ncsss 2009

Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University

A - 1

6

2552

,

IndianaStateUniversity,UniversityofGeorgia,VinhUniversity,

University of Applied Science, Neubrandenburg ,

(.) TOT ()

2

17 - 18 2552

(.)

The 2nd National Conference on Sciences and Social Sciences 2009

A - 2


A - 3

1. 1.1 .. 1.2 ..

1.3 .. 1.4 ..

1.5 .. 1.6 ..

1.7 .. 1.8 ..

1.9 .. 1.10 ..

1.11 .. 1.12 .

1.13 . 1.14 .

1.15 . 1.16 .

1.17 . 1.18 .

1.19 . 1.20 ..

1.21 .. 1.22 ..

1.23 .. 1.24 ..

1.25 .. 1.26 ..

1.27 .. 1.28 ..

1.29 .. 1.30 ..

1.31 .. 1.32 ..

1.33 . 1.34 .

1.35 . 1.36 .

1.37 . 1.38 .

1.39 . 1.40 .

1.41 . 1.42 .

1.43 . 1.44 .

2. 2.1 ..

2.2 ..

2.3 ..

2.4 .

2.5 .

2.6 .

2.7


A - 4


A - 5

2

The 2nd National Conference of Sciences and Social Sciences 2009

17 18 2552

17 2552

08.3009.30.

09.0010.00. /

.....TOT

( 4B)

10.0011.00. TeachingScientificInquiryinthe

AgeoftheGlobalWarmingCrisis

Dr.NormanF.Thomson:UniversityofGeorgia

( 4B)

11.0012.00.

.

( 4B)

12.00-13.00.

13.00-16.30. Workshop:TeachingScientificInquiry:Whatcanwe

learnfromskulls?

Dr.NormanF.Thomson:UniversityofGeorgia

( 4C)

13.00-16.30.


A - 6

17 2552

13.00 - 17.00 .

1.

(Sc1-8)

2. //

26312(H1-12)

3. /

26311(Ed1-11)

4.

(C1-11)

5. 26307 (C 12-22)

6. /

4B(G1-11)

7.

18 2552

09.00 - 17.00 .

1. 4C(C23-42)

2. (C43-62)

3. 26307(C52-71)

4. (C72-78)


A - 7

6

1.

17182552 08.3016.00.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

2. /

172552 08.3016.00.

182552 09.00.

10.0016.00.

3.

172552 08.30

572

80

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

4.

17182552 08.3015.30.

4.1

4.2/

4.3/

4.4


A - 8


A - 9

Sche

dule

17

18

255

2

0

9.30

1

6.00

.

1

1P1

09.3016.00.

2P2

09.3016.00.

3P3

09.3016.00.

4P4

09.3016.00.

5P5

09.3016.00.

6P6

09.3016.00.

7P7

09.3016.00.

8P8

09.3016.00.

9P9

(TiO2)

09.3016.00.

10P1

0

09.3016.00.

11P1

1

09.3016.00.

12P1

2

09.3016.00.


A - 10

Sche

dule

17

255

2

1

3.00

1

5.40

.

3

1Sc1

105

13.0013.20.

2Sc2

:

13.2013.40.

3Sc3

13.4014.00.

4Sc4

14.0014.20.

5Sc5

14.2014.40.

6Sc6

(LMS)

(P

BL)

14.4015.00.

7Sc7

15.0015.20.

8Sc8

15.2015.40.


A - 11

Sche

dule

/

/

17

255

2

1

3.00

1

7.00

.

2

6312

3

1H1

13.0013.20.

2H2

13.2013.40.

3H3

13.4014.00.

4H4

:

14.0014.20.

5H5

..2416-

..2

542

14.20-14.40.

6H6

Lifeinth

eIron-Mills

14.4015.00.

7H7

15.0015.20.

8H8

15.2015.40.

9H9

15.4016.00.

10H10

16.0016.20.

11H11

16.2016.40.

12H12

16.4017.00.


A - 12

Sche

dule

/

17

255

2

1

3.00

1

7.00

.

2

6311

3

1Ed

1

13.0013.20.

3Ed

2

:

13.4014.00.

4Ed

3

14.0014.20.

5Ed

4

1-7

14.2014.40.

