nebosh summary igc2-2
TRANSCRIPT
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
Element 1! Workplace Hazars an Control
Work In a Hot En"ironment
#Healt$ e%ects
Skin burns Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Headaches
Fainting
#&reca'tions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Cold drinks
!
Work in Col En"ironment
Healt$ e%ects
Hypothermia
Loss of concentration
Shi"ering
Frost bite
&reca'tions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time exposure
Hot drinks #nsulated clothing
Welare an En"ironment iss'es
#Welare
Su$cient toilets
%ashing facilities
!ating and changing facilities
Clothing storage
Seating
&est areas
Arrangements for non-smokers
#Workin( En"ironment
'emperature
(entilation
Lighting
&oom dimensions
Suitable )ork stations and seating
%eather protection for outdoor
)orkstations
)iolence at *ork
Occ'pations at risk
'axi dri"ers Hospitals
Schools
Cash transactions
Deli"ery* collection of money
#Control meas'res or "iolence at *ork
'raining and information
'he en"ironment Design of the +ob
Communication
Lone )orking
&eporting and recording incidents
Hazars to &eestrians
Slips, trips and falls on same le"el
Falls from Height
Collisions )ith mo"ing "ehicles
&reca'tions or accient on Staircases
&emo"al of obstructions
ro"ision of non-slip surfaces &eecti"e edging
Ade.uate lighting
!/ecti"e maintenance
0se of Signs
%idth
ro"ision of handrails
Dimensions treads and risers
Landings
Consider disabled persons
A"oid the need to carry hea"y ob+ects up and
do)n
Ca'ses o +ccients on *alk*a,s almostt$e same
+ccients on *alk*a,s on staircases
opposite o ao"e
Healt$ E%ects o &oor .i($tin(
!ye strain
Headaches
oor posture
'ripping o"er unseen ob+ects
#ncreased likelihood of human error
#ncreased time to "acate )ork area
/actors to Consier W$en +ssessin( +e0'ac, o
.i($tin(
'he tasks being undertaking
'he si1e and layout of the )ork area
'he e.uipment used
A"ailability of natural light
Shift times*)ork patterns
Suitable number of arti2cial light
Contrast le"els
3lare
Areas in shado)
4eed for locali1ed lighting
Maintenance of lighting Ade.uate emergency lighting
.aers
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
#Hazars in 'se
Falling o/
6"erreaching
Carrying up materials
0nsuitable ladders
Ladder not properly secured
#ncorrect angle
4ot reaching abo"e landing place
Aluminium ladders near electrical lines
oile o*er Sca%ol
#&reca'tions
!rected by competent persons
re use inspections
ositioned on 2rm ground
Correct height to base ratio 789 :5 inside,7:5 outside
0se of outriggers to broaden base
'ying in to ad+acent structure eople and materials remo"ed before
mo"ing
Handrails and toe boards
Suitable )ork platform
4ot o"erloaded
Hazars opposite o ao"e
oile Ele"atin( Work &latorms
Hazars
eople falling or being thro)n
Materials falling
Crushing bet)een carrier and a 2xed
structure
Collapse or o"ert'rnin( o EW& ca'se ,
!.uipment failure
0nsuitable ground conditions
Defecti"e or unused outriggers
6"erloading of the carrier
Struck by load
Struck by another "ehicle
#nterference )ith controls
&reca'tions opposite o ao"eS'spene access crales an platorms
&reca'tions
re- use inspection
Supports to building of ade.uate strength
Suitable maintained
Safe access and egress
4ot exceed safe )orking load
3uard rails and toe boards 2tted
Safety harness )orn
Limitations on use in strong )inds
E3ca"ations
#ain Hazars
0ndermining foundations
Collapse
0nderground ser"ices
ersons falling in
(ehicles close to edge
Access and egress
Ha1ardous atmospheres
Flooding Contamination
'ype of soil
&emo"al of soil
&reca'tions or +o"e opposite
#&reca'tions or 'ner(ro'n ser"ices
lan +ob
Locate cables
A"oid cables
Safe digging procedures
#Hazaro's o 4emolition 0nderground and o"er head ser"ices
Falls from height
Fall of materials
remature collapse
Health ha1ards
3ases and "apours
4oise
(ibration
#onising radiations
;iological ha1ards
&reca'tions opposite o ao"e pl's
!xclusion 1ones Safe method of demolition
!
