near-roadway exposure and health
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Near-Roadway Exposure and Health. Chad Bailey U. S. EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality Presentation for Air Toxics Workshop II Houston, Texas, June 12, 2007. Key Points. A significant fraction of the U.S. population lives very close to “major roads” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Near-Roadway Exposure and Health
Chad BaileyU. S. EPA
Office of Transportation and Air QualityPresentation for Air Toxics Workshop II
Houston, Texas, June 12, 2007
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Key Points
• A significant fraction of the U.S. population lives very close to “major roads”
• Concentrations of PM2.5, ultrafines, PAH, and toxics are significantly higher near traffic
• In >>100 studies since late 1990s, living in proximity to heavy traffic is associated with significant increases in:– Cardiovascular effects– Prevalence of respiratory conditions and symptoms– Adverse birth outcomes (LBW, etc.)
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Cumulative Population Fraction within X Meters of "Major Roads""Major Road" Definitions Shown in Legend
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Distance (m) from "Major Road" as Defined in Legend
Cum
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HAPEM6 - "Major Road" - CensusDefinition - No Cutoff
Garshick et al. (2003) - "MajorRoad" - No Cutoff
Garshick et al. (2003) - >=10kAADT Cutoff
McConnell et al. (2006) - Freeway,highway, or arterial
American Housing Survey(Housing Units) -- 4 Lane Highway,Airport, or RailroadRyan et al. (2007) - "Major Road" -No Cutoff
Ryan et al. (2007) - Bus Routes
American Housing Survey results pertain to housing units, not population.
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Health Effects
Note: this is just a snapshot; please ask if you’d like a copy of
the whole bibliography
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Near-Roadway Health Effects
• Residence or school near major roadways has been associated with:– Cardiovascular morbidity– Respiratory symptoms and conditions (e.g.
asthma)
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Cardiovascular Effects
• Tonne et al. (2006) – Worcester, MA– Acute myocardial infarction associated with
increased traffic near home and closer proximity to a major roadway
• Hoffman et al. (2006) – Germany– 85% increase in prevalence of coronary
heart disease among residents living within roads with >30k AADT
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Children’s Respiratory Health
• Cohort Studies– Southern California Children’s Health Study
• McConnell et al. (2005) reported that residence within 75 m of a major road was associated with increased risk of lifetime asthma, current asthma, and wheeze. Higher risks among those children with no family history.
• Gauderman et al. (2006) reported that children growing up within 500 m of a freeway had deficits in lung growth between ages 10 and 18 years
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Adverse Birth Outcomes – Specific Air Toxics (PAHs)
• Columbia Mothers and Newborns Study– Perera et al. (2003)
• Measured PAH exposures in pregnant women in New York City associated with low birth weight and reduced head circumference
– Miller et al. (2005)• Follow-up in birth cohort to Perera et al.• Maternal exposure to PAH during pregnancy associated with increase
risk of wheeze and “probable asthma” by age 2 in homes with ETS– Bocskay et al. (2004)
• Maternal exposure to PAH during pregnancy associated with elevated concentrations of “stable chromosomal aberrations” in umbilical cord blood lymphocytes
• Predictive of long-term cancer mortality in other studies– Perera et al. (2006)
• Prenatal PAH exposure associated with lower mental development scores at age 3
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Air Quality & Exposure
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Near-roadway PM distribution
• I-405 Freeway (Los Angeles)– Other studies in
Cincinnati, OH, Raleigh, NC, New York, NY, Europe, Australia
• High numbers of particles near roadway indicate fresh emissions
Distance (m) from I-405
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EPA Funded the Development of a RIOPA GIS Database
• Weisel, C.P. Assessment of the Contribution to Personal Exposures of Air Toxics from Mobile Sources. Final Report to EPA Office of Transportation and Air Quality, 2004.
• Kwon, J. Development of a RIOPA Database and Evaluation of the Effect of Proximity on the Potential Residential Exposure to VOCs from Ambient Sources. PhD Dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 2005.
• Kwon, J.; Weisel, C.P.; Turpin, B.J.; et al. (2006) Source proximity and outdoor-residential VOC concentrations: results from the RIOPA study. Environ Sci Technol 40: 4074-4082.
• Liu, W.; Zhang, J.; Kwon, J.; et al. (2007) Concentrations and source characteristics of airborne carbonyl compounds measured outside urban residences. J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 56: 1196-1204.
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Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutant Trends – RIOPA(EPA Final Report – Elizabeth, NJ Results)
Coronene vs. Urban InterstatePM2.5 v. Urban Interstate, Truck Loading, Local Rd.
Benzene v. Urban Arterial, Gas Station MTBE v. Urban Interstate, Gas Station
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Air Toxics Near RoadwaysHighway Tollbooth
Baltimore, MD
y = 5E-05x + 0.2869
R2 = 0.42
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Annual Average Daily Traffic on Nearest Major Collector (FRC5)
Ambi
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Outside Residences and Schools
Fresno, CA
Phe
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Rat
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Key Questions
• How do all these microscale effects add up?
• Are they relevant for large segments of the general population
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NYC Land Use RegressionRoss et al. (2007) Atmos Environ 41: 2255–2269
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Stopping Point
• Millions of Americans live near major roadways
• Concentrations of criteria and hazardous air pollutants are elevated near roadways
• In urban areas, nearby traffic and other sources are major drivers of ambient concentrations of air pollution
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What Analytical Tools Are Available?
What tools are available to assess these concerns?
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Emissions• Exhaust/Evaporative/Tire & Brake Wear
– MOBILE6.2: emission factor model (g/mi)– HC, CO, NOx, toxics, PM10, PM2.5– Requires local information on fleet composition (MPO
or on-site collection), fuel properties, I&M, road types, average speeds
– Can be run for individual road links or for entire modeling domain
– Key limitation: PM emission factors (ONLY) not sensitive to speed
• Nonroad engines– NONROAD model and documentation– Emission Factors for Locomotives (EPA420-F-97-051)
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Emissions
• Road dust– AP-42, Chapter 13– Alternate local methods if approved by
EPA
• MOVES– EPA’s next-generation emission factor
model– Improved local detail, due to modal basis
of emission prediction (e.g. idle, accel)
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Dispersion Models
• Roadway Sources– Line source dispersion models
• CALINE3/4, CAL3QHC, UCD2001
– Fast numerical models• QUIC
• Terminals, Rail Yards, other semi-stationary sources– AERMOD: EPA’s multisource model
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Dispersion Model Outputs
R. Baldauf, 2007
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How do EPA emission standards affect these concerns?
• EPA’s recent mobile source rules will dramatically reduce the emissions of criteria and toxic pollutants over the next decade
• This is expected to reduce exposures to many pollutants
• However, other exposure agents (e.g. road and tire dust) may continue to grow over time– Near-roadway epidemiology studies do not use
exposure indicators with source-specificity
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Conclusions
• A significant fraction of the U.S. population lives near major roadways
• Numerous air pollutant levels are elevated near major roadways and other transportation infrastructure
• Living (working/studying) near traffic is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes
• The extent to which emission standards solve the problems is still an open question