nebosh igc2 refresher course notes and answers
DESCRIPTION
Nebosh igc2 refresher course notes and answers: summary of all knowledge for IGC2TRANSCRIPT
1
© RRC Training
NEBOSH International General Certificate (IGC) in
Occupational Safety and Health
Revision Workshops – Day 2
Mr. Bernard ColganB.A. (Soc Sci) A.D. (Hlth Policy) RN, RM, Dip WHS, Cert 1V TAE, HRIS
Integrated Safety Solution Pte Ltd
© RRC Training
© RRC Training
• Attendance Sheets
• Key Objectives
• Roles
• Assessment
• Evaluations
• Right of review
WELCOME
© RRC Training www.safetyiss.com
• Training facilities
• Alarm System and Muster point
• Safety Share
• Ablutions
• Refreshments / Breaks
Housekeeping and Safety
© RRC Training www.safetyiss.com
• Mobile phones
• Laptops – Emails etc.
• Computer Access
• Privacy
• Questions
Code of conduct
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Exam question focus
1. Explain the risk factors and appropriate controls for:• violence at work• substance misuse;• safe movement of people • safe construction and demolition work• safe work at height• excavations
2
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Exam question focus
1. Outline common health, welfare and work environment requirements in the workplace
© RRC Training
List common workplace health, welfare & environment requirementsMinimum Standards
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Exposure to extremes of temperatureDescribe some of the health issues associated with working in extreme environments?
Hot environments:• Dehydration• Muscle cramps• Heat stress
• Lethargy• Headaches• Fainting
• Heat exhaustion• Heat stroke• Burns, cancer, etc.
Cold environments:• Hypothermia• Lethargy• Frostbite• Slip hazards• Freeze burns injuries
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Hot environments:• Ventilation• Insulate/shield heat sources• Provide cool refuges• Drinking water• Frequent breaks• Job rotation• Appropriate clothing
Control MeasuresCold environments:• Prevent or protect from draughts• Shield/lag cold surfaces• PPE - insulating• Provide warm refuges• Frequent breaks• Job rotation• Access to warm food and drinks• Treat icy floors
Exposure to extremes of temperature
© RRC Training
• Minimum levels achieved (Lux)• Natural light is best• Lighting adjusted to the level of detail required • Local lighting may be necessary• No reflections or glare• No creation of shadows • No flickering• Suitable for the environment, e.g. flame proof• Emergency lighting should be provided
Lighting – Minimum Standards
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Violence in the workplaceDefine work-related violence: Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work
Workplace violence: An act of aggression, physical assault, or threatening behavior that occurs in a work setting and causes physical or emotional harm to customers, coworkers, or managers.
Broad definitions of workplace violence also often include acts of sabotage on work-site property.
Aggression: Feelings of anger or antipathy resulting in hostile or violent behaviour; readiness to attack or confront.
What is the difference between violence and aggression?
3
© RRC Training
Violence in the workplaceWhat occupations are most at risk of violence and why?
• Cash handling
• Lone working• Representing authority • Wearing a uniform• Dealing with people under stress • Dealing with people under the
influence of alcohol or drugs• Censuring or saying "no"
• Hospital A&E staff• Police• Social workers• Bus and taxi drivers
• Firefighters and paramedics• Traffic wardens• Railway staff• Estate agents
© RRC Training
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence of workplace violence.
Central Office• Zero tolerance and
prosecution• Security staff• CCTV• Security doors• Minimise queues and waiting
times• Training• Screens• Panic alarms• Pleasant environment
Conducting home visits:• No work in high risk areas• Incident records• Vetting customers• Visit-logging• Pre- and post-visit
communications• Training• Communication• No visits after dark• Not carrying cash or valuables
© RRC Training
Outline some of the main symptoms that would indicate an employee may be affected by alcohol and drugs of abuse? How would these affect the workplace?
Substance Misuse at Work
General symptoms:• Late attendance• Increased absenteeism• Poor work quality• Reduced output• Dishonesty• Theft• Mood swings• Poor relationships
Effects on safety performance:
• Sensory impairment• Skewed perception• Impaired motor control• Fatigue and drowsinessIncreased risk for:• Driving• Operating machinery• Making decisions
© RRC Training
List some of the control measures that might reduce the incidence and effects of drugs and alcohol in the workplace.
Drugs and alcohol policy:• Present for work fit for duty!• No alcohol at work or during working hours• Statutory legal requirements • Non-statutory requirements set by the employer• Random drugs and alcohol testing • Access for workers to rehabilitation and treatment • Disciplinary procedures • Information, instruction and training of managers,
supervisors and workers
© RRC Training
• Slips, trips and falls on the same level• Falls from height• Collision with moving vehicles• Striking by moving, flying or falling
objects• Striking against fixed or stationary
objects
Identify some of the major hazards that involve the movement of people within the workplace.
© RRC Training
Describe the difference (and provide an example) between a slip hazard and a trip hazard.• Slip hazard • A slip hazard is anything that causes a person to lose one's footing
and slide unintentionally for a short distance;
Example: Smooth floor / surface , Inherently slippery, wet, Contamination on the floor or surface, Frost and ice
Hazards involving the movement of people
• Trip hazard • A trip hazard is something that causes a person to catch one's foot on
and stumble or fall.
Example: Uneven or loose floor surfaces, Trailing cables, Objects left on the floor.
4
© RRC Training
Hazards involving the movement of people3. Flying objects• Ejected parts or materials• Thrown objects
4. Falling objects• Loads falling from height• Objects dislodged from height• Effect of weather conditions• Unstable objects2. Vehicle Hazards
• Pedestrian walkways that require pedestrians to walk in vehicle traffic routes
• Pedestrian crossing points• Exits that open onto vehicle traffic
routes• Areas where people have to work
adjacent to moving vehicles
5. Fixed or Stationary Objects• Objects projecting into a pedestrian
area, e.g. pallets into a walkway• Narrow doorways• Low overhead services, etc.
1. Falls from height Hazards:• Working next to an unprotected edge• Working on fragile material above a drop• Using access equipment• Using ladders• Standing on objects to reach high levels
© RRC Training
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving the movement of people in the workplace.
Slip-resistant surfaces will depend upon the:
• Number of people• Footwear• Wear and tear• Spills and contamination• Environmental conditions
Spillage and Drainage Control:• Maintenance and inspection• Behavioural controls, e.g.
banning drinks• Drainage for:• outdoor walkways• wet floors, e.g. showers
Risk assessment, considering:
• Normal patterns of movement• Predictable/abnormal
movements• Accident history• Adverse weather conditions• Maintenance requirements
Management principles:Eliminate the hazard• Create a safe place• Create a safe person
© RRC Training
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving the movement of people in the workplace.
Fencing and Guarding:• Guard rails:
− pedestrian walkways− edge protection
• Perimeter fencing, e.g. construction sites
• Temporary fencing around hazards
Designated Walkways• Essential in many workplaces• Ensures that:
− Pedestrians stay within designated areas− Pedestrian areas are free of hazards
• Designated by:− Guardrails, kerbs, pavements, markings
© RRC Training
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving the movement of people in the workplace.
Information, instruction and training on:• Hazards• What is required of them• How they can apply it.• Supervision is essential
Ensures correct behaviour
Use of Signs and PPE:• Prohibit access• Warn of hazards• Make PPE mandatory• Indicate safe conditions
© RRC Training
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving the movement of people in the workplace.
Maintenance of pedestrian routes:• Floors and walkways cleaned• Spill procedure• Housekeeping• Repairs carried out• Emergency exits kept clear• Lighting• Noise levels minimised
− Why??
© RRC Training
1. What are the main hazards when carrying out
construction?
2. Describe the steps in the hierarchy of control when
working at height?
3. List the main safety precautions when using ladders?
4. Explain what factors might contribute the collapse of an
independent tied scaffold?
Sample Question focus
5
© RRC Training
Construction includes:• Building works• Renovations• Maintenance activities• Demolition work
Main Construction Hazards• Working at height• Stacking of materials and
flammable substances• Storage of materials• Storage of flammable
substances • Machinery and vehicles• Site security• Electrical safety• Excavations• Worker s and Contractor skills
and competency.
• Covered by ILO standards:− Safety and Health in Construction
Convention 1988 (C167)− Safety and Health in Construction
Recommendation 1988 (R175)
Storage of Materials• Storage areas should be clearly
identified• Separate areas should be used
for separate items • Segregation of certain materials
and substances • Areas should be kept clean and
tidy and routinely inspected• Appropriate warning signs
should be displayed • Storage areas not used for other
work
What are the main hazards involved on construction sites?List some of the hazards that will reduce the incidence involving Constructionhazards workplaces.
© RRC Training
Working at any height where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury:• Steel workers, scaffolders, roofers,
engineers, welders, maintenance staff, painters, window cleaners
• Main risks:– worker falling– object falling
• Accidents:– death– neck or spinal injury– broken bones
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
• Falls from any height can cause injury
• Vertical distance is only one factor
• Falls less than 2 metres can cause death or major injury!
Fragile roofs: • Roof structure not designed to
carry loads• Cement, asbestos, glass,
reinforced plastics, etc.• Signs• Roof ladders and crawling
boards
Sloping roofs:• Pitch (camber) greater than 10• Injury made worse by
acceleration down roof
© RRC Training
STACKING• Each stack should be of one
material only• A maximum stack height must
be set • Stacks should be vertical• Pallets should be used to keep
material off the ground• Sufficient space must be
allowedaround stacks for safe movement
• Stacks must be protected from being struck by plant
STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES• Liquids, solids and gases in separate
stores• Oxygen stored separately • External stores away from buildings,
drains or excavations• Internal stores constructed of fire-
resistant materials and ventilated• Large stores should have 2 means of
escape• Stores suitably signed• Hot works prohibited near storage area• Correctly rated electrical equipment• Fire-fighting equipment• Stores regularly inspected
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
© RRC Training
Machinery Hazards:
• Contact with moving parts
• Ejection of materials
• Noise and vibration
Controls:• Guarding
• Maintenance
• Proper use
• Competent users
• PPE
• Supervision
Vehicles Hazards: • Overturning of vehicles
• Collision with pedestrians
• Collision with structures
Controls:• Site layout
• Routes for pedestrians/vehicles
• Warning signs
• Maintenance, proper use
• Competent drivers
• Movements supervised e.g. banksman for reversing
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
© RRC Training
Dumper Trucks• Collision with structures and
pedestrians• Overturning on slopes and
edge of excavations• Poorly maintained braking
systems• Unauthorised use
Cement Mixers• Entanglement with rotating
drum, internal blades• Entrapment by belt drives• Dry cement dust and wet
cement burns• Exposure to fuel vapours• Noise and vibration• Overturning
Forklift Trucks• Collision with structures and
pedestrians• Obscured visibility especially
when reversing
• Noise and vibration
• Overturning
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
© RRC Training
Site Security• Public taking short cuts
• Public right of way
• Thieves
• Children
• Perimeter fence and signs
• Secure gates
• Security staff
• Good lighting
• CCTV cameras and/or site alarm
• Secure all portable equipment
• Remove ladders from scaffolds
• Secure all chemicals
• Secure all mobile plant
• Cover or barrier off excavations
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
6
© RRC Training
Electrical Hazards • Contact with overhead
power lines• Contact with buried
servicesDon't forget, direct contact isn't necessary: electricity can arc !
