neet material solid state

7/27/2019 NEET Material Solid State

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ContentsNo. Topic Name Page No.

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1

2 States of Matter 17

3 Structure of Atom 37

4 Periodic Table 71

5 Redox Reactions 91

6 Chemical Equilibrium 109

7 Surface Chemistry 148

8 Nature of Chemical Bond 171

9 Hydrogen 211

10 s-Block Elements 230

11 p-Block Elements (Groups 13 and 14) 250

12Basic Principles and Techniques inOrganic Chemistry

270

13 Alkanes 292

14 Alkenes 309

15 Alkynes 326

16 Aromatic Compounds 338

17 Environmental Chemistry 355


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1

Solid State

01 Solid StateFormulae

1. Density of unit cell:

d = 3A

z.M

a .N

where, a is edge of unit cellNA = Avogadro number (6.023 10

23)M = Molar massz = number of atoms per unit cellFor fcc, z = 4for bcc, z = 2for simple cubic, z = 1

2. Radius rule and co-ordination number for ionic crystals:

In simple ionic crystals, the cations commonly occupy the voids or holes. The voids are empty spaces leftbetween anionic spheres.

i. Radius Ratior

r

+

:

The critical radius ratio of the void (cation) and sphere (anion), is calculated by solid geometry.

Radius ratio =r

r

+

=

Cation radius

Anion radius

ii. Co-ordination Number (CN) :The number of spheres (atoms, molecules or ions) directly surrounding a single sphere in a crystal, iscalled co-ordination number.

3. Crystal structures of some elements and their coordination numbers (CN):

Crystal structure Example Coordination No.

bcc Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba 8fcc or ccp Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt 12

hcp (Hexagonal closed packed) Zn, Mo, Cd, V, Be, Mg 21

4. Relation between radius ratio, co-ordination number and geometry :

Radius ratior

r

+

Co-ordination

number

Geometry Examples

0.155 to 0.225 3 Planar triangular B2O3

0.225 to 0.414 4 Tetrahedral ZnS0.414 to 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl

0.731 to 1.0 8 Cubic CsCl

5. Characteristics of some typical crystal structure :

Crystal Type of unit

cell

Examples Radius

ratio

CN

Cation Anion

CsCl bcc CsCl, CsBr, TiCl 0.93 8 8NaCl fcc AgCl, MgO 0.52 6 6ZnS fcc ZnS 0.40 4 4CaF2 fcc CaF2, SrF2, CdF2 0.73 8 4


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Solid State2

1.0 Introduction

1. Who received the Nobel prize for Chemistry

in the year 1976 ?

(A) W. H. Bragg(B) William Lipscomb

(C) Isabella Karle

(D) Ernst Otto

2. In solid, the constituent particles are arrangedin(A) definite pattern in one direction.

(B) definite geometrical configuration.

(C) random disordered arrangement.

(D) indefinite geometrical pattern.

3. Which solid is NOT soft?(A) Sodium (B) Potassium(C) Copper (D) Phosphorus

1.1 Classification of Solids

4. A solid having no definite shape is called(A) Amorphous solid(B) Crystalline solid(C) Anisotropic solid(D) Isotropic solid

5. Amorphous substances have

(i) short and long range order(ii) short range order(iii) long range order(iv) no sharp melting point.

(A) (i) and (iii) are correct(B) (ii) and (iii) are correct(C) (iii) and (iv) are correct(D) (ii) and (iv) are correct

6. Amorphous solids are(A) Solid substances(B) Liquids

(C) Super cooled liquids(D) Substances with definite melting point

7. Glass is(A) Supercooled liquid(B) Crystalline solid(C) Non-crystalline solid(D) Liquid crystal

8. Which one is called pseudo solid?(A) CaF2 (B) Glass(C) NaCl (D) All of these

9. Amorphous solids

(A) Possess sharp melting points.

(B) Undergo clean cleavage when cut with

knife.

(C) Do not undergo clean cleavage when cut

with knife.(D) Possess orderly arrangement over long

distances.

