neg us 2011.03

33
International Negotiation Stephan Langdon, MBA M.Ed

Upload: stephan-langdon

Post on 17-May-2015

837 views

Category:

Technology


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Neg us 2011.03

International NegotiationStephan Langdon, MBA M.Ed

Page 2: Neg us 2011.03

Negotiation

Page 3: Neg us 2011.03

• Isabella has worked as the executive assistant to Martina for ten years.  Isabella has worked overtime on many occasions when Martina had special projects to complete.  Martina has not given Isabella a raise in her salary for three years and Isabella is thinking about looking for a new position which could pay her more money.  Martina is concerned about losing Isabella to another employer but is worried that her own company has not made a profit in the last two years.  Isabella and Martina sit down in the conference room to negotiate a possible raise in salary for Isabella.

• ROLE #1: ISABELLA• ROLE #2: MARTINA• ROLE #3: OBSERVER (Take notes and report about

negotation)

Page 4: Neg us 2011.03

More Theory

Page 5: Neg us 2011.03

5Reference Text: Contract Negotiations, by Gregory A. Garrett, CCH, Inc. (2005), pg. 13.

Contract Negotiation Competencies• Mark H. McCormack, best-selling author of “What

They Don’t Teach You at Harvard Business School,” has stated the perfect negotiator should have:

• Faultless people sense

• A strong competitive streak

• A view of the big picture

• An eye for the crucial detail

• Unimpeachable integrity

Page 6: Neg us 2011.03

6

Contract Negotiation Competencies

Page 7: Neg us 2011.03

Negotiation Process

Page 8: Neg us 2011.03

Negotiation Process 3 Steps (Cronkite)

Find opponents

bottom line.

Find your bottom

line.

Push’s opponent

to lower bottom

line.

Page 9: Neg us 2011.03

Negotiation Process 4 Steps (Shell)

Negotiation planning and preparation. • Extremely

important.

Beginning to interact• orientation to

situation, • relationship with

other side,

• information exchange.

Initial proposal• offer or demand• making

concessions• narrowing of

differences.

Closing• Getting

commitment.

Page 10: Neg us 2011.03

Seven Stages (Folberg, Golann)

Preparation and Setting Goals

Initial Interactio

n and Offers

Exchanging &

Refining Informati

on

Bargaining

Moving toward Closure

Bridging impasse & make

decisions

Finalizing Agreeme

nt

Page 11: Neg us 2011.03

Negotiation Considerations

Cooperation

Competition

Enlightened self-

interest.

Page 12: Neg us 2011.03

Negotiation Considerations

Triad of Concerns

Economic

Social

Emotions

• Social• How will others view the

agreement

• Emotional• How will you feel about

the agreement• Successful Negotiations • Lewicki and Fisher

• Economic• Will you be satisfied with

the economic results

Triad of concerns

Page 13: Neg us 2011.03

Perception• Subjective. Always check your views, opinions

and analysis of your position• One’s view of fairness. (Barry Bond’s homerun).• Be very careful of your client's (and your own)

perception of fairness. • Frames

Page 14: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Fixed Pie• the erroneous belief that the other party’s

interests are directly opposed to one’s own interests when, in fact, they are often not completely opposed.

Page 15: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Thompson and Hastie• Explored the consequences for outcomes. • They measured individual fixed-pie

perceptions after just five minutes of negotiation

• They found fixed pie predicted individual and joint negotiation payoffs such that fixed-pie perceptions were associated with lower individual and joint profits.

• Negotiators with strong fixed-pie perceptions failed to identify interests that could be profitably logrolled or that were completely compatible.

Page 16: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Why does this occur?• Biased information search • (negotiators’ faulty search for necessary information)

• Biased information processing • (negotiators’ faulty processing of available information).

Page 17: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Extremism• Partisan perceivers believe that their own

perceptions map onto objective reality.• When they realize that the other side’s

views differ from their own, they first attempt to “straighten out” the other side; when this does not work, they regard the other side as extremist.

• partisan perceivers tend to view the other side as having interests that are more opposed to their own than is actually the case.

Page 18: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Problems with Extremism1. Exacerbates conflict

1. Partisan perceivers ascribe more negative traits to their negotiating partner even when partisanship has been randomly assigned right before the negotiation

2. Reduces the likelihood of reaching comprehensive integrative agreements during face-to-face negotiations

Page 19: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Reactive Devaluation Bias• Negotiators discount or dismiss concessions made

by the other party merely as a function of who is offering them

Page 20: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Stillinger, Epelbaum, Kelter, and Ross (1990)

• Experiment• Participants negotiated with a confederate over the policy of their university

regarding a political issue. • Constant

• The antagonism of the negotiating confederate was held constant. • During the negotiation, the confederate for a time adopted a stubborn

position. • Concession

• In two experimental conditions, however, the confederate ultimately made a concession; in the third (control) condition, no concession at all was made.

• Rating• Subsequently, participants rated the attractiveness and significance of a

number of different proposals, including the ones that had been offered in their negotiation session.

• Results • Non-offered concessions were rated as more attractive and significant than

offered concessions: • The very fact that their counterpart offered them a concession diminished its

value in the eyes of the participants.

Page 21: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Fundamental Attribution Error• People tend to view

A. their own behavior as largely determined by the situation

BUT B. regard other’s behavior as driven by chronic

dispositions

• Larrick and Su (1999) • Demonstrated this bias operated in negotiation. • Negotiators erroneously attributed tough bargaining

behaviors to difficult personalities rather than to situational factors.