Overhead Power Lines• Isolating the power supply • Using SSW and permit
systems • Sleeve low voltage power
lines• Using barriers, signage
and goal-posts • Using banksmen• Using non-conducting
equipment
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
© RRC Training
Factors to check:• Health and Safety Policy
• Risk assessment
• Qualifications of staff
• Membership of professional associations
• Maintenance records
• Previous clients
• Accident history
• Enforcement actions
• Adequate resources
Selecting ContractorsMain Contractor:• Controls all activities• Sets site rules • Manages sub-contractors• Approves method statements• Agrees changes
List the main hazards involved on construction sites?
© RRC Training
• Deterioration of materials• Unprotected edges• Unstable access equipment• Weather• Falling materials
– crumbling brickwork, loose tiles
– bad storage of materials on scaffolding
– gaps in platform surfaces– open, unprotected edges– incorrect methods of getting
materialsto and from roof
Risk Factors
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving Construction hazards workplaces.
will depend upon:• Nature and duration of task• Competence• Training• Planning and supervision• Suitability of equipment,
maintenance• Working platforms• PPE, e.g. harnesses and
helmets• Fall arrest systems• Weather• Health of workers• Compliance with regulations
Control measures
© RRC Training
Risk Prevention Hierarchy:• Avoid work at height• Prevent falls• Minimise the distance and
consequences
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving Construction hazards workplaces.
Avoidance of Work at Height• Modify the work process
− E.g. work from ground level
• Modifying a design− E.g. change design of structure
so that steel is erected at ground level and craned into place
• May not be possible to achieveMinimise distance of fall by:• Providing fall arrest
equipment E.g. harness and lanyard
• Minimise consequences of fall by:
• Providing a “soft landing” E.g. safety nets, air bags, etc.
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Demolition includes:• Total destruction• Dismantling of structures
Hazards:• Premature collapse• Work at height• Plant, vehicles, machinery• Live overheads• Buried services• Asbestos• Dust• Explosives• Biological hazards• Sharps• Manual handling
Demolition Controls• Choice of method to exclude
people• Structural surveys• Disconnection of services• Removal and disposal of
hazardous materials• Security for the site• Camping down to minimise
dust
Construction Management Principal duty holders:• Client• Designer/architect• Main contractor• Sub-contractor• Co-ordinator (health and safety aspects)
List the main hazards involved on Demolition sites?What controls can be put in place to mitigate the risks?
© RRC Training
Guardrails:• Fully enclose the
unprotected edge• Robust• Securely fixed• High enough• No large gaps
Toe-boards• Toe-board fitted at edge• Brick-guards
Prevention of Falling Materials
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving Construction hazards workplaces.
Providing a safe working platform e.g. scaffold with guardrailsProperly installed personnel equipment e.g. rope access equipment
7
© RRC Training
Ladders - Short duration workHazards:• Falls from height:
– Falling off the ladder– The ladder toppling sideways– The ladder base slipping out
from the wall• Objects falling from height• Contact with live overheads
Controls• Sited away from live overheads• Solid, flat base• Hands on stiles, never on rungs• Correct angle (1:4 rule – 75o)• Top of the ladder against solid
support• Ladder secured at the top, or:– guy ropes attached or,– ladder should be “footed” • Top of the ladder should extend
above working platform• Only one person on ladder at any
one time• Nothing should be carried while
climbing• Wooden ladders should not be
painted
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving Construction hazards workplaces.
© RRC Training
Stepladders• Intended for short duration,
light work• Precautions:
− Daily inspections before use
− Fully open− Locking devices in place− Firm, level ground− Don’t work off top 2
steps− Avoid over reaching− Avoid side-on working
Trestles and Staging Platforms
Ensure trestles are:• Large enough to allow
passage of equipment/materials
• Free from trip hazards and gaps
• Fitted with toe boards and handrails
• Kept clean and tidy• Not overloaded• Erected on firm, level
ground
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving Construction hazards workplaces.
© RRC Training
Hazards of Excavations• Collapse• Striking buried services• People falling in• Objects falling in:
– vehicles– spoil– adjacent structures
• Flooding• Hazardous substances
– gases and vapours– contaminated ground
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving workplace Excavation hazards.
Precautions:Preventing people from falling:
• Barriers and toe boards• Good lighting and signs• Crossing points• Access ladders• Ladders to extend 5 rungs above edge of
excavationPreventing material / vehicles from falling in:• Spoil heaps away from excavation• Barriers and signs• Stop-barriers (especially for reversing
vehicles)• Minimise vehicles close to unsupported
excavations• Hard hats, steel toe caps
© RRC Training
Preventing people from falling:• Barriers and toeboards• Good lighting and signs• Crossing points• Access ladders• Ladders to extend 5
rungs above edge of excavation
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence involving workplace Excavation hazards.
Preventing material and vehicles from falling in:• Spoil heaps away from
excavation• Barriers and signs• Stop-barriers (especially for
reversing vehicles)• Minimise vehicles close to
unsupported excavations• Hard hats, steel toe capsPrevent striking buried services
• Plans of the area• Detection equipment, e.g.
– metal detectors– cable detectors– ground radar
• Hand digging• Identification, support
where necessary• Mechanical digging
Inspection by a competent person:• Before every work shift• After any accidental fall of material• After any event likely to affect
strength and stability
© RRC Training
Precautions –Prevention of Collapse
Shoring
Battering
Trench box© RRC Training
Basic Components of Independent Tied Scaffolds
Standards – Uprights or vertical tubes
Ledgers – Horizontal tubes
Transoms – Short horizontal tubes spanning across ledgers
Bracing – Diagonal tubes
Base plates – Underneath the standards
Sole boards – Timber under base plates
Work platform – Fully boarded
Guardrails – Enclose work platform
Toe-boards – provide lip to platform
8
© RRC Training
Independent Tied Scaffold
© RRC Training
Independent Tied Scaffold
Side view
Front view
© RRC Training
Scaffold Ties
Through tie Scaffold tube extends into the building through the opening
Reveal tie Scaffold tube iscoupled to a reveal pin wedged tightly across an opening
© RRC Training
Suggest reasons why a scaffold may collapse
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.
• Overloaded work platform
• Soft ground• Scaffold not tied in• Insufficient bracing • Standards not upright • Standards bent or
damaged
• High winds• Incorrect couplers• Scaffold struck by mobile
plant• Scaffold erected by
incompetent workers• Scaffold not inspected prior
to use
Key Scaffold Hazards• Falls from scaffold during erection• Falls from work platform• Falling objects• Collapse
© RRC Training
Inspection• Often a legal requirement to inspect
− When first erected− After substantial alterations− After incident affecting stability
Such as?
− Periodically
Points to consider:• Condition of tubes (especially standards)• Tying and bracing• Condition of the work platform• Edge protection• Ground conditions• Safe access• Safe working load
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.
© RRC Training
Controls:• Guardrails• Not overloaded• Wheels locked• Firm, level ground• People, materials off mobile • tower when moved• Avoid overheads• Outriggers used• No climbing outside of
tower• Training
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Mobile Tower Scaffolds.
Hazards:• Falls from the work
platform• Objects falling• Collapse of the structure• Overturn (toppling)• Unintended movement of
the wheels• Contact with live
overheads
9
© RRC Training
Hazards:• Falls• Objects falling• Collapse• Overturn (toppling)• Contact with live
overheads• Unauthorised use
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Mobile Elevated Work Platforms.
Precautions:• Firm, stable ground• Clearance of obstructions
and overheads• Barriers to exclude
vehicles, etc.• Guardrails• Controls inside the cradle• Not driven with the cradle
raised • Not be overloaded• Inspected • Trained, authorised staff
© RRC Training
• Barrier fixed to existing structure• Temporary often constructed of scaffold• Can be a permanent solution• Must be robust enough to withstand person falling
against it
Edge Protection Systems
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Working at height.
Head Protection - Working at height:• Mandatory wearing of hard hats• Do not protect against all falling objects• Additional control measure
© RRC Training
• Reasonably foreseeable events• Simple:
e.g. putting up a ladder• Mechanical access:
e.g. mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)• Trained operatives
Emergency Rescue
© RRC Training
• Training depends upon nature of work• To include:
− Awareness of hazards, e.g. fragile materials
• Additional training for some equipment− Erecting/modifying scaffold− Driving MEWPS
Training
© RRC Training
NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health
Transport Hazards and Risk Control
• Explain the main hazards and control measures for the safe movement of vehicles in the workplace
• Outline factors associated with the long distance truck driver that increase the risk of an incident and the control measures to reduce work-related driving risks
© RRC Training
• Manage driving like any other hazard
• Policy• Responsibility• Organisation• Systems• Monitoring
Managing Work-Related Driving Risk
10
© RRC Training
List some of the factors that will need to be consider when you need to consider carrying out a risk assessment for work-related driving tasks
Risk Assessment1. Identify the hazards
– journey– vehicle– driver
2. Identify who may be harmed3. Evaluate the risks
– Eliminate the need to travel– Travel by a safer means– If road travel, take sensible
precautions4. Record the findings5. Review
© RRC Training
Main Hazards arise from:• Loss of control – due to mechanical or
environmental reasons• Overturning – laterally or longitudinally• Collisions with other vehicles• Collisions with pedestrians and fixed objects• Driver error may cause or compound each of
these hazards• Driver fatigue• Vehicle Maintenance
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.
Factors that can cause loss of control:• Driver error, e.g. driving too fast• Environmental conditions, e.g. mud on the
road• Mechanical failure, e.g. brakes fail• skid• collision• overturn of the vehicle
© RRC Training
• Loadinge.g. manual and mechanical
• Unloadinge.g. tipping operations, etc.
• Securinge.g. to sheet a lorry
• Couplinge.g. attaching trailers
• Maintenance worke.g. working at height
Non-Movement Hazards
List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.
• Eliminate the hazard• Create a safe place• Create a safe person
Risk Assessment:• identify the hazards• identify the groups at risk• evaluate the risk• record and implement• review
Control Strategies
© RRC Training
• Vehicle-free zones• Pedestrian-free zones• Traffic route layout• Segregation• Marked walkways• Separate access points• Good visibility• High-visibility clothing• Signage• Maintained roads/pathways• Avoid gradients
List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence of injury involving Vehicle Operations in the workplace.
© RRC Training
The vehicle• Suitable for their intended use• Suitable for the environment and
conditions• Maintained in safe working order• Only driven by suitably trained,
qualified staff• Inspected routinely before use• Fitted (if necessary) with:• Seat for the driver (and any
passengers)• Seat belt• Roll bar or roll cage• Guard to protect the driver in the
event of falling objects• Horn• Audible reversing alarm• Beacon or flashing light
Describe the factors that minimise the risk of the likelihood of being involved in a road traffic accident?
The driver should be:• Competent to drive the vehicle• Medically fit to drive• Provided with specific
information, instructionand training
• Supervised
Pre-journey checks • Tyre pressure• Parking brakes and servicing• Steering• Fuel, oil and water systems leak
free• Batteries and chargers• Lifting and tilting
systems/hydraulics• Audible warning, Lights,
Mirrors © RRC Training
The Driver • Competency
− Drivers license checked− Experience and ability
• Training− Advanced or defensive driving
courses− Vehicle safety, pre use
inspection
• Fitness and health− medical examination − eyesight checks− drugs policy
“Drivers should be competent, trained and healthy to drive. “ Suggest some workplace controls to reduce the risk of accidents.
The Vehicle• Suitability
− Minimum requirements, standards
− Insurance and MOT if private vehicles used
• Condition− Maintained − Pre-use inspections− Defect reporting
11
© RRC Training
• Routes− Avoid hazards, e.g.
town centres− Select low risk roads,
e.g. motorways− Avoid roadworks
• Scheduling − Avoid peak times− Avoid fatigue times,
e.g. 2-6 am, 2-4 pm− Flexible deadlines
When planning a journey what precautions could be taken to reduce the risk of accidents?