6Ed

5

14.4015.00.

7Ed

6

1-7

15.0015.20.

8Ed

7

15.2015.40.

9Ed

8

7

15.4016.00.

10Ed

9

16.0016.20.


A - 13

11Ed

10

16.2016.40.

12Ed

11

16.4017.00.


A - 14

Sche

dule

17

255

2

1

3.00

1

6.40

.

3

1C1

13.0013.20.

2C2

13.2013.40.

3C3

1

13.4014.00.

4C4

2

14.0014.20.

5C5

2

14.2014.40.

6C6

14.4015.00.

7C7

1

15.0015.20.

8C8

2

15.2015.40.

9C9

(Processes)

15.4016.00.

10C10

4

16.0016.20.

11C11

16.2016.40.


A - 15

Sche

dule

17

255

2

1

3.00

1

6.40

.

2

6307

3

1C12

HouseandHom

e

4

13.0013.20.

2C14

13.2013.40.

3C15

4

13.4014.00.

4C16

1

14.0014.20.

5C17

1

14.2014.40.

6C18

4

14.4015.00.

7C19

3

15.0015.20.

8C20

6

15.2015.40.

9C21

4

15.4016.00.

10C22

16.0016.20.


A - 16

Sche

dule

/

17

255

2

1

3.00

1

6.40

.

4 B

4

1G1

13.0013.20.

2G2

13.2013.40.

3G3

13.4014.00.

4G4

14.0014.20.

5G5

14.2014.40.

6G6

14.4015.00.

7G7

15.0015.20.

8G8

2

15.2015.40.

9G9

:

1,23

15.4016.00.

10G10

16.0016.20.

11G11

16.2016.40.


A - 17

Sche

dule

18

255

2

0

9.00

1

6.40

.

4 C

4

1C23

09.0009.20.

2C24

5

09.2009.40.

3C25

1

09.4010.00.

4C26

410.0010.20.

5C27

6

10.2010.40.

6C28

3

10.4011.00.

7C29

6

11.0011.20.

8C30

3

11.2011.40.

9C31

5

5

11.4012.00.


A - 18

10C32

Prepositions

13.0013.20.

11C33

2

13.2013.40.

12C34

13.4014.00.

13C35

4

14.0014.20.

14C36

4

14.2014.40.

15C37

6

14.4015.00.

16C38

2

15.0015.20.

17C39

1

15.2015.40.

18C40

15.4016.00.

19C41

2

16.0016.20.

20C42

1

16.2016.40.


A - 19

Sche

dule

18

255

2

0

9.00

1

2.00

.

3

1C43

1

09.0009.20.

2C44

09.2009.40.

3C45

1

09.4010.00.

4C46

1

10.0010.20.

5C47

2

10.2010.40.

6C48

1

10.4011.00.

7C49

1

11.0011.20.

8C50

2

11.2011.40.

9C51

1

11.4012.00.


A - 20

Sche

dule

18

255

2

0

9.00

1

6.40

.

2

6307

3

1C52

1

09.0009.20.

2C53

09.2009.40.

3C54

4

09.4010.00.

4C55

1

10.0010.20.

5C56

2

10.2010.40.

6C57

2

10.4011.00.

7C58

11.0011.20.

8C59

3

11.2011.40.

9C60

2

11.4012.00.

10C61

1

13.0013.20.

11C62

2

13.2013.40.

12C63

13.4014.00.


A - 21

13C64

3

14.0014.20.

14C65

1

14.2014.40.

15C66

4

14.4015.00.

16C67

1

15.0015.20.

17C68

1

15.2015.40.

18C69

2

15.4016.00.

19C70

16.0016.20.

20C71

16.2016.40.


A - 22

Sche

dule

18

255

2

0

9.00

1

1.20

.

3

1C72

(

)

2

09.0009.20.

2C73

4

09.2009.40.

3C74

2

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4C75

6

10.0010.20.

5C76

5

10.2010.40.

6C77

10.4011.00.

7C78

1

11.0011.20.


