near-atomic resolution 3-d reconstruction of viruses · 1 exposure, on film, nikon scanner, 2-d...
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Near-atomic resolution 3-D reconstruction of viruses
Wen Jiang
EMAN Workshop, 2008
Markey Center for Structural Biology
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Viruses
Fields Virology, 2006
Bacteriophages
•! “Parasites” that infect cells
•! Bacterial viruses are also called phages
•! 102-103 Å in diameter
•! Composition: protein shell + DNA/RNA genome. Some have lipid envelope
•! Many viruses have icosahedral shell
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Review by Crowther, 2004
Viruses as Early 3-D EM Targets (1960s) T
MV
adenovirus T4
TBSV
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Adrian, M. et al. (1984). Cryo-electron microscopy of viruses. Nature 308, 32.
Ice Embedded Adenovirus Virions
Cryo-EM: Frozen Hydrated Sample
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Tailed dsDNA Bacteriophages
portal
scaffold core
terminase Procapsid
Infectious Phage
Bacterial Cell
•! ~1031 tailed dsDNA phage particles ! most abundant life form on Earth
and enormous genetic diversity
•! Some of the most complex macromolecular machines known
•! Host specificity is determined by the tail fibers
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Tailed dsDNA Phage: Atomic Models
infectious phage
HK97: recombinant shell
(2000)
?
T4: vertex protein
(2005)
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Epsilon15 Phage
•! short tail dsDNA phage (Podoviridae)
•! infects Salmonella
anatum
•! ~40kb genome
•! ~700Å in diameter
•! ~20 MDa in mass
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align & average
segmentation
Epsilon15: Icosahedral Shell at 9.5 Å
!hexon average
!T=7 asymmetric unit
Jiang et al. Nature 2006
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Shell Proteins of Epsilon15 Phage and HK97 Phage Have Common Fold
HK97 Epsilon15
(Wikoff et al. Science 2000) (Jiang et al. Nature 2006)
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phi29
Morais et al. Mol. Cell 2005
Jiang et al. NSB 2003
P22
Common Shell Protein Fold for Tailed dsDNA Phages and Herpesvirus
Jiang et al. Nature 2006
Epsilon15
T4
Fokine et al. PNAS 2005
HK97
Wikoff et al. Science 2000
Baker et al. J.Virol. 2005
Herpes
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>15 Å <4 Å 6 Å 9 Å
2BTV
Helices Sheets
Strands Domains Size
Shape Backbone Side Chain
2BTV VP3A
Towards Near-Atomic Resolution
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4.5Å Icosahedral Structure of Epsilon15
•! Liquid Helium microscope
•! Large dataset (~3000 micrograph)
•! Image processing (EMAN)
•! Large scale computation (million hours) Jiang et al. Nature 2008
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C! Model of Epsilon15: Asymmetric Unit
T = 7L
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GP7: Conformation Variance
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Capsid Model of Epsilon15
Density Map gp7 Model
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2006 (Jiang et al. Nature)
9.5Å
2008 (Jiang et al. Nature)
4.5Å
gp7
gp10
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gp10: a molecular staple
gp10
gp7
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3.7 Å map: gp7 !
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Near-atomic Resolution 3-D Reconstruction
Tasks Requirements/Methods
Sample Stable, homogeneous
Imaging Good microscope
(LHe or LN2 ?)