• Time− Realistic, e.g. route,
weather, breaks− Rest breaks− Statutory requirements,
e.g. Lorry drivers (HGV)• Distance
− Use other transport− Not excessive
• Weather conditions− Reliable weather forecasts− No driving/additional
safety advice in bad weather
© RRC Training
Factors that can increase the risk of forklift collisions:• Driving too fast• Inadequate lighting• Reversing without the help of a banksman• Blind spots, such as corners and entrances• Bad weather conditions (e.g. rain)• Obstructed visibility (e.g. overloaded forklift truck)• Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points• Lack of vehicle maintenance• Fit for duty – incl. Lack of quality sleep
List some of the hazards and risks that will contribute to an incident involving forklift collisions.
Collisions can occur between the vehicle and:• Other vehicles• Pedestrians• Fixed objects• Entrance and exit points of particular concern:
– bottlenecking of vehicles– blind spots– change in lighting levels
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Factors that can cause a FLT to overturn:• Cornering whilst being driven too fast• Uneven loading of the forks• Driving over potholes• Driving with the load elevated,
especially cornering• Uneven tyre pressures• Driving across a slope (rather than
straight up/down the fall line)• Excessive braking• Collisions, especially with kerbs
List some of the hazards and control measures that will contribute toward a forklift turnover incident.
© RRC Training
FOCUS QUESTIONSMusculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control
• Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper
limb disorders (WRULDs) in a factory workplace and
• Describe some of the appropriate control measures to minimise WURLDs.
• Explain the hazards and control measures which should be considered when
assessing risks from manual handling activities
• Explain the hazards, precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of
lifting and moving equipment… manual…
• Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the
use of lifting and moving equipment… mechanical..
© RRC Training
• What control measures could you suggest to reduce
the risk of ergonomic injuries on a factory assembly
line?
• What factors relating to the task increase the risk of
musculo-skeletal injuries?
• Identify the general controls and more specific
controls needed.
Focus Questions
© RRC Training
Risks• WURLDS – handling small components
• Eye strain – temporary fatigue
• Back Pain – sitting or standing in a fixed position
• Fatigue and stress – due to infrequent rests and a demanding work schedule
Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper limb disorders (WURLDs) in a factory workplace
12
© RRC Training
Identify some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) injuries on a factory or manufacturing assembly line? (6)
Outline what control measures could you suggest to reduce the risk of MSD injuries? (6)
Explain what factors would need to be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk assessment. (8)Use the following headings:• Task• Individual• Load• Environment
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Back injuriessitting or standing in a fixed position• Back muscle strain • Ligament damage• Disc injury
• Work-related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs)
handling small components• Carpal tunnel syndrome• Tenosynovitis
• Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)• Vibration white finger
• Eye strain• Temporary• Permanent industrial blindness
• Fatigue and stress due to infrequent rests and a demanding work schedule
Some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) injuries on a factory assembly line?
Task• Repetition • Force• Posture• Twisting• RestEnvironment• Lighting• Other environmental parametersEquipment• Equipment design• Equipment adjustabilityAdapt the workplace / task• Adapt workplace to the worker Not the
worker to the workplace! • Adapt the task - avoid or do it differently
review the tools / equipment used, the workplace environment
© RRC Training
• Back injury• Tendon and ligament injuries• Muscle injuries• Hernias• WRULDs (Work-related-upper-limb-
disorders) • Cuts, burns, dislocations and broken
bones
What common injuries occur due to inappropriate manual handling?
© RRC Training
• Height and weight of the load• Repetition of movement• High work rate• Distance• Awkward position
– Stooping– Twisting
• Rest breaks• Vertical distance• Lifting above shoulder height• Distance of load from body
The task• Weight• Size and bulk• Easy shape to lift?• Stability• Centre of gravity• Grip points/handles?• Is it hot, sharp, etc?
The load
• Space restrictions• Floor condition
– slippery?– uneven?
• Changes in level• Light levels• Temperature• Humidity
The Environment• Unusual ability required?• Significant risks to vulnerable people?
– pregnant workers– workers with back pain
The Individual
© RRC Training© RRC Training
The Task:• Rest breaks or job
rotation• Eliminate stooping or
twisting• Table lift
The Load:• Smaller loads• Several workers • Stabilise loads• Mark centre of gravity• Attach handles
Controls – Modify…The Environment:• Rearrange workspace• Level floors• Additional lighting
The Individual:• Match individual
capabilities to the activity
© RRC Training
Factory Assembly Line- Specific Control measures
• Automate
• Re-layout the workstation
• Seating
• Comfortable shoes and floor mats
• Short, frequent breaks or job rotation
• Appropriate lighting
• Ergonomically designed hand tools
13
© RRC Training
• Eliminate• Assess manual handling which remains• Use handling aids• Modify the:
– task– load – environment
• Match individual capabilities to the activity
Minimising the Risks
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Automation• Mechanisation• Conveyor systems• Forklift trucks• Pallet trucks• Cranes • Hoists
Elimination
© RRC Training
• Trolleys• Barrel lifts• Gin wheels• Trucks• Hoists and lifts
Handling Aids
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Describe safe manual handling Techniques when lifting a heavy object.
Before lifting• Check the load• Plan the route of the carry• Establish a firm grip
The lift• Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift• Keep the back upright• Keep the load close to the body• Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking
Setting down• Use the same principles as lifting• Maintain good balance• Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Manually Operated Load Moving Equipment
Caged Platform Truck
Two-wheeled Platform Truck
Sack Truck
Pallet Truck© RRC Training
Manually Operated Handling Equipment
Includes trucks, trolleys and pallet trucksHazards:• Manual handling risks• Instability of the load• Moving up, down or across slopes• Poor parking• Other pedestrians may be struck• Trapped feet
14
© RRC Training
Controls:• Trained workers
only• Follow
manufacturer’s recommendations
• Avoid uneven ground and slopes
• Use ramps over steps
• Safe working load• Secure Load
Manually Operated Handling Equipment
• Use the brakes (if fitted)
• Care when moving or lowering the load
• Safe parking and storage
• Routine inspection and maintenance
• Safety shoes or boots
© RRC Training
• Used for moving people− Can me manual or powered− Can be mobile or fixed
• Consider the environment− e.g. difficult to push
on carpeting
• Inspection needed
Patient Hoists
A ceiling mounted powered hoist(Source: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)
© RRC Training
• Slidesheets− Slide patient from trolley to be− Avoids lifting the person
• Wheelchairs− Can be powered though most are pushed
Other Patient Handling Equipment
© RRC Training
• Suitable for the task and appropriately rated
• Equipment stable and secure• Visibly marked with SWL• Lifting operations planned and carried
out by competent persons• Equipment for lifting persons may
require additional inspections
General Requirements
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Forklift Trucks
Pedestrian Pallet Stacker
Pedestrian Counterbalanced Truck
Four-directional Truck
Reach Truck Side Loading Truck
© RRC Training
What accidents could occur with the use of a forklift truck?
Group Syndicate Exercise
15
© RRC Training
• Overturn of the truck• Fall of the load• Striking pedestrians• Fall or entrapment of
persons riding on forks• Fall from a loading dock
Forklift Truck Hazards
© RRC Training
• Trained operators only• Routine visual inspections• Routine maintenance• Only lift people with correct working
platform• Load secure and stable• Don’t exceed SWL• Speed limits followed• Travel with forks lowered• Clear line of vision
General FLT Precautions
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Risks:• Explosion from hydrogen
gas whilst charging• Corrosive acid• Manual handling• Arcing, shock, burns or
fire• Environmental - battery
disposal• Silent running• Battery leads can
short
Battery-Powered TrucksPrecautions:• Charge batteries:
– in well-ventilated areas – no ignition sources
• Use PPE when handling acid
• Mechanise battery handling
• Electrical safety – insulated tools – gloves
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Risks:• Dermatitis from the
diesel• Slip hazards• Environmental pollution
from large spills• Toxic exhaust fumes• Bulk storage of diesel
Diesel-Powered TrucksPrecautions:• Use in well-ventilated
areas• Spill kits• Use gloves when
handling diesel
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Risks:• Explosion risk from
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Toxic exhaust fumes
• Manual handling• Storage of LPG
cylinders or bulk
Liquid Petroleum Gas-Powered FLTsPrecautions:• Use in well-
ventilated areas• Mechanise LPG
cylinder handling• Store spare
cylinders in a:– secure– safe– well-ventilated
location
© RRC Training
Hazards:• Falling objects • Being struck by the load• Entanglement in moving parts• Falls from height • Being struck while riding on
the platform of the lift by:– landing levels– parts of any enclosure – other projections
Lifts and Hoists
16
© RRC Training
Precautions:• Suitable for its intended use • Preventing people getting:
– underneath the lift platform– access to an unprotected landing edge – struck by landing and obstructions when
being carried on the platform• Maximum safe working load • Safety devices, e.g. brakes working• Competent operators• Information, instruction and training • Routine maintenance• Routine inspection and thorough examination
Lifts and Hoists
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Conveyors
Belt conveyor
Roller conveyor
Screw conveyor
© RRC Training
In-running niphazard
Hazards:• In-running nips• Entanglement• Contact with moving parts
Conveyors
Entanglement hazard© RRC Training
Precautions:• Warnings to alert prior to moving• Guards on moving parts• Emergency stops• Guards beneath overhead conveyors to catch
falling objects• Barriers to exclude people• Information, instruction and training• No loose clothing/long hair/jewellery• Inspection and maintenance• Defect reporting system
Conveyors
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Cranes
Mobile CraneTower Crane
© RRC Training© RRC Training
What could go wrong with a crane and its operation?Try to explain why.
Group Syndicate Exercise
Tower Crane Mobile Crane
17
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Hazards• The crane collapsing or toppling over• The arm (jib or boom) striking structures• Falling load• The load striking objects or people• Contact with live overhead cables
Mobile Cranes
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Factors causing instability:• Overloading• Uneven or unstable ground• Not using outriggers
correctly• Use in high winds• Extending the jib or boom
too far• Structural failure
Mobile Cranes
© RRC Training
Precautions:• Use within the safe
lifting capacity• Careful siting• Maintenance and
examination• Trained and
competent operators• Lift to be planned
and supervised
Mobile Cranes
• Banksman (signaller)
• Safety devices • Check weather • Use outriggers
correctly• Never lift the load
over a person• PPE
© RRC Training
Lifting Accessories
• Lifting accessories need to be inspected
© RRC Training
Thorough examination:• Before it is used for the first time • Periodically• After an event that may have
affected its strength and stability
Frequency of thorough examination:• Every 12 months - where not used to carry
people• Every 6 months - where used to carry people• Every 6 months - lifting accessoriesBy a competent engineer
Statutory Examination of Lifting Equipment
© RRC Training
1. What are the general precautions which should be taken when using forklift trucks?
2. What are the specific risks associated with the use of an LPG powered forklift truck?
3. What are the main hazards and precautions associated with the use of conveyors?
End of Section Quiz
18
© RRC Training© RRC Training
FOCUS QUESTIONS
• Outline general principles for selection, use and
maintenance for work equipment
• Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held tools
• Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical
hazards of machinery
• Describe the main control measures for reducing risk
from machinery hazards
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Types of Work Equipment
Hand held tools Hand held power tools
Single machines
Mobile work equipment
Machine assembly
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Work equipment should be carefully selected to ensure it is appropriate for the:• Task• Environment
Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992• Machine meets basic safety standards, e.g. BSEN• Is “CE” marked
Suitability
© RRC Training
• Work Equipment use restricted to trained and competent operators• Highly specialised equipment• Range of hazards
• Maintenance of work equipment restricted to trained and competent persons
Restriction of Use
© RRC Training
• Workers– low risk – reading instructions– high risk – formal training, check effectiveness
• Management of operators• Maintenance staff
– specific information, instruction and training
– minimise risk– understand maintenance requirements
Information, Instruction & Training
© RRC Training
Maintenance Conditions• Planned preventive maintenance (PPM)
– e.g. oil change– scheduled at regular intervals
• Condition-based maintenance– e.g. vehicle break pads– following routine inspection
• Breakdown maintenance– emergency repairs
Maintenance, Inspection & Testing
19
© RRC Training
• Guards and enclosures removed• Safety devices removed or disabled• Power sources exposed• Stored power released, e.g.