A - 23

P1 3

P2 11

P3 19

P4 29

P5 34

P6 44

P7 50

P8 58

P9 (TiO2) 63


A - 24

P10 71

P11 76

P12 79

Sc1 105 89

Sc2 101

:

Sc3 111

Sc4 121

Sc5 126

Sc6 (LMS) 132

(PBL)

()


A - 25

Sc7 140

Sc8 146

/ /

H1 161

H2 171

H3 180

H4 : 188

H5 ..2416-..2542 197

H6 LifeintheIron-Mills 210

H7 223

H8 233

()


A - 26

H9 240

H10 249

H11 260

H12 269

Ed1 281

Ed2 289

:

Ed3 306

Ed4 318

1-7

()


A - 27

Ed5 333

Ed6 345

1-7

Ed7 357

Ed8 367

7

Ed9 377

Ed10 386

Ed11 397

()


A - 28

C1 411

C2 419

C3 427

1

C4 436

2

C5 446

2

C6 458

C7 1 475

C8 2 484

()


A - 29

C9 (Processes) 494

C10 4 500

C11 507

C12 513

HouseandHome4

C14 523

C15 4 530

C16 538

1

C17 1 548

C18 4 556

C19 564

3

()


A - 30

C20 575 6

C21 582 4

C22 592

C23 600

C24 5 608

C25 1 613

C26 4 623

C27 631 6

C28 636 3

()


A - 31

C29 648

6

C30 655

3

C31 55 661

C32 Prepositions 671

C33 2 681

C34 692

C35 703

4

C36 714

4

C37 722

6

()


A - 32

C38 730

2

C39 738

1

C40 746

C41 752

2

C42 1 762

C43 769

1

C44 777

C45 784

1

C46 790

1

()


A - 33

C47 797

2

C48 805

1

C49 816

1

C50 823

2

C51 831

1

C52 840

1

C53 847

C54 856

4

C55 864

1

()


A - 34

C56 873

2

C57 2 881

C58 889

C59 897

3

C60 906

2

C61 1 914

C62 2 922

C63 929

C64 937

3

()


A - 35

C65 1 944

C66 4 953

C67 1 961

C68 1 971

C69 979

2

C70 987

C71 994

C72 () 1002

2

C73 1013

4

()


A - 36

C74 2 1021

C75 1032

6

C76 5 1040

C77 1050

C78 1 1058

/

G1 1067

G2 1072

G3 1080

G4 1089

G5 1102

()


A - 37

()

G6 1111

G7 1121

G8 1133

2

G9 : 1147

1,23

G10 1159

G11 1169

1181

80 5 2552

Rajabhat Maha Sara Kham University

1


2


3

Determination of Antioxidants of Mushroom Extracts

1,* 2 2

Patcharaporn Pimchan,1,* Aunsorn Tipjarern2 and Wilawan Pomchum3

DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) BHA

(3(2)-t-Butyl-4-hydroxy anisole) 5 5

1000 ppm 80.20, 77.88, 75.30, 74.80 73.20 IC50 56.82, 46.06, 151.41,45.6 134.20 ppm

1000 ppm 80.98, 78.16, 77.88, 76.61 73.26

IC50 136.69, 67.90, 204.54, 158.69 331.47 ppm 5

: , , DPPH, BHA

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the antioxidants of the five fresh and dry mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr)

Sing, Lentinus polychrous Lev, Tremella fusiformis Berk, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont and Volvariella vovacea (Bull.Ex.Fr.) Sing) by the reaction of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with BHA as standards reagent. The percentage radical scavenging of fresh-mushroom extractions at 1,000 ppm of Lentinus squarrosulus Mont, Lentinus polychrous Lev, Tremella fusiformis Berk, Volvariella vovacea (Bull.Ex.Fr.) Sing and Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr) Sing were observed at 80.20, 77.88, 75.30, 74.80 and 73.20, respectively and IC50 were observed at 56.82, 46.06, 151.41, 45.60 and 134.20, respectively. The extractions from dry mushrooms at 1,000 ppm obtained the percentage radical scavenging at 80.98, 78.16, 77.88, 76.61 and 73.26 and IC50 at 136.69, 67.90, 204.54, 158.69 and 331.47 ppm for Volvariella vovacea (Bull.Ex.Fr.) Sing, Lentinus polychrous Lev, Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr) Sing, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont and Tremella fusiformis Berk, respectively Comparisons of the five types reveals that the effectiveness ofantioxidant of fresh mushroom extracts was higher than that of the extractions from dry mushrooms. Keywords: antioxidant, mushrooms, DPPH, BHA 1,* / 2 /


4

(mushroom)

(Fungi)

3 ,800 2,000

1 2

( , 2545)

(Antioxidant)

IC50 5

DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) BHA (3(2)-t-Butyl-4-hydroxy anisole)

1. 5


5

2.

