutionduetoseepageof wastewateraroundthe handpumpinto the well.

While mostusershaveindicatedsatisfactionwith theexisting size of the platform, experiencefrom theRWSSP/FINNIDAprojectshowsthatuserswereveryappreciativeof largeplatforms(area5-7m2)dueto theirbetterutility

Recommendations:

1. Healthandhygieneeducation,shouldbetargetedat HHP/No.6/ No.6 users,through the mass

media, about the risk of aquifer pollution inhandpumpswithout platforms. In the existingHHPsandcommunityhandpumpswithoutplat-forms, usersshouldbe encouragedto build plat-forms.

2. The constructionof largerplatforms(area5-7m2)(thatbettersuitusers’needs)shouldbepromotedas anoption.

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

The provisionsmadein the MHPP Directive 1991regardingtherole andresponsibilitiesofDDC,DWSO,User’s Committees,sub-committeesandcaretakers,althoughdetailed,arenotfollowed.Manycommunitiesdid nothaveusers’committeesorsub-committees.Theusers’committeesandsub-committeeswereveryeffec-tive during the constructionphasebut much lesseffectivein thepost-constructionphase.Thecommitteesneithermetregularlynorprovidedsupporttocaretak-ers/usersin O&M. This is evidentfrom the fact thatO&M fundswererarelycollectedregularlyandrecordskeepingwerenon-existent.The most importantandeffective actor in the institutional structure is the‘caretaker’.Due to the failure of the existinginstitu-tional structure,handpumpO&M hasbeenad-hocratherthanpreventive,andultimatelycostlier.

The collection of O&M fundswasbasedon repairevents.Since funds are not collectedregularly thecaretakerdoesnot havereadyaccessto fundsfor thepurchaseof spares.In manycases,thecaretakershaveto spendpersonalfundswhicharereimbursedlaterbyusers.This hasresultedin a tendencyto changethebarestminimumof sparepartsto keepthehandpumpfunctional.It is commo~toseewoodenhandles,pinsmadefrom bamboo,andropesbeingusedin placeofappropriatespareparts.This practicecaneventuallydamagekeyhandpumpcomponents,necessitatingma-jor repairsandexpenseswhichthecommunitymayfinddifficult to finance. Encouragingpreventivemainte-nancewill reducedowntimeandlower maintenancecosts.

In theTerairegion,thereisoftengoodaccesstootherwatersourceslike HHP anddugwells.This couldbeanotherreasonfor thepassiveattitudeof sub-commit-teesandusers.With eachHHP servingon an average2.6 householdsthe water supply coverageis muchhigherthangovernmentestimates.

The users-committeesandsub-committeesin thepresentformarenoteffecivein theO&M ofhandpumps.

29

Keeping and managing a bank account for eachhandpumpseparatelyis not consideredfeasible.It isthereforenecessaryto testalternateinstitutionalap-proachessuchasmergingusers’committeesandsub-committeesintoauser’scommitteeatthewardorsub-wardlevelwithafunctionaryof theVDC takingactivepart.Thenumberof users’committeeswill dependonthe servicearea,population,settlementpatternandnumberof handpumps.Morethanonecommitteecanbeformedin oneVDC for example,onecommitteeforevery5-10handpumps.Caretakersfromeachhandpumpshouldbemembersof theuser’scommittee.Thewardmembershouldbetheex-officio memberof theuser’committee.Sinceawardmemberhasalegalstatusandcommandspopularsupporthis/hermembershipwillimprcive the users’ committee’saccountability andsustainabifity.Thechairpersonof thecommitteemaybeelectedby thecommitteemembers.

Keepingin view that (i) userswill play aleadrolein the planning, implementation and O&M ofhandpumps,(ii) therole of implementing/supportingagencieswifi bethatof afacilitator,and(iii) theVDCAct of 1992assignstheresponsibilityof developmentandmanagementof watersupplysystemstoVDCs, thefollowing is recommended. -- -

Recommendations:

1. The presentsystemof a users’committeeat theVDC levelandsub-committeeathandpumplevelmaybereplacedby the“Users’Committeesattheward/sub-wardlevel.”

2. The Chairpersonof theUsers’Committeeshouldsubmitanannualreportin aprescribedformatonthe statusof handpumpsin his/herwardto the\TDC.

3. O&M fundscollectedpriorto handpumpinstalla-tion shouldbereleasedto eachcommitteeonceasystemhasbeenestablished.

4. O&M funds (NRs.2 perhouseholdper month)shouldbe collectedregularly,suchas everytwomonths,anddepositedinabank.Users’committeechairman shouldberesponsiblefor thecollectionaswell asfinancialrecordkeeping.