compressed spring• Access awkward• Manual handling heavy parts• Additional hazards, e.g. power tools
Maintenance Risk
© RRC Training
• Safe system of work (see IGC Unit 1) to include:• Competent staff• Power sources isolated/locked off• Stored power released or secured or:
– cover live parts with insulating material– use additional PPE
• If dangerous moving parts are accessed: – run at very slow speed– fit purpose-made maintenance guards
• Precautions for safe access• Use manual handling aids
Maintenance Precautions
© RRC Training
• Some equipment must be inspected by law• Lifting equipment• Pressure systems
• Carried out by competent inspector• Often insurance company employee
• Frequency determined in law
Statutory Inspections
© RRC Training
Controls should be:• Well designed, easy to use• Suitably located• Easily identifiable• In good working order• Compliant with relevant standards• Emergency stops:
– Buttons– Pull cords
Equipment Controls
© RRC Training
• Equipment should be:– stable– controls appropriately marked– have appropriate warning signs
• Lighting should be:– adequate– suitable (note "strobe" effect)– environmentally suitable
• Space should be adequate
Environmental Factors
© RRC Training
Operators should:• Only operate equipment authorised to use• Follow instruction and training• Only use equipment for its intended purpose• Carry out safety checks before use• Not use equipment if it is unsafe• Report defects immediately• Not use equipment under the influence of
drugs or alcohol• Keep equipment clean and in safe order
Operators
20
© RRC Training
1. Work equipment must be “suitable” –what should you consider when deciding which equipment is “suitable”?
2. What is an emergency stop? Where should emergency stop controls be located?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Tool may shatter• Handle may come loose• Tool may be blunt requiring
excessive force• Human error, e.g. hits thumb with
hammer• Misuse, e.g. wrong tool for job
Hazards of Hand-Held Tools
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Tools suitable for the task • Information, instruction and training• Visual inspection of tools• Substandard tools maintained or
discarded• Maintenance of tools• Supervision of practices
Precautions
© RRC Training
Higher risk because:• Forces are greater, meaning - potential for severe
injury• Hazards associated with power tools:
– electricity– fuel– noise– vibration– dust– ejection of materials– trip hazards
Hand-Held Portable Power Tools
© RRC Training
• Careful selection – task– environment
• Instructions– manufacturer's instructions– in-house rules
• Training and information, competence• Supervision • Routinely inspected• Regular maintenance
Controls for Safe Use of Power Tools
© RRC Training
• Tools used for intended purpose• Guards and safety devices in place• PPE used• Power cables controlled• Ejected parts controlled, e.g. secured work area• Control of:
– noise– dust– vibration– petrol– electrical equipment
Further Controls
21
© RRC Training
1. What hazards can arise from the use of a hammer?
2. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using
hammers.
3. What hazards can arise from the use of a portable mains
powered drill?
4. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using
drills.
Focus Questions
© RRC Training
Mechanical hazards• Contact with or being caught
up in moving parts
Non-Mechanical hazards• From power source or things
being emitted by the machine
Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Hazards
© RRC Training
• Crushing• Shearing• Cutting or severing• Entanglement • Drawing in or trapping• Impact• Stabbing or puncture• Friction or abrasion• High pressure fluid injection
Outline the mechanical hazards which are associated with machinery?
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Outline the non-mechanical hazards which are associated with machinery?
Focus question
• Electricity
• Noise
• Vibration
• Hazardous substances
• Ionising radiation
• Non-ionising radiation
• Extreme temperatures
• Ergonomics
• Slips, trips and falls
• Fire and explosion
© RRC Training
Non-Mechanical ControlsMachinery Guards
Fixed guards –
Completely prevent access to dangerous parts of machinery,
limitations: Are fixed in place, require a tool for removal
Adjustable/self-adjusting guards
• Used when it is not possible to prevent access to dangerous parts
• Adjustable guard
• Set manually to a range of positions by the operator
• Self-adjusting guard
• Usually spring-loaded to adjust itself to the work piece
• Requires no adjustment by the operator
• Limitations
Trip devices
• Not a physical barrier
• Use sensors to detect presence
• of operator and stop the machine
• They include:
• pressure mats
• trip bars
• photo-electric devices
• Limitations??
Interlocked guards –Guard open:
• Power to the machine is disabled when the guard is open and it will not operate until the guard is in place
Guard closed:
• The guard is locked shut until the machine has returned to a safe condition
• The act of opening the guard stops the dangerous parts of the machinery and disables power
Limitations:
• Can bypass the system Person may gain access by closing the guard around them Needs rule to be enforced
© RRC Training
• Designed to protect the operator's hands
• controls should be more than a hand span apart
• must activate at the same time (within 0.5s of each other)
• releasing controls must stop the machine immediately.
• Limitations??
Two-Hand Controls
• Designed to keep operators’ hands away from danger
• Include:• Push-sticks• Jigs• Clamps
Protective Appliances
Emergency Stop Controls• Should bring the machine to
a safe stop as quickly as possible
• Machine can only be restarted using the reset button
• Release of the button should not restart the machine
• limitations
Characteristics of a Guard or Safety Device• Suitable for intended purpose• Adequate strength• Meets relevant standards• Compatible with machine
operation• Not easy to defeat• Maintained, not rough or
sharp• Allow maintenance without
removal• Doesn’t increase overall risk
22
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Chose one of the ‘specific machines’ and outline:• The hazards (mechanical and non-
mechanical) and • Control measures
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Office machinery:• Photocopier • Document shredder
Manufacturing machinery:• Bench top grinder• Pedestal drill
Agricultural machinery:• Cylinder mower• Strimmer• Chainsaw
Specific Equipment
Retail machinery:• Compactor• Checkout conveyor
system
Construction machinery:• Cement mixer • Bench mounted
circular saw
© RRC Training© RRC Training
ELECTRICAL SAFETY – FOCUS QUESTIONS
• Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity in the workplace.
• Outline the control measures that should be taken when working with electrical systems or using electrical equipment in normal workplace conditions
© RRC Training
• Electric shock− Heart fibrillation− Muscle Contraction
− Burns− Arcing
• Fire and explosion• Secondary effects
The Hazards of Electricity
© RRC Training
Electrical ShockCurrent (Ma) flowing
through the bodyEffect
0.5 - 2 • Threshold of sensation
2 - 10• Tingling sensations• Muscle tremor• Pain
10 - 60• Muscle contractions• Unable to release grip• Unable to breathe
60 +
• Ventricular fibrillation• Cardiac arrest• Extreme muscular
contractions• Burns © RRC Training
• Voltage – the higher the voltage, the greater the current
• Duration – the length of time that a person is exposed
• Current path – the route that the electricity takes through the body
• Frequency – of the AC current
• Resistance – skin condition, clothing, etc.
• Contact surface area – the more skin that is in contact, the more severe the injury
• Environmental factors – metal surfaces, humidity, etc.
Severity of Shock Influenced By:
23
© RRC Training
Direct contact • Current flowing through the body• Entry and exit point and internal
Indirect contact • As result of arcing, fire or explosion following
an electrical accident
Electric Burns
© RRC Training
Causes
• Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheat
• The system may be overloaded
• Equipment may be misused
• A flammable atmosphere may be present
• Electrical equipment may produce heat or sparks as part of its normal operation
• Poor internal connections
Fire and Explosion
© RRC Training
• Build-up of potential difference (volts) between surfaces
• Caused by friction
• Surfaces become "charged"
• Spark caused on contact with earth
Static Electricity
© RRC Training
• Ability of electricity to “jump” across an air gap
• Usually involves high voltage• Main hazards
− Electric shock− Burns (direct, indirect)− Damage to eyes from UV radiation emitted
Arcing
© RRC Training
Physical injury caused by an electrical incident, such as:
• Cuts• Bruises• Broken bones
Secondary Effects
© RRC Training
Describe what type of incidents could occur when using portable electrical equipment?
Focus Question
24
© RRC Training
Accidents with Portable Electrical Equipment can be due to:• Using unsuitable equipment• Using in damp conditions• Misuse• Physical abuse such as driving
over cables• Repairs carried out improperly• Continued use of faulty, defective equipment• Chemical/abrasion damage to the flex• Lack of inspection testing or maintenance
Describe what type of incidents could occur when using portable electrical equipment?
© RRC Training
• Insulated to prevent contact with live conductor:− Cable coverings unbroken− Equipment casing intact
• Inspect to ensure protection is in place• Ensure electrical panels are locked
Protection of Conductors
© RRC Training
Outline what factors you think should be considered when selecting suitable electrical equipment for use on a construction site?
Focus question
© RRC Training
Factors to be considered include:• Suitability for task• Capabilities not exceeded
(manufacturers guidelines)• Foreseeable types of damage• Environmental conditions
Weather, natural hazards, temperature, dirt and contamination, corrosive chemicals, wet conditions, flammable liquids and vapours
Outline what factors you think should be considered when selecting suitable electrical equipment for use on a construction site?
© RRC Training
• Fuses• Earthing• Isolation of supply• Reduced and low voltage systems• Residual Current Devices (RCD’s)• Double insulation
Outline what Protective Systems you think should be considered when selecting suitable electrical equipment for use in the workplace.
© RRC Training
• Designed to protect the equipment not the people!
• Form a weak link in a circuit
• Designed to overheat and melt if the current exceeds the fuse rating
• Rating should be above operating current required by equipment but less than the current rating of the cable in the circuit
Fuses
25
© RRC Training
• Protects equipment not people
• Electro-mechanical device which does the same thing as a fuse
• Rating should be above operating current required by the equipment but less than the current rating of the cable in the circuit
• Tamperproof
Circuit Breaker
© RRC Training
• Outer metal casing connected to earth by wire
• Provides fault current with a low resistance path to earth
• Electric shock should be minor
• Will usually blow the fuse
Earthing
© RRC Training
• Deprives the circuit of power
• Ensures that it cannot be re-energised by applying some form of lock
• Should be clearly labelled
• Circuit should be tested
• Often referred to as Lock-off/ Tag-out
Isolation and Lock-Off
© RRC Training
• For hand tools, the 110 volt centre-tapped (CTE) system is recommended
• System relies on the mid-point of the reduced voltage transformer being earthed
• Maximum shock voltage is 55 volts, but full 110 volt supply powers the equipment
• Systems reduced to 25 volts are often used for lighting on construction sites
Low Voltages
© RRC Training
• Designed to protect people!• Interrupt supply in event of a small leak
of current to earth• Very sensitive: 30 mA• Very fast: 30 ms• Compare current in live and neutral• Should be regularly tested
Residual Current Devices
© RRC Training
• Live parts cannot be touched
• 2 layers of insulation
• Either layer sufficient to provide protection
• Eliminates need for earth protection
Double Insulation
26
© RRC Training
• Knowledge− Of electricity and electrical work
• Ability− Understanding of the system, hazards and
precautions− Understanding of when it is safe/unsafe
• Training• Experience
− Experience of electrical work
Competent Persons
© RRC Training
• Work “dead” whenever possible• Work on or near live electrical
equipment − only under exceptional circumstances − and if controlled tightly
Safe Systems of Work
© RRC Training
Before working on a machine check the following:
• Isolation and lock-off• Warning signs• Prove test equipment• Prove dead• Prove test equipment again
Working On a Dead System
© RRC Training
• May be controlled by national laws
• Safe system of work to include:− Permit-to-work− Competent person− Insulating PPE
− Boots, gauntlets
− Insulated tools− Designated work areas
Working On a Live System
© RRC Training
• May be struck during excavations• Can result in:
− Arcing, shock, burns, fire
• Precautions− Check plans− Detection equipment− Expose by hand digging− Identify and label
Buried Cables
© RRC Training
• Usually uninsulated• Protect by:
− Isolation− Safe systems of
work/permit-to-work− Barriers, signs, goal-posts− Banksmen− Non-conducting
equipment
Overhead Power Lines
27
© RRC Training
• What action should be taken on finding a person suspected to have suffered an electric shock?