DPPH assay 3.

5

4. 3

1. 1. -

(UV-visible Spectrophotometer) 2. (Rotary vacuum

evaporator) 3. (Freeze dry) 4. 4 5. (Blender) 6. (Desiccators) 7. (Oven) 2. 1. (Funnels) 2. (Filter paper) 3. (Volumetric flask) 4. (Test tubes) 10, 25

100 5. (Erlenmeyer flasks) 125

250 6. (Pipette) 1 2 7. (Micro-pipet) 1,000

8. (Beakers) 50 100

9. (Cylinder) 50 10. (Glass stirring) 11. (Spatula) 12. (Watch glass) 13. (Aluminum

foil) 14. 3. 1. 2,2-diphyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)

2. 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) 3. 95% (95%Ethanol)

1

( ) 1)

100 2) 95% 150

1

3) 42

4) (Rotary vacuum

evaporator) Freeze dry

5)

70-100 C 12 ()

3.

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)


6

BHA DPPH

1) DPPH radical 0.1 95 %

2) BHA 0.01, 0.10, 1.00, 10.00, 100.00, 1000.00

ppm 3) (DPPH) DPPH 0.1 1 95 % 1

4) BHA 6

DPPH 0.1 1: 1

30 5) (Absorbance)

517 UV visible Spectrophotometer 6) DPPH

517 (Absorbance)

7) (% radical scavenging)

= A517nmSample =

DPPH 30 A517nm DPPH =

DPPH 8)

Linear Regression

IC50 ( IC50

DPPH ) 9) 5

2-8 ( BHA 5 )

BHA DPPH BHA

1) BHA BHA 0.01, 0.1, 1.00, 10.00, 100.00 1000.00 ppm

1

1 BHA

sample BHA

Conc. (ppm)

% radical scavenging

1 1000.00 96.21 2 100.00 94.89 3 10.00 93.25 4 1.00 54.20 5 0.10 8.57 6 0.01 6.75

DPPH Control 0.00

BHA 1000 ppm

96.21 antioxidant BHA

1001517

517

DPPHsample

nm

nm


7

1000 ppm 98.67 ( , 2546)

1

1 BHA

BHA 0.01, 0.10, 1.00, 10.00, 100.00 1000.00 ppm

6.75, 8.57, 54.20, 93.25, 94.89 96.21

IC50 1.19 ppm 2)

5

( )

517 nm 1,000 ppm DPPH

0.01, 0.10, 1.00, 10.00, 100.00 1000.00 ppm

IC50 BHA 2

2 1,000 ppm

IC50

%Radical IC50 %Radical IC50

73.20 134.2 77.88 204.54 77.60 46.06 78.16 67.90

80.20 56.82 76.61 158.69 75.30 151.41 73.26 331.47

74.80 45.60 80.98 136.69

DPPH 1,000 ppm

IC50

2

IC50

2


8

IC50 IC50

IC50

IC50

3

3 IC50

(L. Barros et al., 2008)

IC50

2

1000 ppm

5 95%

DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)

BHA

50 (IC50) 1.19 ppm IC50 BHA

DPPH

5 ( )

1000 ppm


9

73.20, 77.88, 77.60, 78.16, 80.20, 76.61, 74.80, 80.98, 75.30 73.26 IC50 134.20, 204.54, 46.06, 67.90, 56.82, 158.69, 45.60, 136.69, 151.41 331.47 ppm

5

5 DPPH

( , 2546)

1.

2.

3.

. (2547).

. . : .

. (2550). . . . ( ) . : .

.(2546). 5 . . . : .

. (2548). . . . ( ). : .

. (2534). . .

. (2548). . . . ( ). :

. (2541). . : .

. (2545). . . : .