1.2 Classification of Crystalline Solids

10. Crystals which are good conductor ofelectricity and heat are known as(A) Ionic crystals(B) Covalence crystals(C) Metallic crystals(D) Molecular crystals

11. Which of the following is a molecular crystal?(A) SiC (B) NaCl(C) Graphite (D) Ice

12. Which solid will have the weakestintermolecular forces?(A) Ice(B) Phosphorus(C) Naphthalene(D) Sodium fluoride

13. Which of the following is an example of

covalent crystal solid?(A) Si (B) NaF(C) Al (D) Ar

14. Which of the following is an example ofmetallic crystal solid?(A) C (B) Si(C) W (D) AgCl

15. ZnS is(A) Ionic crystal(B) Covalent crystal

(C) Metallic crystal(D) van der Waals' crystal

16. Graphite is used as lubricant for(A) oxidizing action(B) reducing friction(C) reducing agent(D) printing

17. Fullerene reacts with Potassium to form(A) K39C57 (B) K37C63(C) K40C62 (D) K35C60

SECTION - 1


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Solid State

1.3 Unit cell and two and three dimensional

lattices

18. The three dimensional graph of lattice pointswhich sets the pattern for the whole lattice iscalled(A) Space lattice (B) Simple lattice(C) Unit cell (D) Crystal lattice

19. Which of the following are the CORRECT

axial distances and axial angles for

rhombohedral system?

(A) a = b = c, = = 90(B) a = b c, = = = 90(C) a b c, = = = 90(D) a b c, 90

20. In hcp arrangement, the number of nearest

neighbours are(A) 10 (B) 7(C) 2 (D) 12

21. The unit cell with the following structure

refers to _____ crystal system.(A) Cubic

(B) Orthorhombic

(C) Tetragonal

(D) Trigonal

22. For a solid with the structure as shown in the

figure the co-ordination number of the point Bis(A) 3

(B) 4

(C) 5

(D) 6

23. Rhombic sulphur has the following structure(A) Open chain(B) Tetrahedral(C) Puckered 6-membered ring(D) Puckered 8-membered ring

24. The number of atoms or molecules containedin one primitive cubic unit cell is(A) 1 (B) 2(C) 4 (D) 6

25. If the number of atoms per unit in a crystal is

2, the structure of crystal is

(A) Octahedral

(B) Body centered cubic

(C) Face centered cubic

(D) Simple cubic

1.4 Packing in solids

26. The arrangement ABCABC . is referredto as(A) Octahedral close packing(B) Hexagonal close packing

(C) Tetrahedral close packing(D) Cubic close packing

27. The most malleable metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have

close - packing of the type

(A) Hexagonal close packing

(B) Cubic close packing

(C) Body centered cubic packing

(D) Malleability is not related to type of

packing

28. In a close pack array of N spheres, the number

of tetrahedral holes are(A) 4N (B) N/2(C) 2N (D) N

29. The empty space between the shared balls and

hollow balls as shown in the diagram is called

(A) hexagonal void

(B) octahedral void

(C) tetrahedral void

(D) double triangular void

30. The interstitial hole is called tetrahedralbecause(A) it is formed by four spheres.

(B) it is tetrahedral in shape.

(C) it is formed by four spheres and the

centres form a regular tetrahedron.

(D) it is formed by three spheres.

31. The number of tetrahedral voids in a unit cellof cubical closest packed structure is(A) 1 (B) 2(C) 4 (D) 8

32. In octahedral holes (voids)

(A) A simple triangular void is surrounded

by four spheres.

(B) A bi-triangular void is surrounded by

four spheres .

(C) A bi-triangular void is surrounded by six

spheres.

(D) A bi-triangular void is surrounded by

eight spheres.

A B

90o 90o90o

a

b c


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Solid State4

33. The number of octahedral voids in a unit cellof a cubical closest packed structure is(A) 1 (B) 2(C) 4 (D) 8

34. If the structure of CuCl is similar to ZnS, thecoordination number of Cu would be(A) 2 (B) 4(C) 8 (D) 12

35. Which of the following does NOT crystallisein ccp structure?(A) Fe (B) Ni(C) Mo (D) Cu

36. Which of the following crystallise in bccstructure?(A) Al (B) Cu(C) Mg (D) W

1.5 Density of unit cells

37. The space occupied by b.c.c. arrangement isapproximately(A) 50% (B) 68%(C) 74% (D) 56%

38. The maximum percentage of available volumethat can be filled in a face centered cubicsystem by an atom is(A) 74% (B) 68%(C) 34% (D) 26%

1.6 Packing in voids of ionic solids

39. If the radius ratio is in the range of0.225 0.414, then the coordination numberwill be(A) 2 (B) 4(C) 6 (D) 8

40. For tetrahedral co-ordination the radius ratio

(r+/r) should be(A) 0.414 0.732(B) > 0.732(C) 0.156 0.225(D) 0.225 0.414

41. At the limiting value of radius ratio+r

r, the

(A) forces of attraction are larger than theforces of repulsion.