Group Syndicate Activity
© RRC Training
• Don’t touch the casualty• Call for help• Isolate from the power supply• Call for ambulance• Check for breathing
− Recovery position if breathing− Start CPR if not breathing
• Treat burns• Treat for physical shock• Ensure medical help is obtained
Emergency Action
© RRC Training
• Applies to:
– Fixed wiring systems
– Portable electrical appliances
• User checks
• Formal visual inspection
• Combined inspection and testing
Inspection and Maintenance
© RRC Training
• Damage to cable sheath
• Damage to plug
• Flex fully insulated – no kinks/splits
• Inadequate joints
• Unsecured sheath
• Wet or contaminated
• Damage to casing of equipment
• Burns/scorch marks
User Checks
© RRC Training
• User checks plus:
− Remove plug cover and check fuse
− Check cord grip
− Check terminals are secure and no signs of internal damage
− Done by competent person
Formal Visual Inspection
© RRC Training
• Often known as PAT testing• Visual inspection may fail to detect:
− Loss of earth integrity− Deterioration of insulation
• Inspection and test is justified:− When suspect equipment is defective− After repair/modification− At appropriate intervals
Combined Inspection and Test
28
© RRC Training
Frequency is determined by:• Legal standards and codes of practice• Type of equipment • Manufacturers’ recommendations• Initial integrity/soundness of the equipment• Age of the equipment• Working environment• Frequency and duration of use• Foreseeable abuse of the equipment• Effects of any modifications or repairs • Analysis of previous maintenance records
How Often Should You Test?
© RRC Training
What are the advantages and limitations of Portable Appliance Testing?
Group Question
© RRC Training
Advantages:• Demonstrates legal compliance
• Detects faults not visible to the eye• Allows early removal/repair of unsafe
equipment
• Identifies trends or patterns of faults
Advantages and Limitations of Portable Appliance Testing
© RRC Training
Limitations:• Provides proof of safety at one moment in
time only• Does not ensure safe use or prevent
misuse• Items may be missed and then remain
untested• Can't be applied to all equipment (e.g.
computers)
Advantages and Limitations of Portable Appliance Testing
© RRC Training
1. What are the advantages and limitations of fuses?
2. What do we mean by the term “isolation”?
3. Live working is only permitted under certain circumstances – what are these? What controls are needed?
4. What things should be checked during routine, visual, user inspections?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
1. Outline what steps could be taken to control the presence
of flammable materials in the workplace?
2. Describe what controls should be implemented when
carrying out hot work?
3. Identify what controls might be implemented within a
building to control the spread of fire and smoke?
4. List who might require special consideration in a fire risk
assessment?
FOCUS QUESTIONSFIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
29
© RRC Training© RRC Training
FIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
• Describe the principles of fire initiation, classification and spread
• Outline the principles of fire risk assessment
• Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and the prevention
of fire spread in buildings
• Identify the appropriate fire alarm system and fire-fighting
equipment for a simple workplace
• Outline the factors which should be considered when
implementing a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event
of a fire
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Definition: Fire is a rapid chemical process in which oxygen combines with another substance in the presence of a source of heat
This reaction is called combustion
During this reaction heat, flames and smokeare produced
What is Fire?
Class A - solid materials
Class B - liquids and liquefiable solids
Class C - gases
Class D - metals
Class F - high temperature fat
Classification of Fires
© RRC Training
• Electrical equipment• Deliberate ignition (arson)• Hot work• Smoking• Cooking appliances• Heating appliances• Unsafe use & storage of
flammable liquids and gases• Mechanical heat• Chemical reactions
Causes of Fires• Direct burning• Convection• inside• outside• Conduction• Radiation
Methods of Fire Spread
• People killed and injured• Damage to buildings and
contents including smoke damage
• Environmental damage, e.g. water run off
Consequences of Fires
© RRC Training
• Identify the fire hazards
• Identify the people who might be harmed
• Identify and implement the fire precautions that are required
• Record findings, plan and train
• Review and revise as necessary
Identify the key steps in conducting a Fire Risk Assessment
© RRC Training
Identify Fire Hazards
• Fuel sources• Heat/ignition sources• Oxygen sources
© RRC Training
Walk around an area of the building, as directed by your tutor, and identify sources of:• Fuel• Ignition• Oxygen
(consider all sources even if well controlled)
Inspection
30
© RRC Training
Fuels paper packaging materials furniture highly flammable liquids and gases
Ignition sources hot work electrical equipment portable heaters
Oxygen sources oxygen cylinders oxidising substances
Identify the Fire Hazards
© RRC Training
Indentify Who May BeHarmed
• Suggest who should be considered in the fire risk assessment for a sports centre
• What group of people may need special consideration in the risk assessment?
© RRC Training
• People who are on the premises:− Workers− Visitors/contractors/public− People in isolated locations
• Special consideration tovulnerable groups− Disabled/mobility impaired− Children/young persons− Visually or hearing impaired
Indentify Who May BeHarmed
© RRC Training
Identify and Implement Precautions
• Fire prevention• Prevention of the spread of smoke and
flames• Fire detection and alarm• Fire-fighting equipment• Means of escape• Signs and notices• Lighting
© RRC Training
Record Findings, Plan and Train
• Record the significant findings• Develop emergency plans• Provide information and instruction• Train workers
© RRC Training
Review
• Review and Revise• As necessary
− Significant changes− Fire emergency
• Periodically− To keep assessment up to date
31
© RRC Training
• Fire safety applies to all workplaces− Fire risk assessment also needed for
temporary workplaces− E.g. construction sites
• Changes to workplace may require review of fire risk assessment− E.g. extensions, changing internal layout− May also need approval from fire
authority
Temporary Workplaces
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Fire Prevention
Control flammable substances:• Solids, liquids, gases
Control ignition sources:• Systems of work, smoking, arson
Systems of work:• Hot processes• Machinery• Electrical equipment
Good Housekeeping: • General tidiness• Waste control and disposal
© RRC Training
• Eliminate use altogether
• Substitute for lower risk
• Minimise quantities
− Stock control, housekeeping, waste management
• Safe use and storage in protected, dedicated buildings
Control Flammable Materials
© RRC Training
• Should be stored outside• Storage area should be separate
• Area should be secure, locked gate• Warning signs
• Ignition sources eliminated• Bottles chained upright
• Separate from other buildings
Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas
© RRC Training
• Empty bottles stored separately from full ones
• Oxygen bottles should not be stored with LPG
• Use minimum bottles required at workplace
• Return to store immediately after use
Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas
© RRC Training
• Electrical equipment
• Hot work
• Smoking
• Cooking activities
• Mechanical heat
• Arson
Control Ignition Sources
32
© RRC Training
Typical “hot work” precautions:
• Flammable materials removed from thearea
• Cover items that can't be removed
• Sweep the floor
• Damp down wooden floors
• Provide fire extinguishers
• “Fire-watcher” present in the area
• Check area after work has finished
Systems of Work
© RRC Training
• Remove waste regularly
• Keep area tidy and return flammable materials to the correct storage area
• Fuel and ignition sources separated
• Maintain clear escape routes
Housekeeping
© RRC Training
Flammable liquids:• Flash point 21oC - 55oC• Easily ignited with a heat source, e.g. a match• Maximum storage in work area: <250 litres
Highly flammable liquids:• Flash point 0oC - 21oC• Easy to ignite at room temperature• Maximum storage in work area: <50 litres storage
Extremely flammable liquids:• Flash point <0oC• Very easy to ignite at room temperature
Flammable Liquids
© RRC Training
• Use minimum quantities
• Clearly labelled
• Suitable container
• Self closing lids if possible
• Metal catch trays
• Keep away from heat
• Provide ventilation
• Always return to store
Safe Use of Flammable Liquids
© RRC Training
Safe storage rules:
• Store minimum quantities
• In a purpose-built cabinet
• Away from ignition sources
Safe Storage of Flammable LiquidsFlammables cabinetshould:
• Be fire resistant
• Be lockable
• Have fire-resistant hinges/fastenings
• Clearly signed
• Built in spill-tray© RRC Training© RRC Training
Compartmentation: Keeping fire IN or OUT of area of building
• Creating enclosed/sealed boxes
• Fire-resistant floors and walls
• Fire-resistant doors(self-closing)
• Automatic shutters for ventilation shafts
• Intumescent sealants for gaps ('fire-stopping')
Structural Measures to Prevent Fire Spread
33
© RRC Training
• Able to withstand fire for a set time• Fitted with self-closing devices• Fitted with intumescent strip• Fitted with a cold smoke seal• Have vision panels of fire-resistant glass• Clearly labelled
Fire Doors
© RRC Training
Common Building Materials• Concrete Usually performs well in a fire
• Steel Severely affected by high temperatures
• Brick Usually very resistant
• Timber Thin timber will burn quite quickly; thick timber will survive for longer
Surface treatment can affect fire performance, e.g.• Encasing steel in concrete• Intumescent paint• Insulation• Wall coverings
© RRC Training
• Concrete− usually fire resistant
• Steel− severely affected by high
temperatures
• Brick− very resistant to fire
• Timber − thin timbers burn, thick joists char
Common Building Materials
© RRC Training
• Steel:− Encased in concrete− Coated with intumescent (fire resistant)
foam or paint
• Insulation:− Must be fire retardant
• Wall coverings can be flammable
Protecting Building Materials
© RRC Training
• Doors close major openings• Other penetrations through
compartments− Pipe penetrations− Gaps above ceilings− Air handling ducts− Lift shafts
• Must be fire-stopped or blocked
Protection of Openings and Voids
© RRC Training
• Flammable gas/vapour/dust mixed with air can be explosive
• Electrical equipment can ignite the mixture
• National legislation controls use of electrical equipment− Atex is EU legislation
Electrical Equipment for Use in Flammable Atmospheres:
34
© RRC Training
Electrical Equipment for Use in Flammable Atmospheres:
Gases, VapoursMists
Dust
Explosive atmosphere present for long periods
Zone 0 Zone 20
Explosive atmosphere likely to occur occasionally
Zone 1 Zone 21
Explosive atmosphere not likely to occur
Zone 3 Zone 23
© RRC Training
1. What steps could be taken to control the presence of flammable materials in the workplace?
2. What controls should be implemented when carrying out hot work?
3. What controls might be implemented within a building to control the spread of fire and smoke?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
The sophistication will depend on the complexity of workplace• Simplest system
– someone shouts "Fire!"