10

. (2545). . . . ( ) . : .

. (2544). . . . ( ) . : .

. (2547). . . : .

. (2546). . . : .

. (2547). 2,2- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+) Trametes versicolor . . : .

. (2544). . : . L. Barros, S. Falco, P. Baptista, C. Freire, M. Vilas- Boas, I.C.F.R. Ferreira. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Agaricus sp. mushrooms by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays. Food Chemistry. 111. 61-66.


11

Determination of Lead and Cadmium by Differentials pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in drinking water of Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University

1 2 3

Pirom Suwannasom,1 Suphap Boonthep2 and Nungruthai Phoojomjit3

(DPASV) DPASV

100 4.6 10 300

-1.15 90 / (HMDE) square wave -

1.15 0.15 standard addition 1.0 0.5

50 80-113 6.80

21.65-37.50

(GFAAS) : , ,

1 / 2 / 3 /


12

ABSTRACT

A differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (DPASV) method has been used to determine quantities of cadmium and lead in drinking water of Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University. Acid digestion is an effective method for determination of elements in drinking water using DPASV. An optimized reagent composed of HNO3 used in digestion, then 100 L of sample and 10 mL of acetate buffer (pH 4.6) was placed in a voltammetric cell. Oxygen was removed by bubbling pure nitrogen through the solution for 300 seconds before deposition of the metals was carried out by applying a constant potential of -1.15 V versus Ag/AgCl to the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) for 90 s. A square waveform was scanned from -1.15 to 0.15V and a voltammogram was recorded. A standard addition procedure was used for quantification. Detection limits of 0.5 and 1.0 g/L for cadmium and lead, respectively, were obtained. Percentage recoveries obtained by spiking 50ppb of each metal to the sample solution were in the range of 80113%. The method was successfully applied to determine quantities of cadmium and lead in drinking water samples. It was found that the contents of cadmium and lead released from the samples were in the range of N.D. - 6.80 g/L and 21.65-37.50 g/L, respectively, which are lower than the regulated values of the Thai industrial standard. Voltammetric results were in good agreement compared with the GFAAS analysis. Keywords: Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric, drinking water, heavy metal


13

5 / . .

( , 2529)

1 (1:1,000,000)

( . 2530)

10 mcg/dL IQ 1-3

( , 2541)

(Detection limit) Lower limit of detection (LOD)

(selectivity)

(modern instrumental method of analysis) X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)

(


14

. 2539) LOD Selectivity

AAS

( . 2535) AAS (Speciation)

(Simulatous)

1 (part per billion) ( . 2545)

(Pb) (Cd)

(Sample random sampling)

. 3 5

atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)

Metrohm 797 VA

Varian Spectra AA 880Z Zeeman Furnace system Metrohm BUCHI MS 2000 4 25, 50, 100, 1000 50 , 100

1 , 2 10 100

10 - 100 (CH3COOH) (NH3)

(HNO3) (Pb(NO3)2 ) (Cd(NO3)2)

.

(Sample random sampling) 4

50

10

200 250 psi 40


15

10

100

( NH4OAc) = 4.6

2 5.8

50 1 3.2

50

4.6 0.1

3

/

90 2000

300 10 20

-1.15 0.2 -0.4

-0.54

283.3 228.7

0.05-

1.00 / R2: Correlation coefficient (n=5) 0.9975 0.9984

4.6

1 R2: Correlation coefficient

(n=5) 1


16

1 Correlation coefficient (n=5)

R2

( g/L)

( g/L)

(%)

Y = 0.0203x + 0.0035

Y = 0.0167x + 0.0006

0.9967

0.9907

1.0

0.5

10.0

5.0

80.6

83.7

1

21.65- 37.50

6.80 2

( )

()


17

2

( )

( )

2551

2551

2552

2552

2552

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

37.500.5 30.470.2 30.400.7

N.D. N.D. N.D.

31.500.7 28.500.3 27.600.1 29.800.4 27.250.2 31.600.1 21.650.35 24.500.2 23.800.4

N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

5.300.5 5.450.2 5.430.4

N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

36.40 34.50 33.65 N.D. N.D. N.D. 31.50 28.80 20.65 30.82 29.21 32.85 22.30 25.97 24.30

N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 6.80 5.26 5.90 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

N.D. =

3.

t df GFAAS

29.24 Voltammetry 29.71

2.238 8

GFAAS

5.98

Voltammetry 5.39 2.224 8


18

- ( . 2521)

t 2 t 2.238 2.224

t 2.306 t

t

0.05

1.

