Nelson Mandela

Shuddha Satya Biswas

DEPT. - ECE, 2nd YEAR

CLASS ROLL NO. -62

WBUT ROLL – 14800313070

FUTURE INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

INDEX Introduction

Early life

Political Activity

Anti-aparthied Activitics

Arrest and Rivonia Trail

Imprisanment

Release

Negotiations

President of South Africa

Retirement

Awards and Honors

Acknowledgement

Bibliography

INTRODUCTIONNelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid,

revolutionary, politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. he served as President of the African National Congress(ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. He was Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. He spent 27 years in prison Robben Island for opposing apartheid, the policy by which the races were separated and whites were give power over the BLACKS in South Africa. received more than 250 honors including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is known as Madiba, or as Tata; he is often described as the "Father of the Nation“

Early life

Mandela was born in a small village in the southeastern region of South Africa called the Transkei in 18 july, 1918

His father was chief of the village and a member

of the royal family of the Thembu, which spoke the Xhosa language.

Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was ‘Nelson’

Mandela attended The Fort Hare University and The University of Witwatersrand where he studied Bachelar of Arts and Law in Johnceburg.

Later he started working as an articale clerk in Johnceburg.

Political Activity

Mandela begin actively participate in politics from 1952.

He led prominently in the ANC's

(Afrikaner-dominated National Party) 1952 Defiance Campaign.

In 1955,he led ”Congress of the People”, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental basis of the anti-apartheid cause

Mandela and 150 others were arrested on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason.

Mandela starts a law firm & provide free or low-cost help to many black people.

Anti-aparthied Activitieso In 1961, Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed

wing, Umkhonto We Sizwe (translated Spear of the

Nation, and also abbreviated MK), which he co-founded.

o He coordinatly protested campaigns

against military and government targets.

o Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad and

arranged for paramilitary training of the group.

o Later, mostly in the 1980s, MK waged a Guerrilla war

against the apartheid regime in which

many civilians became casualties.

o Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle

against apartheid, also violated human rights and stop

these activities

Arrest & Rivonia trial On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested after living on the run for

seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort.

On 25 October 1962, Mandela was

sentenced to five years in prison.

Police arrested prominent ANC leader

on 11 July 1963, at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia,

north of Johannesburg.

Charged by the chief prosecutor

Dr. Percy Yutar with the capital

crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which

were equivalent to treason.

The Republic of South Africa and the declaration of a state of

emergency along with the banning of the ANC

Imprisonment Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he

remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven

years in prison.

While in jail, his reputation grew and he

became widely known as the most significant

black leader in South Africa

Prisoners were segregated by race ,to blacks

they only allow one visitor and one letter every

six months.

In prison Mandela undertook study with the University of London by

correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of

Bachelor of Laws.

Robben Island

Imprisonment (cont.)

In March 1982 Mandela was transferred from Robben Island to PollsmoorPrison, along with other senior ANC leader

The first meeting between Mandela and the

national Party government came in November

1985 when Kobie Coetsee met Mandela in Yolks

Hospital in Cape Town where Mandela was

recovering from prostate surgery

Throughout Mandela's imprisonment,

local and international pressure mounted on the South African government to release him, under the resounding slogan ”Free Nelson Mandela!”

De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.

Release

On 2 February 1990, State President Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid organizations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison.

Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl on 11 February 1990.

On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation

He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority.

He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the right to vote in both national and local elections.

Negotiations In 1990,Mandela elected as President of

the organization.

Mandela's leadership through the

negotiations, as well as his relationship

with President F.W. de Klerk, was

recognized when they were jointly

awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

The assassination of ANC leader Chris

Hani in April 1993.

While some riots did follow the

assassination, the negotiators were comes

into action, and soon agreed that

democratic elections should take place on

27 April 1994, just over a year after Hani's

assassination.

President of South Africa

South Africa's first multi-racial elections were

held on 27 April 1994.

ANC won 62% of the votes in the election,

and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was

inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the country's

first black President.

Mandela ordered troops into Lesotho in

September 1998 to protect the government

of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili.

One of Mandela's trademarks was his use

of Batik shirts, known as "Madiba shirts", even

on formal

Retirement

He decided not to stand for a second term and

retired in 1999.

He joins & started many social and human rights

organizations:

1. Make Poverty History movement.

2. South Africa's most successful charitable sports

gathering:”The Nelson Mandela Invitational

charity golf tournament”

3. Mandela is a vocal supporter of SOS Children's

Villages, the world's largest organization

dedicated to raising orphaned and abandoned

children

Awards & Honours

The Presidential Medal of

Freedom from George W. Bush in 1993.

In 2001, he was the first living person to

be made an honorary Canadian citizen.

In 1990, he received the Bharat

Ratna Award from the government of India

And also received the last ever Lenin Peace

Prize from Russia

The Order of Merit and the Order of St. John from Queen Elizabeth II.

Mandela has received more than two hundred and fifty awards over four decades,

most notably the Nobel Peace Prize.

Acknowledgement

I am really thankful to our respected professor

Jhumur Ghosh for allowing me to make a

presentation on Nelson Mandela. Without her help

and support I may not able to complete the

presentation. I’m also thankful to all my friends

specially Subhasis Ray and Sayan Gupta for their

enormous support that energize me for making this

presentation.

Bibliography

www.wikipedia.com

www.nelsonmandela.org .

Long Walk to Freedom (Mandela's autobiography)

History.com

www.theguardian.com

Thank you.