• Simple with more noise– hand bell, whistle or air horn
• Manually-operated fire alarm– manual call points
• Automatic fire detection and alarm– automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to
sounders/lights
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
© RRC Training
• Smoke detectors– Detect small smoke particles
– Two main types: ionising and optical
– Can give rise to false alarms
• Heat detectors– Detect excess heat generated by a fire
– Usually less sensitive and give later warning
– Two main types: rate of rise and fixed temperature
– May not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not much heat
Fire Detection
© RRC Training
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher Class of Fire
Water A
Carbon dioxide A and B
Foam A and B
Dry powder All
© RRC Training
• MUST use the correct extinguisher on the fire− Water can boil, causing burning liquids to
“explode” in a fireball− Water conducts electricity so NEVER use
on electrical fires− Powder is effective but
may destroy electricalequipment
Limitation of Extinguishers
35
© RRC Training
• Fire blankets– physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens
• Hose reels– used in large buildings for fire teams
• Sprinkler systems– sited in buildings and warehouses– automatically dowses the fire
Other Fire-Fighting Equipment
© RRC Training
● On fire exit routes
● Close to exit doors
● Close to specific hazards
● Clearly visible and signed
● Unobstructed access
Siting of Extinguishers
© RRC Training
• Inspection− Regular and frequent− Ensure they're in place− In good working order
• Maintenance− Usually once a year− Certificated engineer− Inspection, testing, dismantling
Records kept in Fire Log (subject to local regulations)
Maintenance of Extinguishers
© RRC Training
• Theory training
• Types of extinguisher
• Hands-on experience
• Records kept in line with local regulations
Training
© RRC Training
• Under your tutor’s direction, take a tour of an area of the building you are in
• Note:− Fire compartmentation, e.g. stairwells,
fire doors, etc.− Travel distances− Fire detection and alarms− Fire extinguishers, etc.− Emergency lighting, signage
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training
1. What are the different ways of detecting fire and sounding the alarm?
2. Name the different types of fire extinguisher and the class of fire they can be used on.
End of Section Quiz
36
© RRC Training
Should include:
• Who is on premises
• Action to be taken on discovering fire
• Means of escape
− (shown on building plans)
• Fire fighting equipment
• Action to be taken after evacuation
• Training
Fire Plan
© RRC Training
• Available to every person in the workplace• No use of lifts• Must take staff to a place of safety • Two or more separate routes may be required• Travel distance should be short• Adequate width• Clearly signed • Appropriately lit• Emergency lighting • No obstructions
Means of Escape
© RRC Training
• Depends upon:
• Number of people occupying a room• Fire risk:
− e.g. low risk, low number - 1 exit up to 45m distance
− e.g. high risk, high number - several exits less than 25m distance
• Final exit - place of total safety• Storey exit - protected stairway• Separate fire compartment - to a final exit
Travel Distances
© RRC Training
Stairs, Corridors and Doors
Stairs and corridors:• Fire-resistant protection• Adequate width• Unobstructed • No storage of materials or equipment• Consider wheelchair users
Doors:• Easy to open• Adequate width• Open in direction of travel• Not locked
© RRC Training
• At night or where there is no natural light
• To indicate escape routes
• To indicate call points and fire fighting equipment
• Regular maintenance
• Routine inspection/testing
Emergency Lighting
© RRC Training
• Easy to understand
• Clearly visible
• Sited correctly
• Meet local regulations/standards
Fire Exit and Direction Signs
37
© RRC Training
• Safe distance from building
• Safe location
• Further escape possible ifneeded
• Must not impede fire-fighters
• Clearly signed
• 'Refuges' for disabled workers
Assembly Points
© RRC Training
• Emphasis is on personal safety:− Sound the alarm− Get out of the building− Stay out of the building!
• More complex procedures needed for some workplaces, e.g. hospitals
Evacuation Procedures
© RRC Training
• Check if alarm is "real"
• Check all areas are evacuated
• Assist disabled workers
• Ensure fire escape routes are kept clear
• Ensure windows and doors are closed
• Conduct roll call at assembly point
Fire Marshals
© RRC Training
• Training
• Records kept
• Fire drills:– Usually once a year– Records kept
• Roll calls− Ensure all persons accounted for− May not be practical, e.g. supermarkets
Evacuation of the Workplace
© RRC Training
• Training for staff− Who use portable extinguishers− Fire Marshalls− Assist disabled people− Members of the fire team
Information:• Fire safety procedures
– employees– contractors– visitors and the public
Training and Information
© RRC Training
• Staff with disabilities may need personal evacuation plans− Assist with travel downstairs− Alert those with hearing impairment
• May need to consider temporary disabilities, e.g. use of crutches
• Consider also evacuation of young/elderly
Provision for Infirm and Disabled
38
© RRC Training
1. What general principles should be applied when establishing means of escape?
2. What is the purpose of emergency lighting?
3. What might fire marshals do in the event of an evacuation?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
• The physical form greatly affects the hazard presented and the route of entry into the body− Dust − Fume− Gas− Mist− Vapour− Liquids
Chemicals in the work place
© RRC Training
• Fungi e.g. Farmer’s lung
• Bacteria e.g. legionnaire’s disease, leptospirosis
• Viruses e.g. HIV, Hepatitis B
• Prions• E.g. CJD
Biological Agents
© RRC Training
Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health
• Physico-chemical− e.g. highly flammable, explosive, oxidising
• Toxicological− e.g. toxic, carcinogenic
• Environmental− e.g. harmful to aquatic life
© RRC TrainingCorrosive
Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health
Carcinogenic
Harmful (Xn)
Irritant (Xi)
Toxic
Respiratory Sensitiser
© RRC Training
• Toxic− Small doses cause death or serious illness
• Harmful− Larger doses cause death or serious illness
• Corrosive− Destroys living tissue
• Irritant− Inflames skin or mucous membranes
Chemical Classifications
39
© RRC Training
• Carcinogens− Cause cancer
• Respiratory sensitisers− Cause asthma, e.g. flour dust, isocyanates
• Skin sensitisers− Cause allergic dermatitis, e.g. eopxy resin
• Mutagens− Causes hereditary genetic mutation
• Toxic for reproduction− Causes sterility or is harmful to unborn child
Chemical Classifications
© RRC Training
1. What are the different physical forms of chemicals?
2. What are the different types of biological agent?
3. What does “toxic” mean in relation to chemicals?
4. What is a “corrosive” chemical?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
List how can a chemical or biological organism enter the body?
Which is the most harmful risk route of entry and why?
FOCUS QUESTIONS
© RRC Training
• Inhalation– inhalable dust– respirable dust (<7microns)
• Ingestion• Absorption through the skin• Injection through the skin
– needlestick– cuts and grazes– bites
Routes of Entry
© RRC Training
Respiratory defences• Sneezing & coughing• Nasal hair/mucous• Ciliary escalator• Macrophages• Inflammatory
response
Defence Mechanisms
© RRC Training
Skin Defences• Waterproof barrier comprised of:
− Outer layer of dead cells (epidermis)− Sebum – biocidal properties− Inflammatory response
Defence Mechanisms
40
© RRC Training
• Hazardous nature of substance• Potential ill-health effects• Physical forms• Routes of entry• Quantity • Concentration• Number of people• Frequency of exposure• Duration of exposure • Existing control measures
Factors to Consider When Assessing Health Risk
© RRC Training
Product Labels• Name of substance• Hazardous components• Risk phrases indicating danger• Precautions• Details of supplier• Manufacturers’ data sheets
Sources of Information
© RRC Training
Manufacturers’ Safety Data Sheets:
Outline the type of information you would expect to see on a safety data sheet for a domestic weedkiller in order to assess the risks.
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training© RRC Training
1. Details of substance and supplier
2. Composition of substance
3. Hazard identification4. First-aid measures5. Fire-fighting measures6. Accidental release
measures7. Handling and storage8. Exposure controls/PPE
Safety Data Sheet Contents9. Physical/Chemical
properties10. Stability and reactivity11. Toxicological information12. Ecological information13. Disposal requirements14. Transport information15. Regulatory information16. Other information
© RRC Training
• The maximum concentration of an airbornesubstance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees can be exposed by inhalation
• Legal limits differ around the world− UK has WEL’s, US has TLV’s, EU has OEL’s
Occupational Exposure Limit Documents
Substance Formula CAS Number
LTEL (8-Hour TWA Reference Period)
STEL (15-Minute Reference Period)
ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3
Carbon Monoxide
CO 630-08-0 30 35 200 232
© RRC Training
• Information sources provide general information only
• Don’t consider the specific conditions of use
• Individual susceptibility• Mixed exposures• Based on current knowledge
Limitations of Information
41
© RRC Training
When:• Failure or deterioration of
the controls can result in serious health effects
• To ensure a WEL is not exceeded
• To check effectiveness of control measures
• After any change occurs which could effect control
Hazardous Substance Monitoring
© RRC Training
• Advantages− Used for longer term monitoring− Can be very accurate
• Disadvantages− Expensive− Provides average of results− Tampered with
Continuous Monitoring Devices
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Stain Tube Detection
Final concentration = 50 parts per million (ppm)
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• No pumping mechanism• Long-term sampling• Gases and vapours• Sample diffused on to
absorbent surface• Laboratory analysis• Highly accurate• Can be used for personal
monitoring of TWA
Passive Samplers
© RRC Training
• Simple devices• Generate inert smoke• Visualise air currents• Assess effectiveness of extraction
systems
Smoke Tubes/Sticks
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Worn by worker whilst working• Indicates personal exposure• Pre-weighed filter• Pumped air• Filter re-weighed• Gives average value over time
Dust Monitoring Equipment
42
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Strong beam of light• Highlights fine particles of dust• Used to determine efficiency of
exhaust ventilation
Dust Lamp (Tyndall Lamp)
© RRC Training
• Accuracy of results• Variations in personal exposure• Absence of a standard• Other exposure routes
Limitations of Monitoring
© RRC Training
1. What are the four main routes of entry chemicals can take into the body?
2. How is the respiratory system defended?
3. Name 3 different types of monitoring equipment
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
“The maximum concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation.” • Legal status in national law
Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL’s)
Time period Combat ill-health effects of:
Short term exposure limits (STEL)
15 minutes • Acute effects
• Very high exposure for a short time
Long term exposure limits (LTEL)
8 hours • Chronic effects• Lower exposure over longer
period
© RRC Training
Being below a limit does not prove it is safe:• Only concerned with inhalation• No account of individual
sensitivity or susceptibility• Many developed on male
physiology• No account of synergistic or
combined effects• Invalid if normal environmental
conditions change
Limitations of Exposure Limits
© RRC Training
• Organisation may not realise that controls are no longer effective and limits are not adhered to
• Monitoring equipment may become inaccurate
• Some limits are only “guidelines”
• Non-inhalation effects, e.g. Dermatitis, aren’t considered
Limitations of Exposure Limits
43
© RRC Training
• UK− Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL’s)− Published by HSE, full legal status
• USA− Threshold Limit Values (TLV’s)− Published by American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists− Guidelines, no legal status
• No global standard as yet− EU Indicative limit values
International Variations
© RRC Training
1. What are WEL’s?2. What is the difference between:
• An 8hr TWA• A 15 minute STEL
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
• Prevention of exposure is the best• If not possible to prevent exposure,
adequately control it• Ensure WEL’s are not exceeded
Prevention of Exposure
© RRC Training
1. Minimise emission, release and spread of hazardous substances
2. Choose effective and reliable controls3. Use control measures proportionate to the risk4. Use PPE where control cannot be achieved by
other means5. Implement personal hygiene and protection
regimes 6. Carry out health and medical surveillance7. Check control measures regularly8. Additional controls for carcinogens, asthmagens
or mutagens
The Principles of Good Practice
© RRC Training
A gardener is spraying a weed killer in a domestic garden in windy conditions.The gardener has no means of washing his hands, etc. and the house owners have children and a dog.The weed killer is an organophosphate, labelled ‘toxic’.Using the hierarchy of control, discuss how the risk may be reduced.