Element 2! ransport Hazars an Control
eas'res
Hazars o /ork r'cks
6"erturning
6"erloading
Loss of loads
Collisions )ith other "ehicles
Collision )ith pedestrians
!xplosions and 2re
#W$, can tr'cks o"ert'rn
'ra"eling on gradients that are too steep
'ra"elling for)ards )hen descending slopes
6"erload or une"enly loaded
'ra"elling o"er soft or une"en ground
'ra"elling o"er slippery surfaces
'ra"elling too fast
Striking kerbs of other edges
Carrying loads at dangerous heights
o a"oi o"ert'rnin( opposite o ao"e
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
#&roce'res to ollo* *$en parkin( ork lit
tr'cks
ut gears in neutral position
Apply the handbrake
S)itch o/ engine
&emo"e key and keep it )ith the responsible
person*place Forks to be rested on the oor
Mast slightly for)ard
arked in the designated parking area makingsure it=s not blocking %alk)ays or exits8
#+itional $azars o electric ork tr'cks
Hydrogen gas released during safety charging
!lectricity problems
Manual handling of li.uids
Corrosi"e acids
'hey are .uit >eople may not hear themcoming?
4ri"er Selection
Suitable age
Medical examination
&outine medical checks at regular inter"als
Assessment after prolonged absences
Capable of 'raining
&efresher 'raining
#Saet, o peestrian in "e$icle mo"in( areas
Segregation
Suitable parking areas
A"oid re"ersing if possible
6ne- )ay systems A"oid sharp or blind bends
Su$ciently )ide entrances and gate)ays
(ision Aids
Speed limits
Signallers >;anksmen?
rotection from fumes
rotection from materials falling o/
High "isibility +ackets
Element 5! an'al an ec$anical Hanlin(
Hazars
#Er(onomics
'he study of the relationship bet)een )orkers andtheir en"ironment, )ork e.uipment and )ork task8
Work relate 6pper lim 4isorers 7W6.4s9
#Ca'ses I W6.4s
&epetiti"e 2nger, hand or arm mo"ements
')isting mo"ements
S.uee1ing
Hammering
ushing, pulling or reaching mo"ements
S,mptoms
4umbness in 2ngers
ains in hands or arms
&estriction of +oint mo"ement
Soft tissue s)elling
#/actors to Be Consiere 4'rin( isk
+ssessment
Force exerted
Fre.uency and duration of operation &epetition of mo"ement )ithout rest or
reco"ery
osture
Constraints on space
!n"ironment
Impro"e +o"e pl's
Mechanise task
0se correct tools and e.uipment
4ispla, Screen E0'ipment 74SEs9
#Healt$ E%ects
0pper limb pains and discomfort
!ye and eyesight e/ects
!pilepsy
&adiation e/ects in pregnant )omen
Fatigue and stress
Workstation e0'irements
Ade.uate lighting
Minimum noise
Ample legroom
Suitable screen at eye le"el
Suitable soft)are
@eyboard %ork surface
Suitable )ork chair
Footrest if necessary
Healt$ E%ects o emainin( Seate /or a .on(
ime
(ertebral and muscular damage
High blood pressure
Circulation problems
#S'itale Seat or Seentar, Workers
3ood lumbar support
3ood )idth and depth Ability to ad+ust seat back and height
Stable base
Ability to s)i"el
ro"ision of arm rests
#an'al Hanlin( In:'ries
!xternal: Cuts, bruises, contusions, abrasions,crush in+uries >Fractures?
#nternal: Muscle Strains, 'endon 'ears, Hernias,slipped disc >Disc prolapsed?
Hierarc$, to re'ce man'al $anlin( in:'ries
A"oid manual handling Assess
#mplement controls
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
Manual handling &isk Assessment >.IE?#.oa
%eight
Si1e
Shape
&igidity
Di$cult to grasp 0nstable
Sharp edges
Hot*Cold
#Ini"i'al
Sex
Stature
#ndi"idual capability
'raining
erson=s assessment of )on capability
#ask
Holding a)ay from trunk
')isting, Stooping
&eaching up)ards
Long "ertical mo"ement
Long carrying distances
Strenuous pushing or pulling
4umber of boxes needed to be lifted
>fre.uency of lifting?