(B) forces of attraction are smaller than theforces of repulsion.

(C) forces of attraction and repulsion arejust equal.

(D) forces are not equal.

42. For cubic coordination the value of radiusratio is(A) 0.732 1.000 (B) 0.225 0.414(C) 0.000 0.225 (D) 0.414 0.732

43. In NaCl lattice, the radius ratio is+Na

Cl

r

r =

(A) 0.225 (B) 0.115(C) 0.5414 (D) 0.471

44. For some crystals, the radius ratio for cationand anion is 0.525. Its coordination numberwill be(A) 2 (B) 4(C) 6 (D) 8

45. TiCl has structure similar to CsCl, the co-ordination number of Ti+ is(A) 4 (B) 6(C) 10 (D) 8

46. If the value of ionic radius ratio c

a

r

r

is 0.52

in an ionic compound, the geometricalarrangement of ions in crystal is(A) Tetrahedral (B) Planar(C) Octahedral (D) Pyramidal

47. For an ionic crystal of the type AB, the value

of (limiting) radius ratio is 0.40. The value

suggests that the crystal structure should be

(A) Octahedral (B) Tetrahedral

(C) Square planar (D) Plane triangle

48. Which of the following ions has the largestradius?(A) Na+ (B) Mg2+(C) Al3+ (D) Si4+

49. Each unit cell of NaCl consists of 4 chlorideions and(A) 13 Na atoms (B) 4 Na ions(C) 6 Na atoms (D) 8 Na atoms

50. In the unit cell of NaCl lattice there are(A) 3Na+ ions (B) 6Na+ ions(C) 6Cl ions (D) 4 NaCl units

1.7 Defect in Crystal Structure

51. If an electron is present in place of anion in acrystal lattice, then it is called(A) Frenkel defect(B) Schottky defect(C) Interstitial defect(D) F-centre


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Solid State

Cation

Anion

52. The given structure represents

(A) Schottky defect(B) Frenkel defect(C) Metal excess defect(D) Metal deficiency defect.

53. Which of the following defect, if present,

lowers the density of the crystal?

(A) Frenkel

(B) Schottky

(C) Edge dislocation

(D) Constitution of F-centres.54. The yellow colour of ZnO and conducting

nature produced in heating is due to

(A) metal excess defects due to interstitial

cation.

(B) extra positive ions present in an

interstitial site.

(C) trapped electrons.

(D) All of the above.

1.8 Electrical Properties

55. The property of ability to conduct electricity

of metals, non-metals and semiconductors are

explained by

(A) Energy gain enthalpy

(B) band theory

(C) bond theory

(D) hydride gap.

56. Germanium is an example of(A) an intrinsic semiconductor(B) a n-type semiconductor

(C) a p-type semiconductor(D) insulator

57. Silicon is a(A) conductor (B) semiconductor(C) non-conductor (D) metal complex

58. A silicon solar battery makes use of(A) n-type semiconductor(B) p-type semiconductor(C) combination of Si doped with As and B(D) p-n junction

1.9 Magnetic properties

59. Which is NOT a diamagnetic substance?(A) water (B) sodium chloride(C) oxygen (D) benzene

60. CrO2 possess

(A) Diamagnetism(B) Paramagnetism(C) Ferrimagnetism(D) Ferromagnetism

Miscellaneous

61. A cubic crystal possesses in all ___ elementsof symmetry.(A) 9 (B) 13(C) 1 (D) 23

62. A solid X melts slightly above 273 K and is a

poor conductor of heat and electricity. Towhich of the following categories does it

belong?

(A) Ionic solid (B) Covalent solid

(C) Metallic (D) Molecular

63. Value of heat of fusion of NaCl is(A) Very low (B) Very high(C) Moderate (D) Zero

64. The oxide that is insulator is

(A) VO (B) CoO

(C) ReO3 (D) Ti2O3

1.0 Introduction

1. The interparticle forces in solid hydrogen are

(A) Hydrogen bonds

(B) Covalent bonds

(C) Co-ordinate bonds

(D) van der Waals forces

2. For the various types of interactions theCORRECT order of increasing strength is

(A) covalent < hydrogen bonding

neet material solid state

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