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training
• Elimination or substitution• Process change• Reduce exposure times• Enclosure or segregation• Local Exhaust Ventilation• PPE• Personal hygiene and protection• Health Surveillance/monitoring
Common Methods of Control
44
© RRC Training
Elimination and Substitution
• eliminate process, − e.g. outsource painting
• change work, − e.g. screw rather than glue
• dispose of unwanted stock• substitute hazardous for non-
hazardous, − e.g. irritant to non-hazardous floor
cleaner, or corrosive to irritant
© RRC Training
• Do the job differently− E.g. applying solvent by brush rather than
spraying− Vacuuming rather than sweeping to keep
dust levels down
Change the Process
© RRC Training
• Job rotation• Exclude non-essential personnel• Link to WEL’s
Reduce Exposure Times
© RRC Training
• Enclosure− Totally enclose the substance− Prevent access to it
• Segregation− Keep people away− Designated areas
Enclosure or Segregation
© RRC Training
Local Exhaust Ventilation
© RRC Training
Discuss the reasons that the effectiveness of LEV may be reduced
Group Syndicate Exercise
45
© RRC Training
• Poorly positioned intake hoods• Damaged ducts• Excessive amounts of
contamination• Ineffective fan• Blocked filters• Build up of contaminant in the
ducts• Sharp bends in ducts• Unauthorised additions to the
system
The Effectiveness of LEV
© RRC Training
Routine visual inspection• Integrity checks, e.g. filters, contaminant
build up, etc.
Planned preventative maintenance• e.g. replacing filters, lubricating fan
bearings, etc.
Periodic testing• Ensure air velocities are adequate
Inspection of LEV Systems
© RRC Training
• Diluting the contaminant• Changes the air• Passive dilution - vents• Active dilution - powered fans• Used where:
– WEL is high– formation of gas or vapour is slow – operators are not close to contamination
• Important to know whether contaminant is lighter or heavier than air
Dilution Ventilation
© RRC Training
• Not suitable for highly toxic substances• Compromised by sudden release of large quantities
of contaminant• Do not work well
– for dust– where the contaminant is released at a point of source
• Dead areas may exist
Limitations of Dilution Ventilation
© RRC Training
Two types:• Respirators
– filter contaminated air
• Breathing apparatus (BA) − oxygen depleted atmospheres− provide clean source of air
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)
© RRC Training
Filter Face-piece Respirators
Use and benefits LimitationsCheap Low level of protectionEasy to use Seal not effectiveDisposable Uncomfortable
46
© RRC Training
Half Mask or Ori-nasal Respirator
Use and benefits LimitationsGood level of filtration No built in eye protectionGood fit Negative pressure inside
face-pieceEasy to use Uncomfortable
© RRC Training
Powered Respirator
Use and benefits LimitationsIntermediate level of filtration Heavy to wearAir movement cools wearer No tight face sealAir stream prevents inward leak Limited battery life
© RRC Training
• Air demanded by user or• Pumped
Fresh Air Hose BA
Use and benefits LimitationsAir from outside the work room
Hose must be tethered
Supply not time restricted Bends or kinks make breathing difficultUser restricted by limited hose length
© RRC Training
• Air under pressure
Compressed Air BA
Use and benefits LimitationsSupply of air is not time-restricted Hose can be long, but
not endlessPositive pressure inside face-piece
Wearer not burdened with cylinder
© RRC Training
• Pressurised cylinder
Self-contained BA
Use and benefits LimitationsComplete freedom of movement
Supply is time-restricted
Positive pressure inside face-piece
Equipment bulky and heavy
More technical training required
© RRC Training
Selection of RPE• What factors do you think should be
taken into account when selecting RPE for use by workers?
Group Discussion Point
47
© RRC Training
Factors to consider:• Concentration of the contaminant and
its hazards• Physical form of the substance• Level of protection offered by the RPE• Presence or absence of oxygen• Duration of time that it must be worn• Compatibility with other items of PPE • Shape of the user’s face• Facial hair • Physical requirements of the job • Physical fitness of the wearer
The Suitability of RPE
© RRC Training
Users should understand:• How to fit the RPE• How to test it to ensure that it is
working effectively• The limitations of the item• Any cleaning requirements• Any maintenance requirements (e.g.
how to change filter)
RPE Information, Instruction and Training
© RRC Training
• Hand protection– gloves, gauntlets– chemicals, biological agents, infection
through cuts
• Eye protection– spectacles, goggles,
visors
• Body protection– overalls, aprons, whole body
protection
Other PPE
© RRC Training
• Hand-washing routines• Careful removal and disposal of PPE to
prevent cross-contamination to normal clothes
• Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in work areas
• Washing facilities• Changing facilities• Rest areas
Personal Hygiene
© RRC Training
• Against biological agents, e.g.– Hepatitis B– Tetanus– Typhoid
• Worker consent required• Immunity not always achieved• False sense of security
Vaccination
© RRC Training
• Health monitoring– signs of disease– symptoms of chronic conditions,
e.g. flour workers have lung function tests to check for asthma
• Biological monitoring– checks for contaminants
within the body,e.g. lead
• Pre-employment screening– establishes a ‘baseline’
Health Surveillance
48
© RRC Training
Consider the types of health surveillance which may be required for the following occupations:
• Call centre operator• Chemical plant worker handling solvents• Tree surgeon exposed to wood dusts
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training
In addition to standard control measures:• Total enclosure of process or handling
systems• Prohibition of eating, drinking
and smoking• Regular cleaning• Warning signs• Safe storage, handling
and disposal
Control of Carcinogens, Mutagens and Asthmagens
© RRC Training
• Use:– asbestos cement roofs– ceiling tiles– fire break walls– floor tiles– downpipes– pipe lagging– gaskets
Asbestos
© RRC Training
In general:• Work must be notified to the enforcement agency• Work area sealed• PPE and RPE• Negative pressure ventilation system
with efficient filters• Asbestos waste
– securely double bagged– labelled– disposed as hazardous waste
• Dust levels monitored inside and outside sealed work area
• Worker exposure must not exceed control limit• Health surveillance provided
Work with Asbestos
© RRC Training
• HIV/AIDS• Hepatitis A
– contracted orally by cross contamination of faecal matter,
– e.g. sewage workers
• Hepatitis B– transmitted in body fluids, e.g. blood– health care workers, fire-fighters, police
• Symptoms– jaundice, liver damage
Blood Borne Viruses
© RRC Training
Typical controls:• PPE: gloves, eye protection• Disposal of material as clinical waste• Prevention of needlestick injuries• Decontamination and disinfection• Vaccination• Accident procedures, e.g. needlestick injuries
Blood Borne Viruses
49
© RRC Training
Colourless, odourless gas• By-product of combustion, e.g. poorly maintained
boilers• Inhalation hazard• Prevents red blood cells absorbing oxygen• Chemical asphyxiation
– Low levels – worsening headaches– High levels – rapid unconsciousness
and death
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
© RRC Training
Typical controls:• Competent engineers for gas systems• Maintenance and testing of boilers and flues• Good ventilation• LEV for workshop vehicle exhausts• Siting of equipment containing combustion engines• CO alarms• Confined space entry controls
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Typical controls:• Eliminating or reducing
exposure• PPE – gloves, dust
masks, eye protection• Removal of
contaminated clothing• Good hygiene and
washing skin on contact
CementHarmful effects:• Irritation of the:
– eyes– respiratory tract– skin
• Allergic dermatitis and corrosive burns to skin on repeated/prolonged contact
© RRC Training
Legionnaire’s disease• Water-loving soil bacteria• Inhalation hazard• Mists particularly high risk• Flu-like fever, pneumonia
• Typical controls:• Enclosing water systems• Water treatment, e.g. chlorination• Hot water >60oC• Biocides (treatment chemicals)• Prevention of limescale• Routine cleaning of cooling towers• Water sampling and analysis
Legionella Bacteria
© RRC Training
• Infected urine from: rats, mice, cattle and horses• Contaminated water in contact with cuts, grazes, etc.• Dairy farmers, sewage workers, water sports instructors• Flu-like symptoms, jaundice, liver damage (Weil’s disease)
Typical controls:• Preventing rat infestation – good housekeeping, pest
control• Good personal hygiene• PPE, especially gloves• Covering cuts and grazes• Issuing ‘at risk cards’ to workers
Leptospira Bacteria
© RRC Training
• Component of rock• Quarries, pottery and construction industry• Inhalation hazard• Causes scar tissue to form in lungs
Typical controls:• Alternative work methods• Dust suppression by water• LEV• RPE• Heath surveillance
Silica
50
© RRC Training
• Inhalation hazard• Causes asthma• Hard woods can cause cancer
Typical controls:• LEV• Vacuuming rather than sweeping• RPE• Health surveillance
Wood Dust
© RRC Training
1. What diseases are caused by exposure to asbestos?
2. What controls could be implemented to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries in the health service?
3. Which occupations could be at risk of leptospirosis infections?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
Waste is:“Something that is discarded or is going to be discarded”
General hierarchy of control• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle• Recover energy• Responsible disposal
Waste
© RRC Training
• Those who generate, handle, treat or dispose of waste are under a duty of care
• Responsibility to ensure that it:− Is managed legally− Does not escape− Is transferred to an authorised person− Is adequately described− Is accompanied by correct paperwork
Duty of Care
© RRC Training
Hazardous Waste• Substances:
– highly flammable– toxic– carcinogenic– corrosive
Non-hazardous wasteHousehold waste, paper, wood, biodegradable materials
• Products:– batteries– refrigerators– freezers– televisions– fluorescent light tubes– computer monitors
© RRC Training
Consider the waste produced by your company’s service or process, or by a hospital or factory• Discuss what are the main things that
can go wrong with the handling and storage of waste
• Suggest suitable control measures
Group Syndicate Exercise
51
© RRC Training
Factors to consider – solid wastes:• The hazardous nature of the waste• Manual handling risks• Safe access to skips, bins, etc.• Don’t store on unmade ground• Moving parts of compactors• Vehicle hazards, e.g. skip lorries• Security of the waste• Segregation• Documentation
Safe Handling and Storage
© RRC Training
Factors to consider – liquid wastes:• Containers located in bund, away from
walls• Bunds have 110% capacity of
largest container• Provision for rainwater• Transfer points, e.g. pumps bunded• Protect bund from damage• Bunds checked and maintained
Safe Handling and Storage
© RRC Training
• Whenever liquid wastes are present• Measures include:
− Spill kits− Drain covers− Training
Spill Containment
© RRC Training
1. What is the general hierarchy of control for waste disposal?
2. What controls should be implemented to ensure the safe storage of liquid waste?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health
Unit IGC2
Element 8: Physical and Psychological Health Hazards
and Risk Controls
© RRC Training© RRC Training
• Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to noise and appropriate control measures;
• Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to vibration and appropriate control measures;
• Outline the health effects associated with heat,
ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic
protection techniques;
• Outline the causes and effects of stress at work and
appropriate control measures.