&epetiti"e handling
#nsu$cient rest or reco"ery
%ork rate imposed by the process
#En"ironment
Constraints on posture oor oors
(ariations in le"els
Hot*Cold*humid conditions
oor lighting
#Correct an'al Hanlin( ec$ni0'e
Assess the load
Close to load as possible
Secure grip
Suitable feet position
;ack Straight
;end the knees Load close to the body
Smooth mo"ement
,pes o Crane
Mobile
'o)er
3antry
6"erhead
Cranes ma, ail eca'se o
6"erturning
6"erloading 0nsuitable support or inade.uate bases for
crane
Loss of load
Failure of load
Lack of maintenance
Failure of load bearing part
Cranes ma, O"ert'rn Beca'se o
oor road surfaces B soft, greasy, une"ensurfaces
oor en"ironmental factors such as lighting,
dust
Speeding
Lack of regular maintenance
Lack of dri"er competence
6"erloading of "ehicles
(ehicles carrying unstable loads
%ind
0nstable ground conditions
#Sae 6se o Cranes Suitable crane
Suitable crane conditions
0se of outriggers
A"oidance of obstructions
Care near o"erhead po)er lines
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle
Correct slinging techni.ue
Competent personnel
Load gear ground if tra"elling
3ood "isibility
3ood communications
Suitable storage for fuels etc
Hazars opposite o ao"e pl's6se o crane in $i($ *ins
#Emplo,ee Saet, 'rin( .itin(
'rained personnel
roperly trained e.uipment
!.uipment has had statutory inspections
%arning of lift taking place
4o employee to )alk under load
!nsure load is secure
S%L crane and tackle not exceeded
Lifted to correct height Mo"ed at appropriate speed
Ade.uate super"ision
Lifting Accessories >'ackle?
ain Hazars
6"er loading* used abo"e safe )orking load
#ncorrect use e8g8 too )ide an angle )ithchains
#nsecure attachment of load
Damage to tackle
#ncorrect slinging method
Failure to examine and inspect pre-use
#ncompetent sta/
&reca'tions opposite o ao"e
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
#Con"e,orsHazars &reca'tions
'rapping in dri"er
mechanisms
3uards, 4o looses clothing
'raps, 4ips,
Dra)ing in
op out, rollers, nip guards
Sharp edges !dge protection, eliminate
edges#tems +amming
con"eyor
Ade.uate design
Falling ob+ects !dge guards, barriers&iding or crossing
con"eyor
;ridges, complete enclosure
#mpact )ith ob+ects Helmets, adding
4oise Hearing protectionManual handling Mechanical handling!lectrical Ha1ards Suitable e.uipment
Element ;! Work E0'ipment Hazars an Control
#&reca'tions on aintenance o Work E0'ipment
0se of permit to )ork
#solation*locking o/
Dissipation of stored energy
Segregation
Safe means of access
0se of !
Competent personnel
!nsure safe en"ironment >allo) to cool?
#Hazars o aintenance Work Opposite o
ao"e pl's Chemical
;iological
Asbestos
Hot or Cold
ressure to complete )ork
#ec$anical Hazars o ac$iner, < 7ENICE9
Entanglement
raps >Also referred to as dra)ing in - shear-crush?
Impact
Contact >Also referred to as cutting-
stabbing- puncture? E+ection
Draw labelled diagrams of each one
#Non- ac$iner, Hazars o ac$iner,
Chemical*;iological Ha1ards
Dust and fumes
!rgonomics
!lectricity
Fire
!xplosion
Ha1ardous substances
Manual Handling 4oise
&adiation
Stability of Machine
'emperature of extremes
0ltra "iolet light
(ibration
G'ars - /I+
#/i3e G'ars
A physical barrier not connected to themachine controls )hich has no mo"ing partsand re.uires a tool to remo"e it8
#/i3e G'ars
+"anta(e
Minimal maintenance 4ot linked to6nly defeated by deliberate act 4o protection6nly "isual inspection Access to dan
May protect against other ha1ards e8g8
noise, dust, in+ection of materials
More di$cult t
access re.uire
'ends to be lefMay hamper "
#Interlockin( G'ar
Linked to the machine controls so that )hen
the machine is in a dangerous condition theguard cannot be opened or opening the guardcauses the machine to become safe8
#Interlockin( G'ar
+"anta(e
Allo) safe access for feeding materials #ncrease t
Con"enient to use Di$cult tLess likely to be deliberately defeated May need
Speeds up operations Compone
&egular mMay not f
Element =! Electrical Hazars Controls
ain Hazars o Electricit, 7BS+/E9
;urns
Shock
Arcing
Fire
!xplosions
Seconar, E%ects o Electricit, Fall from height
0nintentional mo"ement of machine
De-acti"ation of control measures
Loss of information
'hro) o/
#Healt$ e%ects o Electricit, on t$e Bo,
Damage to ner"ous system
#rregular heartbeat >2brillation?