• Fundamental attribution error often results from lack of sufficient information about the opponent’s situation.

Page 22: Neg us 2011.03

Bias Perception: Coercion Bias• People erroneously believe that

A. coercive tactics will be effective in generating concessions when dealing with opponentsBUT B. believe that these same tactics, when applied to the self, will have the opposite effect—that is, to increase their resolve not to concede.

• Rothbart and Hallmark (1988) in-group and outgroup members differed in the judged efficacy of coercion and conciliation as social influence strategies.

• Out-group members perceived coercion as more effective than conciliation when applied to others,

• In-group members perceived coercion as less effective than conciliation when applied to their own social or categorical group members.

Page 23: Neg us 2011.03

Perceptions: Framing• Framing: constructing and representing

interpretations.• Defining key issues and key problems.• Perspective.• Separates issue from other ideas.• Aggregate and process information.• Language we choose engage. notion of what we are doing: discussion, argument, fight

• Frames persist as long as they are useful. • When people hold to their frames, conflict can

occur. • Frames can be transformative.• Change frame, change conversation.• Frames can be shifted.

Page 24: Neg us 2011.03

2405/09/08

Modify the Other Party’s Perceptions• Make outcomes appear less attractive.• Make the cost of obtaining goals appear higher.• Make demands and positions appear more or less

attractive to the other party-whichever suits your needs.

• Haga que los resultados aparecen menos atractivos. Haga el coste de obtener metas para aparecer más arriba. Haga que las demandas y las posiciones aparecen más o menos atractivas a la otra partido-cualquiera se adapta a sus necesidades

Page 25: Neg us 2011.03

2505/09/08

Manipulate the Actual Costs of Delay or Termination• Plan disruptive action:

– Raise the costs of delay to the other party.• Form an alliance with outsiders:

– Involve (or threaten to involve) other parties that can influence the outcome in your favor.

• Manipulate the scheduling of negotiations:– One party is usually more vulnerable to delaying than

the other.

• Acción que disturba del plan: Levante los costes de esperar al otro partido. Forme una alianza con otras: Implique (o amenace implicar) otros partidos que puedan influenciar el resultado en su favor. Manipule la previsión de negociaciones: Un partido es generalmente más vulnerable al retraso que el otro.

Page 26: Neg us 2011.03

2605/09/08

Positions Taken During Negotiations• Opening Offer

– Where will you start?• Opening Stance

– What is your attitude? Competitive? Moderate?• Initial Concessions

– Should any be made? If so, how large?

• Oferta de abertura ¿Donde usted comienzan? Postura de la abertura ¿Cuál es su actitud? ¿Competitivo? ¿Moderate? Concesiones iniciales ¿Deben cualesquiera ser hechas? ¿Si es así cómo grande?

Page 27: Neg us 2011.03

Why Frames are Critical• Negotiators who

understand framing may understand how to have more control over the negotiation process.

• Frames may be malleable and, if so, can be shaped or reshaped during negotiation.

• Frames shift and change as the negotiation evolves.

• Los negociadores que entienden enmarcar pueden entender cómo tener más control sobre el proceso de la negociación.

• Los Marcas pueden ser maleables y, si es así se pueden formar o formar de nuevo durante la negociación.

• Los arcas cambian de puesto y cambian mientras que la negociación se desarrolla.

Page 28: Neg us 2011.03

Perceptions: Three Views of Frames• Categories of experience

• Interests, rights, power

• Process of issue development

Page 29: Neg us 2011.03

Language• Ohio negotiation.• Environmentalist.• Developers.

• Environmentalists.• Called polluters developers.

• Conflict.• Result of nonverbal looks and glances.• Polarizing language.

Page 30: Neg us 2011.03

Trust/Distrust Frame

• Trust distrust different frames.

• Main role of negotiator / mediator.

• Decide which you are doing: • Building trust.• Managing distrust.

• Marcos de la desconfianza de la confianza diversos.

• Posicion principal del negociador/del mediador.

• Decida cuál usted está haciendo: • Confianza del edificio. • Desconfianza de manejo.

Page 31: Neg us 2011.03

Trust/Distrust Frame• Trust Frame.

• Little step by step process.• Reliability.• Competence.

• Distrust Frame.• Apologies.• Reparation.• Say vs Do.

• Marco de la confianza. • Marcos de la desconfianza

de la confianza diversos. • Papel principal del

negociador. Poco proceso paso a paso. Confiabilidad. Capacidad.

• Marco de la desconfianza. • Apologías. • Reparación. • Diga contra hacen.

Page 32: Neg us 2011.03

Managing Trust• Creating positive

expectations.• Confident expectations

about the other.• Shape them by: • Language.• Clear exceptions.• Manage expectation.

• Crear expectativas positivas.

• Expectativas confidentes sobre la otra.

• Fórmelas cerca: • Lengua. • Excepciones claras. • Maneje la expectativa.

Page 33: Neg us 2011.03

Managing distrust• Tools.• Boarders.• Boundaries.• Processes.• Not trust building.

• Manages downside risk.• Distrust binding.• Prenuptial agreement.

• Herramientas. • Huéspedes. • Límites. • Procesos. • No edificio de la

confianza.

• Maneja riesgo de baja. • Atascamiento de la

desconfianza. • Acuerdo Prenuptial.