FOCUS QUESTIONS
52
© RRC Training
Health effects:• Temporary:
– reduction in hearing (temporary threshold shift)
– ringing in ears• Permanent:
– tinnitus– noise-induced hearing loss
(permanent threshold shift)– Physical damage to hearing mechanisms
• Stress
Safety issues:• Inability to hear vehicles, warnings, conversations• Concentration problems
Noise
© RRC Training
Identify occupations at risk from noise induced hearing loss and the potential causes.
Group Syndicate Activity
© RRC Training
• Construction workers− Plant, machinery, e.g. concrete breakers
• Uniformed services− Small arms and artillery
• Entertainment sector workers− Loud music
• Manufacturing sector workers− Industrial machinery
• Call centre workers− Acoustic shock from headsets
Occupations at Risk
© RRC Training
• Sound pressure level– expressed in decibels (dB)
• Decibel (dB)– sound pressure level, ‘loudness’
• Frequency– pitch – human ear detects 20Hz to 20,000Hz
• A-weighting– noise measurement scale matching human hearing
• C-weighting– noise measurement scale accurate for impulse noise
• Daily Personal Noise Dose
Terminology
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Measurementin dB(A) Sound
0 Faintest audible sounds20-30 Quiet library50-60 Conversation65-75 Loud radio90-100 Power drill
140 Jet aircraft on take-off at 25m
Decibel Levels
• The decibel scale is logarithmic • An increase of just 3 dB = a doubling of sound
© RRC Training
• Simple sound meter– measures instant noise levels– simple surveys
• Integrating sound level meter– measures noise over a period of time– used for all surveys
• Dosimeters– worn by worker– personal noise exposure
Noise Assessment
53
© RRC Training
• Subject to national law
• General agreement on daily personal noise dose of 85dB(A)
• Dose depends upon− Noise level in dB(A)
− Duration of exposure
• The daily personal noise exposure (LEP,d) is usuallymeasured over 8 hours
Noise Exposure Standards
© RRC Training
European Standards (by way of example)
Lower Exposure Action Value: 80 dB(A)
• Noise assessment• Information, instruction and
training• Provide hearing protection
Noise Exposure Standards
© RRC Training
Upper Exposure Action Value: 85 dB(A)• Noise assessment• Reduce noise exposure by engineering
means, SFRP
If noise is still above 85 dB(A)• Mandatory hearing protection zone• Information, instruction and training • Provide hearing protection and enforce use• Health surveillance
Noise Exposure Standards
© RRC Training
A noise survey has been carried out and there are 2 work areas of concern:• Machine shop - noise levels
83 dB(A) throughout the shift • Wood working area - noise
levels 87 dB(A) throughout the shift
Discuss the actions that would could be taken in each area
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Source• Eliminate• Substitute• Modify process• Damping• Silencing• Maintenance
Pathway• Insulation• Isolation• Absorption
Noise Exposure Control
Receiver• Acoustic haven• Hearing protection
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Hearing Protection
Advantages LimitationsEasy to supervise andenforce use as visible
Uncomfortable
Less chance of earinfections
Efficiency affected by long hair, spectacles etc
Higher level ofprotection possible
Must inspected, cleaned andmaintained
Can integrate with other PPE
Reusable
Ear defenders or muffs
54
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Hearing ProtectionEar plugsAdvantages LimitationsCheap and easy to use Difficult to see when fitted,
supervision and enforcementdifficult
Disposable Risk of infection if dirty or if cross-contaminated when inserted
More comfortable, range of designs
Need to be correctly sized for individual
Do not interfere with other PPE
Effectiveness decreases with usage
© RRC Training
• Information, instruction, training• Safe storage• Cleaning• Maintenance• Replacement
Hearing Protection
© RRC Training
• Attenuation
• Information is required on the:
• Noise in the workplace− from survey
• Attenuation characteristics of the hearing protection− from manufacturer
• Ear muffs give higher attenuation than ear plugs
Hearing Protection
© RRC Training
Audiometry allows:• Identification of workers with
- pre-existing hearing damage- new hearing damage
• Removal/exclusion of such workers from high noise areas
• Investigation of noise controlsto rectify problems
Health Surveillance
© RRC Training
1. What are the health effects of exposure to high levels of noise?
2. There are 3 main ways of reducing noise (fill in the blanks)
• Reduce noise at ________________• Interrupt the __________from source to
receiver• Protect the ________ through engineering
controls or PPE3. What types of PPE are available? What
are the pro’s and con’s of each?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)• Vibration white finger (blanching)• Nerve damage• Muscle weakening• Joint damage
Effects of Exposure to Vibration
Typical vibration white finger(Source: HSE Guidance)
(Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence)
55
© RRC Training
• What occupations are most at risk of exposure to vibration?
• How can you reduce the risks?
(Consider the use of a mechanical sander at home)
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training
Effects of Exposure to Vibration
• Whole-Body Vibration• Damage to spinal discs• Vertigo
• Occupations:− dumper truck driving− aircraft cabin crew
© RRC Training
Vibration Assessment
• Vibration “dose” is determined as a personal exposure to vibration averaged over 8hrs
• Vibration dose determined by:− vibration magnitude (ms-2 )− duration of exposure
(hours/mins)
•© RRC Training
Vibration Exposure Standards
• Standards vary according to national law• At or above the Daily Exposure Action Value
− Vibration risk assessment− Reduce exposure level− Training− Health surveillance
• At or above the Daily Exposure Limit Value (ELV)− Vibration risk assessment− Reduce exposure below the ELV
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Control of VibrationSource:• Eliminate• Substitute • Change work method• Maintenance
Pathway:• Isolate
Duration:• Limit time
exposed• Job rotation
Person:• PPE
© RRC Training
At or above the Exposure Action ValueHealth surveillance allows:• Identification of workers with
- pre-existing vibration damage- new vibration damage
• Removal/exclusion of such workers from vibration sources
• Investigation of vibration sources to rectify problems
Health Surveillance
Reproduced under the terms of the click-use licence
56
© RRC Training
1. What are the symptoms of HAVs?2. What two factors are considered
when calculating the “dose” of vibration?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
Two types:• Ionising
– higher energy– can change the structure of atoms
• Non-ionising– lower energy– heating effects– does not change the structure of atoms
Radiation
© RRC Training
Can penetrate the body and cause serious and permanent harm:• Alpha particles• Beta particles• X-Rays• Gamma rays• Neutrons
Types of Ionising Radiation
© RRC Training
• Weak penetrating power• Stopped by thin material, e.g. paper, skin• Health effects:
- outside body - not particularly hazardous- inside body (ingestion/inhalation) - very
hazardous
• Occupational uses: - smoke detectors, medical labs
Alpha Particles
© RRC Training
• Can penetrate skin and living tissue• Health effects:
- inside and outside body – hazardous• Occupational uses:
- sterilisation, thickness gauges
Beta Particles
© RRC Training
• Can be generated and switched off• High penetrating power• Health effects:
- inside and outside body - very hazardous
• Occupational uses:- medical radiography- baggage security scanners
X-Rays
57
© RRC Training
• Very penetrating• Health effects:
- Inside and outside body - very hazardous• Occupational uses
- industrial radiography, e.g. pipelines
Gamma Rays
© RRC Training
• Emitted by some radioactive sources• Very high penetration• Health effects:
- outside body - very hazardous
• Occupational uses- nuclear power stations
Neutrons
© RRC Training
• Cancer• Genetic mutation• Birth defects
The larger the dose, the greater the risk
Chronic Health Effects
© RRC Training
A pregnant lady is in need of an X-Ray for a suspected broken boneDiscuss the control measures in the X-Ray department of a hospital using:• Time• Distance• Shielding
to structure your answer
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training
Time:• Minimise exposure• Dose proportionate to time• Half life
Distance:• Alpha, beta can’t travel long distances
through air
Shielding:• Depends upon type of radiation
Protection from Ionising Radiation
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Shielding
Protection from Ionising Radiation
58
© RRC Training
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
Recommendations on exposure:• General public < 1mSv per year• Workers < 20mSv per year
Measured with a Geigercounter
Translated into legal limits inmost countries
Dose Limits
© RRC Training
• Naturally occurring in Devon, Derbyshire, etc.• Radioactive gas• Alpha particles• Health effects:
- outside body - not particularly hazardous- inside body (ingestion/inhalation) - hazardous
Radon Gas
© RRC Training
• Where naturally occurring levels are high:- outside - low concern- inside - poorly ventilated workplaces, e.g.
basements can be a significant risk
• Control of risk above the action level:- Radiation Protection Supervisor- positive pressure air fans- radon sumps and extraction systems
Radon Gas
© RRC Training
You are going on holiday to a hot country with long hours of sunshineDiscuss how you will protect yourself from sunburn from the UV light using:• Time• Distance• Shieldingto structure your answer
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Types Sources Health Effects
Ultra-violet (UV)
SunlightArc welding
Skin burnsArc eye (photokeratitis)Skin cancer
Visible light lasers Temporary blindness
Infra-red (IR) Red hot steelGlass manufacture
Redness and skin burns, retinal burns, cataracts
Microwaves Food preparationTelecommunications
Internal heatingOrgan damage
Radiowaves Radio, TVradar
Internal heatingOrgan damage
Non-Ionising Radiation
Arc Eye
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Types Protection
Ultra-violet (UV) Cover exposed skinProtect eyes
Visible light,lasers
Low class: avoid shining in eyesHigh class: eye protection, shielding, non reflective surfaces
Infra-red (IR) Cover exposed skinProtect eyes
Microwaves Safe distanceIsolate and lock off
Radiowaves Safe distanceIsolate and lock off
Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation
59
© RRC Training
May be legally required by an approved physician:• Before working as a classified worker• During periodic health reviews (medicals)• Special surveillance if dose limit is exceeded• After ceasing work as a classified worker
Special consideration for pregnant or breastfeeding workers
Health Surveillance
© RRC Training
Types of examination include:• Skin checks• Respiratory checks• Exposure records• Sickness records
Health Surveillance
© RRC Training
1. Identify the different types of ionising radiation
2. Identify different sources of non-ionising radiation
3. What are the health effects of exposure to UV radiation?
End of Section Quiz
© RRC Training
Stress is:• An adverse reaction to excessive
pressure• Health effects:
– psychological– physical – behavioural – serious ill-health if prolonged
Stress
© RRC Training
Discuss what causes stress in your own life or others you have known to be stressed
Group Syndicate Exercise
© RRC Training
• Change - uncertainty• Demands - excessive• Control - weak• Support - poor• Relationship - difficult• Role - undefined
Causes of Stress
60
© RRC Training
• Whilst having your lunch outside, a tiger jumps out at you with a huge ROAR!!
• What physical, psychological and behavioural symptoms might you experience at the time and also in the days/weeks after?
Group Discussion Point
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Effects of StressPsychological Physical Behavioural• Anxiety• Low self-esteem• Depression
• Sweating• Heart rate• Blood pressure• Skin rashes• Muscle tension• Headache• Dizziness
• Sleeplessness• Poor
concentration• Poor decision-
making• Mood swings• Irritability• Alcohol
consumption• Drug misuse• Absence from
work
© RRC Training© RRC Training
Prevention Strategies for Stress
• Demand - reasonable demands, sufficient resources
• Control - given as much control as possible
• Support - information, instruction, training, additional support
• Relationships - clear anti-harassment and bullying policies
• Role - clear job descriptions, responsibilities and authority
• Change - planning and preparation for change, communication, timescales
© RRC Training
1. What is “stress”?2. What are the three types of health
effect that can result due to stress?3. What are the causes of workplace
stress?
End of Section Quiz