#nternal ;urns
!xternal ;urns
Muscular contractions
Stopping breathing Stopping of the heart
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
#/actors In>'encin( Se"erit, o Electrical S$ock
(oltage
Current
'ime
Conducti"ity of resistance
ath of current through the body
!n"ironmental factors B )et conditions
Conducti"ity of the skin B )et or dry
#+ction on /inin( Someone In Contact Wit$
Electricit,
#solate the supply if possible B or remo"e
person from the supply using a non-conducti"e instrument
Summon help
3i"e 2rst- aid if able
&emain )ith casualty until emergency
ser"ices arri"e
Ca'ses o Electrical /ire #nade.uate circuits
6"erload circuits
#ncorrect fuses
Damaged insulation
Loose connections
Flammable materials too close to electricale.uipment
6"er heating of cables
#Saet, o &ortale Electrical +ppliances
#$e appliance
;attery operated Checked before use
Suitable selected e.uipment
roperly maintained e.uipment
#$e .ea
!nsure not run o"er by "ehicles
Dragged o"er rough ser"ices
'rapped in machinery
!xposed to hot surfaces or corrosi"echemicals
Continuous exing
#?oints@ Connections an pl'(s
Makeshift temporary connections
Leads getting pulled out
oor made connections
Fuse being replaced
;attery operated
#/'se
A )eak link designated to melt, breaking
the circuit at excessi"e currents
Circ'it Breakers
!lectromagnetic de"ice )hich perform the samefunction as fuses i8e8 break the circuit at excessi"e
current although slightly faster8
Eart$in(
!lectricity )ill al)ays try reach earth and earthingmeans pro"iding a path to earth lo)er than the humanbody8
Isolation
'he disconnection and separation of the electrical
e.uipment from e"ery source of electrical e.uipmentin such a )ay that the disconnection and separation issecure8
e'ce )olta(e S,stems
;y reducing the "oltage present system theconse.uences of electrical shock can be greatlyreduced8
esi'al C'rrent 4e"ices 7C49
#t compares the current o)ing into the system )iththe current o)ing out8 %hen the le"el di/ers by apresent "alue the &CD )ill open rapidly and interruptthe supply8
6ser C$ecks
!.uipment is of an appro"ed standard
%iring and casing are free from damage
Cables are correctly routed
Systems not o"erloaded
Correct fuses
lug properly )ired and gripped
Competent users
0sing reduced "oltage in )et conditions
0sing &CDS=s
OAce En"ironments
Suitable e.uipment manufactured to
appropriate standards
A"oid the use of trailing cables
A"oid multi- socket extensions
Control pri"ate electrical e.uipmentbrought from home
&eport defecti"e and damaged e.uipment
!nsure e/ecti"e heating
S)itch o/ o"ernight
'est appliances at regular inter"als
Element ! /ire Hazars an Control
#Ca'se o /ire
Arson
!lectrical faults
Misuse of electrical e.uipment
Smoker=s materials
6il*gas heating e.uipment and portableheaters
0nsafe storage of materials
0se of ammable li.uids or gases inunsuitable areas
%elding* hot )ork
Mechanical heat >Spark*friction?
#$e /ire rian(le!- /'el@ So'rce o i(nition@O3,(en
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
Saet, 6sin( t$e /ire rian(le!
&emo"e Fuel E star"e
&emo"e Heat E cool
&emo"e 6xygen E smot$er
/las$ &oint! - $e temperat're at *$ic$ a "apor(i"en o% , s'stance *ill i(nite *$en ro'($tto a so'rce o i(nition
#Classes o /ire!