2.

. (2541)

.

. . (2545)

.

.

. (2529) 98.

. (2521)

. 332. . (2530)

. .

. (2539). Principle Techniques of Instrumental. 1.

: . . (2535)

. .


19

Conflict Management in Public Lands in Mahasarakham Province

(1)

(2) (3)

1.

2.


20

3.

:

Abstract

The common conflicts in communities usually arise from the issues of public lands, water supply, feeding animals, looking down upon other, sexuality/family/marriage/sex appeal. They are both personal conflicts and public conflicts. Land is an important natural resource for people in community especially farmers, and it is also a valuable natural resource. Therefore, the conflict in occupying natural resource of people in communities throughout Thailand especially the northeast of Thailand has increased dramatically. In regard to the problem, a researcher was interested in analyzing the conflict management in public lands in Maha Sarakham province. The objectives of this qualitative research were to analyze the condition and problems of the public land use, analyze the conflict management, and find out the suggestions for the conflict management in public lands in Maha Sarakham province. The study sites regarding the high-level problem of public lands were in Waphiprathum district, Maha Sarakham province. They were Thasongkorn sub-district, Muang sub-district, Kharmthuapatana sub-district, Kantarawichai sub-district, and Nongsaeng sub-district. The sample subjects were the litigants of the conflict in public lands, neighbours, village headmen, members of community committee, chairmen of occupational center, religious leaders, and monks. The data were collected by a questionnaire, deep interview, observation, and physical study. The data were analyzed by the descriptive analysis regarding the frame of the conflict analysis. Results of the research were as follows: In regard to the reasons, it was found that the conflicts arose from inaccurate data, beneficial conflict, behaviour, value, belief, expectation including historical and political factors. In regard to the conflict in water supply, the problem arose from inaccurate data, beneficial conflict, behaviour, and value. In case of Don Taphu , the causes of the conflict were inaccurate data, beneficial conflict, and historical factor. The conflict in the cemetery arose from inaccurate data, beneficial conflict, and value. The finding indicated that the method of conflict management used for the solution was compromise, negotiation, use of community regulation and also sacred items. In conclusion, the finding indicated that the methods used for the conflict management in public lands in Maha Sarakham should be compromise, negotiation, use of community regulations and also sacred items. Keywords : conflict management public lands


21

( , 2542, 7-11)

( , 2541, 40)


22

( , 2538, 149)

8 ( . .2540-2544)

( , 25 2 9 , )


23

1 3 20

. . 2449

. .2547 34,000

17 6 3

5 (

, 2547)

932

54.08

( , , ,

,2538, 7-12 )

1.

2.

3.


24

(qualitative research)

1.

2.

3.

5. 3

2549 2551 2

2549 2550 6.


(in-dept interview guideline)

2 1 2


2 1. ( documentary research)


25

2. (field research)

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

(method of data analysis)

(qualitative analysis)

(content analysis)


26

(descriptive analysis method)

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

1.

( ,2545,

171-172)


27

(Moor,1986,

, ,2542, 80)

2.

( ,2526, 70-79)

3.

. . . . . .

. .

, , ( ).

(2542). :


28

. : .

.(2547).. : . .(2547).

. : . .(2531). .

: .

. (2538).

. :

. . ( ).

(2547). . : .

.(2540).

. : .

.(2547). : .( 2). :

. ,

. ( ).(2538).

.

: . .

(2540).

1. :

. .(2538). :

.( 2). : .

.(2542). :. :

. .(2539).

: . : . Avruch,Kevin.(2002).Culture and conflict resolution.(3rd print).Washington,D.C.:TheUnited State Institute of Peace. Mac Corkle,S.&Reese,J.M.(2005).Mediaion theory and practice.Boston:Pearson Education,Inc.


