neck masses: unc ms iii surgery
DESCRIPTION
NECK MASSES: UNC MS III SURGERY. Case discussions by students Discussion of thyroid disorders Discussion of how to develop a differential diagnosis Management algorithm. THYROID. COLIN G THOMAS, Jr. MD Professor, Department of Surgery University of North Carolina. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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NECK MASSES:NECK MASSES:UNC MS III SURGERYUNC MS III SURGERY
• Case discussions by studentsCase discussions by students
• Discussion of thyroid disordersDiscussion of thyroid disorders
• Discussion of how to develop a Discussion of how to develop a differential diagnosisdifferential diagnosis
• Management algorithmManagement algorithm
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THYROIDTHYROID
COLIN G THOMAS, Jr. MDCOLIN G THOMAS, Jr. MD
Professor, Department of SurgeryProfessor, Department of Surgery
University of North CarolinaUniversity of North Carolina
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Incidence of Thyroid Disorders in ConnecticutIncidence of Thyroid Disorders in Connecticut(Annual physical Examination, 1544 Patients – One Year)(Annual physical Examination, 1544 Patients – One Year)
## %%Simple goiterSimple goiter 2929 1.881.88Graves’ diseaseGraves’ disease 1515 0.970.97Iatrogenic hyperthyroidismIatrogenic hyperthyroidism 22 0.100.10Hot noduleHot nodule 99 0.580.58Multinodular goiterMultinodular goiter 1313 0.840.84ThyroiditisThyroiditis 88 0.510.51Single cold noduleSingle cold nodule 88 0.510.51HypothyroidismHypothyroidism 66 0.390.39CancerCancer 00 0.000.00TotalTotal 9090 5.785.78
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Cancer Incidence and DeathsCancer Incidence and DeathsEstimated- U.S. 2005Estimated- U.S. 2005
Organ SystemOrgan System New CasesNew CasesDeathsDeaths
LungLung 172,570 172,570 163,510163,510
Colon Colon 104,950104,95056,29056,290
RectumRectum 42,00042,0007,000 7,000
PancreasPancreas 32,18032,18031,80031,800
BreastBreast 212,930212,93040,87040,870
StomachStomach 24,00024,00014,00014,000
ThyroidThyroid 25,69025,6901,4901,490
Prostate 232,090 30,050Prostate 232,090 30,050
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Thyroid CancerThyroid Cancer
19851985 19941994 19981998
New CasesNew Cases 10,00010,000 13,90013,900 17,20017,200 ( (↑ 72%)↑ 72%)
DeathsDeaths 1,1001,100 1,1201,120 1,200 (↑8%) 1,200 (↑8%)
American Cancer Society 1998American Cancer Society 1998
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Evaluations of Nodular Thyroid Evaluations of Nodular Thyroid DiseaseDisease
• History- symptoms, duration, familialHistory- symptoms, duration, familial
• Physical findings, i.e. topography, Physical findings, i.e. topography, firmness, surface, lymphadenopathyfirmness, surface, lymphadenopathy
• Thyroid functions tests- TFT (s) - TSHThyroid functions tests- TFT (s) - TSH
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Diagnostic Studies- Thyroid CancerDiagnostic Studies- Thyroid Cancer
Fine Needle Aspiration- Establishes Cytologic Fine Needle Aspiration- Establishes Cytologic DiagnosisDiagnosis
Thyroid function tests (TSH- 1Thyroid function tests (TSH- 1stst in in Thyroiditis)Thyroiditis)Technetium Scan- reflects trapping Technetium Scan- reflects trapping function, “hot nodule”function, “hot nodule”Ultrasonography- reflects volume, Ultrasonography- reflects volume, composition, occult nodulescomposition, occult nodules
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Thyroid Cancer- DiagnosisThyroid Cancer- Diagnosis
• CytologyCytology
• ScansScans– TechnetiumTechnetium– RadioiodineRadioiodine– SestamibiSestamibi– MR/CT/PETMR/CT/PET
• UltrasoundUltrasound
• Frozen SectionsFrozen Sections
• Fixed SectionsFixed Sections
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Thyroid Cancers*Thyroid Cancers*
PapillaryPapillary 80%80%
FollicularFollicular 11%11%
HHürthleürthle 3%3%
MedullaryMedullary 4%4%
AnaplasticAnaplastic 2%2%
*National Cancer Data Base*National Cancer Data Base
31,513 patients (1985-1995)31,513 patients (1985-1995)
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Biological CharacteristicsBiological Characteristics
• Thyrotropin Receptor-Thyrotropin Receptor-– Adenylate Cyclase SystemsAdenylate Cyclase Systems
• Iodine Trapping/OrganificationIodine Trapping/Organification
• Thyroglobin ProductionThyroglobin Production
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Papillary CarcinomaPapillary Carcinoma
• Ames (Age, Distant Metastases, Extent, Ames (Age, Distant Metastases, Extent, Size)Size)
• 89%- Low risk; Mortality 1.8% and 89%- Low risk; Mortality 1.8% and
• 11% High Risk, Mortality 46%11% High Risk, Mortality 46%
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Adjuvant TherapyAdjuvant Therapy
Thyroxine Thyroxine → TSH Suppression→ TSH Suppression
Radiodiodine (Ablation/Rx)Radiodiodine (Ablation/Rx)
Thyroxine ↓ → TSH ↑Thyroxine ↓ → TSH ↑Recombinant TSHRecombinant TSH
External Radiation (?)External Radiation (?)Chemotherapy (?)Chemotherapy (?)