+- Com'stile Soli 7Woo@ &aper Etc9B- /lammale .i0'is 7+lco$ol@ &etrol9C- /lammale Gases 7B'tane@ H,ro(en@&ropane94- etals 7a(nesi'm9/- Cookin( eia 7)e(etale Oil or +nimal /ats9
et$o o Heat ranser
#4irect Contact
'he ame and a combustible fuel are in direct contactand the fuel heats up and e"entually ignites8
#Con'ction
Heat tra"els )ithin a solid material >such as metal?from hotter to cooler parts
#aiation
Heat )a"es >infrared? is radiated through the aircausing heating of a material at a distance from the2re8
#Con"ectionHot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot andunburnt gases ceilings etc, and allo)s 2re to spreadfrom one room to another8
#/ire preca'tions to minimize t$e risk to people
in t$e e"ent o fre
Suitable Fire* smoke detection
#/ire +larms
Suitable
&egular testing
Contact )ith emergency ser"ices
#eans o Escape
'ra"el distances
Stair)ays
Fire doors
Signage
!mergency lighting
Assembly point
#eans o .i($tin( t$e /ire
Suitable extinguishers
roperly sited extinguishers
'raining in use of extinguishers
!xtinguishers properly maintained
#Emer(enc, E"ac'ation &roce'res
Fire marshals
Fore notices
Fire drills
&oll calls
ro"ision for disables
Element D! C$emical an Biolo(ical Healt$$azars an controls
ar(et Or(ans
A part of the body )hich sustains an ad"erse e/ect)hen it is exposed to or by contaminated by aparticular harmful agent8
E3amples! erc'r,@ lea t$e rain@ asestos@ammonia t$e l'n(s
#Bo, 4eenses a(ainst 4'st
'he hair and )etness of the nose
'he change of direction of the larynx
Snee1ing and coughing
'he hair cells in the respiratory tract
'ears and blinking of the eyes
4ermatitis
S,mptoms! Blisters@ In>ammation@ 4r,ness@eenin(@ Crackin( o skin
#&rotecti"e meas're a(ainst 4ermatitis
!liminate the substance
Substitution of the substance
;arrier creams,
3ood hygiene practices
!
#o'tes o Entr, in t$e Bo,
#nhalation
#ngestion
Absorption
Direct entry
#n+ection
#+c'te E%ects
Ad"erse health e/ects resulting from single or shortterm exposure to large .uantity of the harmful
substance, it is usually re"ersible e8g splashing acidonto the skin )ill gi"e an immediate reaction8
#C$ronic
Ad"erse health e/ects resulting from prolonged orrepeated exposure to small .uantities of the harmfulsubstance leading to a gradual often irre"ersiblee/ects e8g exposure to asbestos duct o"er many years)ill lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs-mesothelioma8
Classifcation o Hazaro's S'stances
Irritant
4on- corrosi"e substances )hich through immediate,prolonged or repeated contact )ith skin or mucousmembrane may cause inammation e8g etrol
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
Corrosi"e
Substance )hich on a contact )ith li"ing tissue maydestroy it by burning e8g8 acids
Harm'l
Substances )hich if s)allo)ed, inhaled or penetratethe skin may cause damage to health8
o3ic
A poisonous substance )hich in lo) .uantities maycause death, acute or chronic damage to health8
Carcino(enic
Substance )hich causes disorders to dell gro)th thatmay lead to cancer8
#Inormation on an'act'res Saet, 4ata
S$eets 7S4S9
#denti2cation of the substance
Manufactures information
Composition of the ingredients First-aid precautions
Fire-2ghting measures
Handling and storage
!
Disposal considerations
'ransport information
&egulatory information
#Gra Sample 7C$emical Stain4etector 'e9
+"anta(es
Lo) cost #naccurate
'akes little time ositioning of tube#mmediate result 6nly a snap shot
Little training #ne$cient#nformation during spillage Chemical use only3ood for coarse indication Substance speci2c
Hazaro's s'stance risk assessment = steps as
normal Control o $ealt$ $azars Eliminate or
e'ce , s'stit'tion
Isolate
'otal enclosure
Segregate the people
Control
!ngineering Control >L!(?
Maintenance of controls
Change the )ork pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
&&E
4iscipline
Emer(enc, controls or spilla(e@ air poll'tion
etc
(entilation systems alarmed
!