5. Futurehandpumpprogramsshouldbe demanddriven so as to avoid inadvertentpromotionofunsustainableinterventions.

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION -

TheprivatesectOrhasplayedaveryimportantrole inthehandpumpprogramandhasthepotentialtoplayanexpandedrole in thelocal manufactureandsupplyofhandpumpsandspareparts.It hastoberecognizedthatlocalmanufacturersworkin anunfavorableenvi-ronmentcharacterizedbyuncertaintyabouttheavail-ability of rawmaterials,highrawmaterialscosts,andlow productionvolumeswhich makelocalproductsexpensivewhencomparedwith imports.Theprivatesectoris very effective in supplyingspareparts forNo.2,No.4andNo.6handpumps.In thecaseofNo.6,sparepartsarenoteasilyavailableon theopenmarket.This is largelydueto thelackof demandwhichcanbeattributed to the mannerin which donor agenciesestablishedaseparatedistributionnetworkandsubsi-dizedthecostofNo.6spareparts.If thereisademandfor No.6handpumpsandspareparts,theexistingopenmarketchannelscanmeetthedemandeitherthroughimportsor local production.

Recommendations: -

1. Theprivatesectorshouldbeencouragedtoexpanditsrole in handpumpproductionanddistribution

- of spareparts.

2. If thereis a demandfor No.6 handpumpsandspareparts,theexistingmarketingchannelswill beable to meet the demandeither through localproductionor imports. -

3. Governmentassistancein improvingtheavailabil-ity of importedrawmaterialslikepig iron andcokewill be helpfulto local industry.

ROLE OF NGO’s -

NGOshaveanimportantroleto playin thehandpumpprogram.Mostof theNGOsworkingin thethreestudydistrictsarenotactivein watersupplyandlackcapacityfor theimplementationof handpumpprograms,espe-cially theconstructionaspects.However,theycanbeveryeffectivein mobilizingthecommunity,andthere-fore canplayan importantroleofthe intermediatorybetweenthefundingagenciesandcommunities.If thedistrict/VDC levelNGOsareto playameaningfulrole,capacitybuildingof NGOsat thegrassrootslevel is amust.The formation of an NGOs’ Associationwith awell organized,experiencedand resourcefulNGO

30

workingas“Mother NGO” wifi improve accessibility

of grassrootslevelNGOstotheexpertisethattheyneed.

Recommendations:

(1) Local NGOs activein thewater sectorandalsotheNGOsplanningtoworkin thewatersectorshouldbe identifiedatvariouslevels.

(2) Substantialeffortsarerequiredto build/improvetheimplementationcapacityof grassrootsNGOsthroughtrainingprogramsandexchangeofexpe-rience.

(3) Aformal linkagebetweenastrongandresourcefulNGO andgrassroot NGOs is recommendedtoimprovetheaccessibilityof grassrootsNGOstotheexpertisetheyneed.

FOLLOW UP ACTION RECOMMENDED

(1) It is critical to take decisionsquickly on therecommendationsmadein this report.However,tomake the decisionseffective it is necessarytodevelopconsensusonimportantissueslike choiceof handpump,option to be followed to tackle

No.6sparepartssupplyproblemsandnewinsti-tutional approaches.it is thereforestronglyrecom-mendedthataDecisionMaker’s Meetinginvolvinggovernment,donorsand NGOsbe convenedassoonaspossibleto ensureasmoothtransitionandto minimize disruptions to users of No.6handpumps.

(2) In order to closely observe and monitor’ thetransitionfromdonordriventomarketdistributionof spareparts,a studyshouldbe undertakenassoonaspossible.RWSG-SAwill behappytoassistin conductingthisstudyasapartof its initiativesfor systematiclearning.

FOLLOW UP ACTION TAKEN

A meetingwasheldon 26 May, 1995 to discussthefindings, conclusionand recommendationsof. thisreport.ThemeetingwaschairedbyMr. DineshChandraPyakurel,Director General,DWSSandattendedbyrepresentativesof UNICEF,WHO, TAEC ConsultsP.Ltd., and RWSG-SA. The minutes of meeting areattachedasAnnexure4.

31

U U

I

APPENDICES

33

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ln~rn~ionI,RegIonaI~onof,Djsfrict—..— • ITAW~~IBOUNDARIES - ~ ~~ ~KH0T2700& — HEADQUARTERS ~

Cciprtol,R.gionol,Zonol,District 4~ © 0

StudyDistrictsROADS’ ~MN •Hi~hway,Secondary,Un der,Corutruction — —s

I -26°O0’

~o°0o’ 6100’ O-2~o’ 83°0O’ 64°0& e~oo, ~~°oo’ ei°oo~

APPENDIX-2

PHOTOGRAPHS

I A well maintainedI.No. 6 Pumpwith Platformhaving WomenCaretaker— Dharampur(Jhapa)

I Poorly maintainedNo.6handpump:

