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Nebraska Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES)
Commercial Motor Vehicle Crashes in Nebraska, 1996-1999
Dan Christensen
Ming QuPrabhakar Dhungana
Nebraska Health and Human Services System
Definition
• CODES DBS: a database resulting from linking motor vehicle crash records (Crash), Emergency Medical Services records (EMS), Hospital Discharge records (HDD) and Death Certificates.
Definition (cont’d)• A Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV): Any truck
having at least 2 axles and 6 tires, any vehicle displaying a hazardous materials placard, or any bus designed to transport 16 or more passengers including the driver
• Current: A CMV is designated as any vehicle weighing more than 10,000 pounds, and/or designed to transport 16 or more passengers including the driver.
Definition (Con’d)
• Large Truck: Any truck having a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 10,000 pounds.
• Passenger Vehicle: Any passenger car, light truck, or van weighing 10,000 pounds or less.
Introduction– More than 5,000 deaths occur each year in CMV
crashes, accounting for about 13% of all the traffic deaths in the U.S.
– Another 142, 000 people were injured in crashes involving CMVs in 1999
– In 1999, the estimated average cost for CMV crashes was more than $75,000
– Reducing CMV crashes is a national highway safety priority
Purpose
• To understand the pattern and nature of crashes involving CMVs in Nebraska
• To establish a baseline for CMV crashes surveillance in Nebraska
Method• Descriptive analysis using four years of Nebraska
CODES data (1996 to 1999)
• Compare injury severity, hospital charges, and various pre-crash factors between crashes involving CMVs and crashes not involving CMVs
• Examine the differences in demographics and behaviors of drivers for two-vehicle crashes (one CMV and one passenger vehicle)
Results Of the 170,669 motor vehicle crashes that occurred
from 1996 to 1999 in Nebraska, 10,939 (6.4%) involved CMVs.
These CMVs involved-crashes accounted for: 6.0% (26,867) of all persons involved in crashes 6.1% (4,140) of all crash injuries 18.4% (225) of all crash deaths 9.9% ($7,907,361) of all motor vehicle crash related hospital
charges
Year
Miles Traveled (millions)
CMVs in Injury
Crashes
Injury- involvement Rate
CMVs in Fatal
Crashes
Fatal- involvement Rate
1996 1,913 695 36.3 52 2.7
1997* 2,000 756 37.8 45 2.3
1998 2,088 669 32.0 45 2.2
1999** 2,178 752 34.5 60 2.8
**Average of 1998 and 2000 VMT
Table 1
Vehicle miles estimates are produced bi-annually. *Average of 1996 and 1998 VMT
Involvement in Injury and Fatal Crashes and Involvement Rates for CMVs in Nebraska
Rates are per 100 million vehicle miles traveled.
Year
Miles Traveled (millions)
PVs in injury
crashes
Injury - Involvem
ent Rate
PVs in Fatal
Crashes
Fatal - Involvement Rate
1996 14,281 18,433 129.1 325 2.3
1997* 14,706 18,624 126.6 357 2.4
1998 15,131 19,300 127.6 371 2.5
1999** 15,293 19,608 128.2 341 2.2
** Average of 1998 and 2000 VMT *Average of 1996 and 1998 VMTVehicle miles estimates are produced bi-annually.
Table 2Involvement in Injury and Fatal Crashes and Involvement Rates for Non-CMVs in Nebraska
Rates are per 100 million vehicle miles traveled.
Median Inpatient Hospital Charge by Crash Type in Nebraska, 1996-1999
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1996 1997 1998 1999
year
Ho
spit
al c
har
ge
in $
CMV Involved
No CMV Involved
Occupant
Number of
Injuries% of
Injuries
Number of
Fatalities% of
Fatalities
CMVs 606 19.1 15 7.7
Non-CMVs 2,562 80.9 181 92.3
Total 3,168 100 196 100
Injuries and Fatalities in Multiple Vehicle Crashes Involving CMVs in Nebraska, 1996-1999
Table 3
Map 1
N=8,200
Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Type of Crash, Nebraska, 1996-1999
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
MID-3AM
3AM-6AM
6AM-9AM
9AM-NOON
NOON-3PM
3PM-6PM
6PM-9PM
9PM-MID
Pe
rce
nta
ge
CMV Involved N=188 No CMV involved N=828
Fatal Crashes by Day of the Week and Type of Crash, Nebraska, 1996-1999
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Pe
rce
nta
ge
CMV Involved N=189 No CMV involved N=859
Persons Involved 9,396 243,680 7,881
Percent Injured 20 12 4
Fatality Rate 15.4 1.4 0.4
Inpatients 175 1,126 11Median Charges
for Inpatients $12,572 $8,428 $8,497
* Restricted to crashes involving two vehicles
Fatality rate is per 1,000 persons involved.
Comparison of Outcomes for Passenger Vehicle Occupants and CMV Occupants Involved in Motor Vehicle Crashes*,
Nebraska 1996-1999
Outcome
Occupants of PVs involved in Crashes with CMV's
Occupants of PVs involved in Crashes with Other
PVs
Occupants of CMV's
involved in Crashes with
PVs
Figure 6Drivers Condition in Fatal Crashes by Type of Vehicle,
Nebraska, 1996-1999
99.2
65.2
0.8
27.3
0.0
7.6
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
CMV Driver Passenger VehicleDriver
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Unimpaired
Drinking
Other
Drivers responsible for crashes by crash severity, Nebraska 1996-1999
10%
47%
43%
Commercial MV Driver
Passenger VehicleDriver
No Contributing HumanFactor
40%
53%
7%
21%
78%
1%
PDO Injury
Fatal
Figure 8
Contributing Human factors in Injury Crashes by Type of Drivers, Nebraska 1996-1999
1112
1112
2
9 5
77
51
52
3
6047
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PVs' Driver CMVs' Driver
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Other Failure To Yield Speeding/Too Fast
Ran Stop Sign or Signal Following Too Close Drove Left of Center
Improper Overtaking None
Contributing Human in Fatal Crashes by Type of Drivers, Nebraska 1996-1999
49 5
23
2
9
7
11
2
0
1
23
1
3
78
22
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PVs' Drivers CMVs' Drivers
Perc
en
tag
e
Other Failure To Yield Speeding/Too Fast
Ran Stop Sign or Signal Following Too Close Drove Left of Center
Improper Overtaking None
Conclusions
• Crashes involving CMVs tended to be severe
• PV occupants were more likely to be injured or killed
when involved in crashes with CMVs
• PV Drivers were more likely responsible for crashes
involving CMVs
• CMV drivers were found to be impaired much less often
than PV drivers in both injury and fatal crashes
Recommendations
• Vehicle Modifications– Modify the structure of CMVs to make them
less likely to inflict injuries in collisions with other vehicles
– Make trucks more visible during night
– Improve truck braking system
• Enforcement
– Improve enforcement of existing laws against unsafe driving acts in the vicinity of CMVs.
– Enforcing following distance and vehicle speed
• Education and Training– Increase passenger driver education about the
differences between the performance of CMVs and passenger vehicles.
– Increase CMV driver education about passenger vehicle driver behaviors
– Develop CMV drivers training programs focused on defensive driving technique based on PV drivers’ unsafe driving habit.
– Train law enforcement officers about the hazards of unsafe driving acts in the vicinity of CMVs.
Acknowledgement
• NHTSA
• Nebraska Office of Highway Safety
• Nebraska CODES Advisory Committee