!mergency sho)ers, eye )ash facilities
;ooms, sa)dust, spillage procedures
!"acuation procedures
#solation of the area
!"acuation of the employee at risk
! for sta/ in"ol"ed in clear up
.ocal E3$a'st )entilation 7.E)9ain parts! Hoo@ 4'ctin(@ /ilter@ /an
4ra* sketc$ as pro"ie
#.E) ecomes ineAcient eca'se o
;locked 2lters
Lack of maintenance
osition of hood
0nauthori1ed alterations
;roken ducting
%ear of fan blades
#ncorrect settings
#ncreased contaminant le"el
#nade.uate design
Failure of operators to use it
C$eck opposite o ao"e
Specifc +(ents
#+mmonia
#s a colourless gas )ith a pungent odour8 #t is acorrosi"e and can cause irritation to the eyes upperrespiratory tract in small concentrations8 Largeconcentrations can cause blindness and uid in the
lungs8 !ye protection and respiratory essential8
#+sestos
ain t,pes! - Bl'e@ Bro*n an W$ite4iseases! +sestos@ .'n( Cancer@ esot$elioma
6ses
ipe lagging
%all and roof panels
Ceiling tiles
'extured coatings
#nsulation materials
3askets
;rake linings
Caron 4io3ie
Colourless and odourless gas that is hea"ier than air8Lo) le"els increases the rate of respiration and highdepress the rate of respiration leading tounconsciousness and e"en death8 roduced infermentation process e8g bre)eries8
Caron ono3ie
Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas8 Found)here incomplete combustion occurs e8g boilers,"ehicle exhausts8
#nhalation of the gas results in headache, dro)siness,ushed Gpink= appearance and ultimately asphyxiation8
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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars
C$lorine
A greenish toxic gas )ith a pungent smell )hich ishighly irritant to the respiratory system8
4'sts
4uisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis,emphysema, and conditions such as asbestos, silicosis8
#4'st Ientifcation
(isual signs of dust
Dust lamps
Static or personal sampling
Health sur"eillance
#Control eas'res or 4'st
!limination
Substitution e8g8 pellets instead of po)ers
!nclosure of the process
Local exhaust "entilation
(acuuming instead of s)eeping
Damping do)n
Limiting time of exposure
Limiting numbers exposed
&espiratory protecti"e e.uipment
.ea
A hea"y, soft and easily )orked metal8 Can enter bodyby eating contaminated food but usually by breathingfumes or dust8
Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches,e/ects on the ner"ous system sometimes death inser"e cases8
#Or(anic sol"ents
'hese dissol"e other substances and are also used ascleaning and degreasing agents8 'hey are "olatile ande"aporate .uickly at room temperature so their"apours can be dra)n into the lungs8Acute e/ects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat andlungs8 !/ects may be headaches, nausea, di11inessand loss of consciousness and in extreme cases indeath8
Isoc,anates
6rganic compounds )idely used in industry forproducts such as spray painting of "ehicles and
production of polyurethane rubbers and foams8
#nammation of the nasal passages and throat canlead to asthma8
Silica
Found in sand, granite etc8 and the health ha1ardcomes from breathing it in )hich can lead to the lungdisease silicosis8
Biolo(ical +(ents
.eptospirosis or Weils isease
;acteria found in the urine of female rats and the most
common source is in ri"er )ater, se)ers etc8 !ntersthe body through puncture of the skin or ingestion8Attacks the kidneys and li"er causing hightemperatures and may be fatal8
.e(ionella
An airbone bacterium found in )ater sources such ascooling to)ers, stagnant )ater etc8 #t is caused byinhalation of airbone droplets of )ater containing thelegionalla bactieria leading to a form of pneumonia e8i8breathing di$culties, high temperature and possibledeath8 'hose at greatest risk are middle aged smokers
or elderly people )ith chest problems8 Controlmeasures in"ol"e temperature control and monitoring,a"oiding Gdead legsI legs in pipe)ork, biocidetreatment and e/ecti"e cleaning and maintenance8
Hepatitis
A disease of the li"er and can cause hightemperatures, nausea and +aundice8 #t is caused byha1ardous substances or a "irus8 Health )orkers andthose handling bodily uids are most at risk8 'hecontrol measures in"ol"e inoculation and good hygienepractices8
#Control eas'res or Biolo(ical Hazars
Cleaning and disinfection %ater treatment
(ermin control
Containment of the biological agent
A"oidance of sharp implements
roper disposal of contaminated )aste
#mmuni1ation
ersonal Hygiene
!