• With brokencoverheld bya rope

• Iron rodsusedin placeoffulcrum &rod pins

• Crackedbody coveredwithpolyethylenesheet

37

DamagedHeadcoveranduseofOrdinary Imn Rodin Place of

Pins(LNo.6) -r Kechana(Jhapa)ø~

F

4 LNo~6HandpumpwhosebrokenHeadcoveris heldin positionwith the helpof ropes

38

Poorly maintainedNo.6Handpump— Hasuliya (Kailali)

4 Poorly maintainedNo.6Handpump— Masuriya(Kailali)

39

*

ALocal Filtration Techniqueadoptedin an HHP toreduceIron contentin water ~

4

AFPENDIX-3

INO.6 HANDPUMP MODIFICATION

7’

APPENDIX-4

MINUTES OF MEETING

reviewmeetingwasheldtodiscussthefinal draftreport“CormnunityHandpumpin theTeraiegion:Assessnientof OperationandMaintenance”on26thMay1995atthemeetinghallin

theDepartmentof WaterSupplyandSewerage.The followingpersonsattendedthemeeting.

Themeetmgwaschairedby theDirectorGeneral,DWSS,Mr D C PyakurelMr P N Nepal(TeamLeaderof the StudyTeam)explainedthemajor findings of the study. In addition,herespondedto the cormnentsmadeby DWSS, UNICEF and FINNIDA. All the participantsappreciatedthereport.Therewasopendiscussionontheissueswhichwill belikely to comewhileimplementingtherecommendationsof thereport.After thedeliberationsonvariousissues,thefollowing decisionsweremadeunanimously

Decisions:

1. Sincetheuseof [No.6handpumpincurredhighercapitaland0kM costscomparedtoNo.6withoutappreciablespecificadvantage(exceptsbirdiness/roubustness)to justify theextracostandalsokeepinginviewthechangedrolesof implementingagenciesasfacilitatorof thedevelopment,theuseof No.6handpumpsneedsto bepromoted.

1. DineshChandraPyakurel : DirectorGeneral,DWSS -

2. VasuDev Raj Joshi : RegionalDirector, DWSS, CentralDev. Region

3. Murari L. Choudhary - RegionalDirector, DWSS, EasternDev. Region

4 R S Manandhar SeniorDivisional Engmeer,DWSS

5. Yves Faugere - : Chief, WES,UNICEF --

6. PrakashTuladhar : ProjectOfficer,-WES, UNICEF-- --~‘ ~--

7. Arun Pyakurel : ProjectOfficer, WES, UNICEF

8. Arun K. Mudgal : TechnologySpecialist,RWSG-SA -

- ---~ ~ --. -d~ --

9. l~ekhaDayal RegionalProgramAdvisor, RWSG-SA -

- -- u_~j_- -~‘~_~‘~— .--~ -‘ --~-~-----‘-10. JonSpeets-~ -- - SanitaryEngineer,WHO - --

11. Kari Leminen : ProjectCoordinator,RWSSP/FINNIDA— -- ~

12. P. N. Nepal : TeamLeader,TAEC C~insuItl~Ltd. - - -

- --~‘--~-------- ~ --,

13. B. R. Joshi : TechnicalExpert,TAEC ConsultP. Ltd.- - ----- ——- — —- —~---~.-‘- ~

14 M P Neupane Consultant,TAEC ConsultP Ltd

43

2. Thesupplyof handpumpsandsparepartsshouldbe governedby thefreemarketmechanism.

3. Existing ImprovedNo. 6 handpumpshouldbemodified as suggestedin thereportsothatsparepartsavailablein themarketcan beused.

4. Thisreportcanbepublishedin the presentformwith thefollowingimprovements.

a. Executivesummaryof the reportshouldbeelaboratedto includemorefindings on socialaspectsasnecessary.

b. Thisminutesof meetingwill beanannexto thereport.

5. Tocarryoutfollow upactionsontherecommenda-tions,thefollowingfourgroupswifi beformed.TheDWSSwilll takeinitiative in this regard.

a. TechnicalGroup:

The groupwill developthemethodologyforthe modificationof the alreadyinstalledIm-provedNo.6Handpumps.Thegroupwill also

44

recommendedsomemeasurestoimpro~ietheefficiencyof foot-valve.

b. WLIC/O&M Group:

The group will furtherexploreinstitutionalchangesrequired.to improvetheeffectivenessof communitybased0kM system.

c. ImplementationGroup:

Thegroupwill prepareanactionplantophaseout subsidyon handpumpsandsparepartsprovided by the implementingand donoragencies.

d. MarketSurveyGroup:

Thegroupwill monitOrtheprogressduringthetransitionperiod.

At theendof themeeting,Mr. Pyakurelthankedallthe participantsfor their contributionsto the discus-sion.Hemadespecialmentionof theeffortsputby theconsultantto thestudy.

I

I

nepal community handpumps in the terai region: …list of figures figure 1. populationservedby...

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