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Neck MassesNeck Masses
Marion Couch, MD PhDMarion Couch, MD PhD
Department of OHNSDepartment of OHNS
University of North CarolinaUniversity of North Carolina
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Some pearls:Some pearls:
• 90% of adult neck masses are malignant90% of adult neck masses are malignant
• 90% of pediatric neck masses are 90% of pediatric neck masses are infectious in natureinfectious in nature
• Know your anatomy then develop a Know your anatomy then develop a differential diagnosisdifferential diagnosis
• Close observationClose observation
• Generally, one course of a broad spectrum Generally, one course of a broad spectrum antibiotic is acceptable then …..antibiotic is acceptable then …..
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• It is never wrong to refer to a specialist for It is never wrong to refer to a specialist for evaluation and probable biopsyevaluation and probable biopsy
• Imaging is important but tissue is Imaging is important but tissue is everythingeverything
• If you don’t get an answer with a FNA, If you don’t get an answer with a FNA, repeat it up to three times. Consider repeat it up to three times. Consider ultrasound guided or CT guided FNA.ultrasound guided or CT guided FNA.
• Never violate a neck or I will come after Never violate a neck or I will come after you.you.
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HISTORYHISTORY• AgeAge
• Duration Duration
• Acute symptomsAcute symptoms
• Recent travelRecent travel
• TraumaTrauma
• Insect bites, petsInsect bites, pets
• Tobacco, alcohol, XRTTobacco, alcohol, XRT
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CONGENITALCONGENITAL
• Central neck:Central neck:– Thyroglossal duct cystsThyroglossal duct cysts
• Pyramidal lobe of thyroidPyramidal lobe of thyroid
– Sebaceous cystsSebaceous cysts– HemangiomasHemangiomas– LaryngoceleLaryngocele– Ectopic thyroidEctopic thyroid
• Lateral neck:Lateral neck:– Branchial cleft cystsBranchial cleft cysts– Cystic hygromasCystic hygromas– DermoidsDermoids
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Branchial cleft cystBranchial cleft cyst
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Branchial cleft cystsBranchial cleft cysts
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Branchial cleft cystBranchial cleft cyst
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Branchial cleft cystBranchial cleft cyst
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InflammationInflammation
• Reactive lymphadenopathyReactive lymphadenopathy
• SialoadenitisSialoadenitis
• Cervical adenitisCervical adenitis
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InfectiousInfectious
• Staph and strepStaph and strep• EBV – monoEBV – mono• TBTB• Atypical TBAtypical TB• HIVHIV• Cat scratch fever (Bartonella henselae)Cat scratch fever (Bartonella henselae)• ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis• ActinomycosisActinomycosis• Tick-borne: Rocky Mountain Spotted FeverTick-borne: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever• Lemierre’s Syndrome: septic thromb. IJVLemierre’s Syndrome: septic thromb. IJV
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TraumaTrauma
• HematomaHematoma
–Acute and expanding Acute and expanding
–Chronic and organizingChronic and organizing
• AV fistulaAV fistula
• PseudoaneurysmPseudoaneurysm
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Metabolic, Idiopathic, Metabolic, Idiopathic, AutoimmuneAutoimmune
• Castleman’s diseaseCastleman’s disease
• SarcoidosisSarcoidosis
• Kimura’s diseaseKimura’s disease
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NeoplasmsNeoplasms
• Benign:Benign:
–LipomasLipomas
–NeuromasNeuromas
–FibromasFibromas
–HemangiomasHemangiomas
–Carotid body tumorsCarotid body tumors
–AngiomasAngiomas
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NeoplasmsNeoplasms
• MalignantMalignant– ThyroidThyroid– Squamous cell carcinoma (SCAA)Squamous cell carcinoma (SCAA)– LymphomaLymphoma– SarcomaSarcoma– Salivary gland tumorsSalivary gland tumors– Metastasis:Metastasis:
• SCCA, adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated SCCA, adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, melanomacarcinoma, melanoma
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ManagementManagement
• 1 course of broad spectrum 1 course of broad spectrum antibioticsantibiotics
• Consider bloodwork and Consider bloodwork and imagingimaging
• REFERALREFERAL
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PearlsPearls
• Avoid excisional biopsiesAvoid excisional biopsies
• Use CT but consider MRI for Use CT but consider MRI for salivary gland problemssalivary gland problems
• Role of nonionizing ultrasoundRole of nonionizing ultrasound
–Like a stethoscope?Like a stethoscope?
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National Comprehensive Cancer National Comprehensive Cancer NetworkNetwork
• Use Use www.nccn.orgwww.nccn.org for evidence-based, for evidence-based, consensus guidelines for:consensus guidelines for:– StagingStaging– EvaluationEvaluation– ReferencesReferences– TreatmentTreatment– All sitesAll sites– Updated annually.Updated annually.