#Waste o Stora(e
Su$cient storage area
Clearly the label the storage area
!nsure storage area secure
rotect storage area )ith bunds etc8
Store di/erent types of )aste separately
4e"er store incompatible )aste together
Select appropriate containers
@eep .uantities of )aste to a minimum
rotect )aste from the elements
Element 8! &$,sical an &s,c$olo(ical Hazars
Noise
Noise erminolo(, Fre.uency: 'he number of )a"e fronts
assign a point in one second measured inHert1
#ntensity: the loudness of the noise
Decibel: 'he sound pressure le"el
F+ Wei($tin(! + flter in t$e noisemeter t$at e0'ates t$e noise to $o*t$e $'man ear percei"es t$e noise
Hearin( 4ama(e
+c'te
Stress 4oise ind'emporary threshold shift ermane
'emporary tinnitus ermane;last deafness rebyacu
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Noise Control
So'rce
Design
Damping
#solate Maintenance
&at$
Screens and barriers
!nclosure
Absorption
Silencer
$e &erson
Distance
'ime exposed
#nformation and training
.imitation on &ersonal Hearin( &rotection
4ot )orn correctly
4ot lifted correctly
4ot properly maintained
0ncomfortable or incon"enient to )ear
4eeds constant management commitment
May introduce secondary risks
#/actors a%ectin( t$e c$oice o &ersonal Hearin(
&rotection
!ase of monitoring
Compatibility )ith other !
Hygiene Cost
Kuality and performance
Comfort
!ase of use
'raining re.uired
Disposable or reusable
#+"anta(es an 4isa"anta(es o &ersonal
Hearin( &rotection
Ear pl'(s Ear '%s
Ad"antage Ad"antageCheap Comfort
Disposable B hygienic !asy to monitor usage4o #nterference other ! &eusable
Disad"antage Disad"antage
0ncomfortable !xpensi"eDi$cult to monitor usage Hygiene #ssues
'raining re.uired #nterferes )ith other !
Han +rm )iration
#Healt$ E%ects
'ingling in the hands extremities
4umbness and blanching of the 2ngers
S)ollen painful +oints
&eduction in manual dexterity &eduction in the sensation of touch
#Control eas'res
#Elimination
#e'ce t$e 4e(ree o )iration
Select lo) "ibration e.uipment
Select ergonomically designed e.uipment
Maintenance of e.uipment
&educe grip and push force )ith )orke.uipment
&educe the time )orkers exposed
#ntroduce health sur"eillance
3lo"e and heated pads
#nformation and training on the nature ofrisks
#aiation#Non- lonisin(
,pe
#nfrared Heating and bra1ing
Lasers Cutting, bar code reader
Micro)a"es Food preparation, signal0ltra- "iolet %elding
#Healt$ E%ects
;urns
&eddening of the skin
Cataracts
Arc !ye
'emporary sterility
#Ionizin( raiation,pe 6se in in'str,
Alpha Smoke detectors
;eta 'hickness testing3amma 4on- destructi"e testing-ray Medical4eutron ;y product nuclear 2ssion
+c'te e%ects rom $i($
ose
C$ronic e%ects
&eddening of the skin Cancers
&adiation sickness,
nausea, "omiting, diarrhea
Sterility
Hair loss Hereditary defectsDeath !/ects on unborn
children
Death
#Control meas'res
'ime
Distance
Shielding
#Ot$ers
!
!n"ironment and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
3od hygiene practices
'raining and super"ision
Stress
&$,sical E%ects
Headaches #ncrease a
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Aching neck and shoulders #rritabilitySkin rashes Sudden mood changesrone to infections #nability to cope
anic attacks &educes )ork outputanic attacks &educed )ork output
&aised heart rate #ncreased use of alcohol ,etc#ncreased blood pressure oor sleep patternsHeart disease
Stomach ulcers
#Ca'se o stress
Culture
Demands
Control
&elationships
Change
&ole
#ndi"idual
!n"ironment
Control eas're or Stress
Selecting suitable employees
'raining
Clearly de2ned roles Clearly )ork ob+ecti"es
Comfortable )orking en"ironment
3ood line of communication
&ealistic )ork schedules
!mployee in"ol"ement
3rie"ance procedure
#mpartial in"estigation of stress
Management support
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