Image processing Accurate alignment (orientation,
center, defocus)
Computing Cluster, Condor, Grid
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High Resolution Images
JEOL3200FSC: 300 kV, N2, Energy filter ~1500 micrographs, 50k mag
1 exposure, on film, Nikon scanner
JEOL3000SFF: 300 kV, Helium ~3000 micrographs, 60k mag
1 exposure, on film, Nikon scanner,
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2-D Alignment
JEOL3000SFF JEOL3200FSC
Orienta
tion V
ariatio
n (
degre
e)
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2-D Alignment O
rienta
tion V
ariatio
n (
degre
e)
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2-D Alignment O
rie
nta
tion V
ariatio
n (
degre
e)
Cen
ter
Variatio
n (
pix
el)
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Focus Variation
!15 70
0Å
ice
!15
!15 !15
!15
!15 700Å
ice
!15 !15 !15 !15
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Focus Variation
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Focus Variation
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Defocus (µm)
Focus Variation
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Defo
cus
Variatio
n (
µm
)
Focus Variation
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Defo
cus
variatio
ns
(Angst
rom
)
250
500
-500
-250
Grid 1 Grid 2
0
Detecting CTF Fitting Errors
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Large Scale Distributed Computing: Condor
Campus B
Campus A
Developed by U Wisconsin - Madison
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Greater than 50% available " 25% - 50% available " Less than 25% available "
Large Scale Computing: Condor
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Parallelizing 2-D Alignment
0 1 2 n
0 M00 M01 M02 M0n
1 M10 M11 M12
2 M20 M21 M22
Mij
m Mm0 Mmn
Cry
o-E
M p
art
icle
images
(m)
reference projections of current 3-D model (n)
•!All to all comparison
•!Comparisons are independent
•!m=102-105
•!n=102-103
•!Image size: 100-10002
•!3 variables (2 center, 1 rotation) for comparison pair
•!Block parallelization
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EMAN on Condor •! Implemented EMAN on Condor
•! Works well with Condor on Linux (32bit and 64bit X86, PPC64) and Windows
•! Simultaneously run on all Purdue Condor pools (BoilerGrid)
•! Purdue main campus
•! Purdue Calumet
•! Indiana state university
•! Notre Dame University
•! Hundreds to thousands CPUs can be used
Remaining Issues:
•! Data IO/image file transfer bottleneck ?
•! Distributed checkpointing ?
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Large Scale Computing: Condor 100 " 1000 CPUs
Num
ber
of R
unnin
g J
obs
8AM Time (hours)
Windows 32bit
All
Linux 32 bit
Linux 64 bit
Purdue Condor Pool 2007
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Purdue Condor Pool 2008:
Condor Is Growing
7PM
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Condor Is Growing
Total Owner Claimed Unclaimed Matched IA64/LINUX 4 0 0 4 0 INTEL/LINUX 818 346 218 225 29 INTEL/WINNT51 5142 2887 1 2254 0 INTEL/WINNT52 1 0 0 1 0 INTEL/WINNT60 2373 250 0 2123 0 PPC/OSX 1 0 0 1 0 PPC64/LINUX 8 0 0 8 0 SUN4u/SOLARIS28 1 0 0 1 0 SUN4u/SOLARIS5.10 15 5 0 10 0 X86_64/LINUX 10739 7738 2857 144 0 Total 19102 11226 3076 4771 29
Linux clusters
Research labs, Teaching Labs, Offices, …
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Computing Resources for Image Processing
Projection
2-D Alignment
3-D Reconstruction
Class Averaging
Image Processing Tasks
Desktop
Group of Desktops
Cluster
Condor
Computing Resources
?
Our dream:
Super-computer scale resource for complete image processing from individual’s desktop without worrying about complex computer issues for a biologist user
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Tailed dsDNA Phage: Atomic Models
Infectious Phage (2008)
HK97: recombinant shell
(2000)
T4: vertex protein
(2005)
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Can we solve the structure of non-icosahedral components: portal, tail, genome ?
Complete structure (20 Å)
Jiang et al. Nature 2006
Icosahedral shell (4.5 Å)
Jiang et al. Nature 2008
Beyond Icosahedral Averaging
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Icosahedral Reconstruction ! Non-Icosahedral Reconstruction
particle images
icosahedral reconstruction
icosahedral orientation
C1 orientation 1
C1 orientation 2
C1 orientation 60 best C1 orientation
C1 reconstruction
projection matching
asymmetric reconstruction icosahedral
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Asymmetric Reconstruction
1
2
34
5
6
side view
top view
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“Virus Anatomy”
shell
tail spikes
tail hub
portal
core
dsDNA
dsDNA terminus
700Å
850Å
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dsDNA Packing: Coaxial Spooling solenoid spiral
liquid crystal folded toroid
thebacteriophages.org
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Epsilon15 vs. P22
Epsilon15 P22
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Acknowledgments
MIT
Jonathan King Peter Weigele
Baylor College of Medicine
Wah Chiu Matthew Baker Jonita Jakana Qinfen Zhang Steve Ludtke Juan Chang
Funding
Purdue, NIH/NIAID
Purdue
Weimin Wu Ping-An Fang Min Su Teepanis Chachiyo
Rosen Center of Advanced Computing
New Structural Biology Building (2009)