29

Production and Chlorophyll Contents of Mulberry Chlorophyll Juice

1 2 2

Wasawee Pichai,1 Natthaporn Netthrwong2 and Namphon Narawang2

75 15 10

10.92 /100 6.39 /100

3 180,000 CFU/

:

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to optimize formulation of the chlorophyll juice from mulberry leaves. It was found that the suitable proportion of base system was 75 % boiled water, 15 % granulated sugar, and 10 % mulberry leaves since it gave the highest scores of overall acceptability from the panelists. The study of chlorophyll contents of fresh mulberry leaves and chlorophyll juices was also determined and found that the chlorophyll contents of mulberry leaves and chlorophyll juices were 10.92 mg/100g and 6.39 mg/100ml respectively. The microbiological properties were conformed to the standard of the drinking juice. There were 180,000 CFU/ml of total microorganism from mulberry chlorophyll juice throughout the storage period of 3 days. Keywords : Chlorophyll, Mulberry leafs, Mulberry chlorophyll juice 1 Division of Food Technology . Faculty of Science and Technology. Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University. 2 Bachelors Degree of Food Science and Technology . Faculty of Science and Technology. Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University.


30

1 2 ( ,

2544)

( , 2548)

( , 2545)

( , 2541)

1.

2 .

1. 5 2. 95C

4 30, 60 ,120 240

3.


31

1.

1)

950

10C 30, 60, 120 240

1

2) 1

1

1

(%) (%) (%)

1 2 3 4 5

75 75 75 80 70

13 18 15 12 22

12 12 10 8 8

3)

2 1 4)

72 10C 1

5 )

6)

2. 1 )

1 1

2) 0.1 85%

30 3

3)

5% 50 50

4)

5)

100 6)

660 642.5 7 )

(mg/L) = (7.12 x A660)+(16.8 x A642.5) 3.

Total plate count


32

1.

2

( )

30 60

120 240

95 C 30, 60, 120, 240

120

3

1 4.321.14 c 4.321.54 c 4.551.23 c 4.741.15 c 2 4.421.29c 4.711.13 c 4.901.04 b 4.941.18 b 3 5.900.98a 6.130.76 a 5.840.90 a 5.940.96 a 4 4.901.08b 5.101.01 b 4.811.08 b 5.231.15 b 5 4.741.09 b 4.771.20 b 4.680.91 c 4.971.25 b

5 3 4, 5, 2 1

2.

60

4

4

( /100 )

( /100 )

10.92 0.34a

6.39 0.59b

6.39 0.59

/ 100 10.92 0.34 /100

(P 0.05) 3.

5

/

180,000 1,000,000 Pour plate technique

(P 0.05)

a,b,c p < 0.05


33

3

180,000 CFU/

95 C

30, 60, 120, 240 120

30

5

3

75 15 10

10.92 100

6.39 100

2550

.2545.

. :

. .2544. -

. . . : .

.2541. . :

. .2548.

. : .


34

Clay Development in South of Northeast for the Production of Ceramics

1

1) 2)

3) 4)

5

(Purposive Sampling) (Triaxial Blend) 15 5 75

1.

40 30 30 ( 15.23 62.60 Kg/cm2 0.10 )

2. 40 20 40 ( 14.78

61.60 Kg/cm2 0.01 ) 3.

50 20 30 ( 13.00 56.40 Kg/cm2 4.50 )

4. 40 20 40 ( 17.35

69.80 Kg/cm2 0.08 ) 5.

50 20 30 ( 14.89 71.52 Kg/cm2 0.10 )

: , ,

1


35

Abstract The research was on clay development in south of northeast for the production of ceramics. The objectives of the research were: 1) To test the physical properties and chemical properties of clay in south of northeast. 2) To experiment the compound of the stone ware from ratio between the clay in south of northeast, Ranong kaolin and feldspar rocks. 3) To provide the most appropriate mix ratio of each source to casting method. 4) To Provide Test Results Used in the Design and Production of Stoneware Manufacturers to the Market. The raw materials used in the study area consisted of clay in south of northeast Ranong kaolin and feldspar rocks. These sample groups of the clay development in south of northeast for the production ceramics: they were from the clay in south of north 5 sources and The sample groups were purposive sampling from triaxial blend including clay from the south in northeast, Ranong kaolin and feldspar rocks. There were 5 sources, each source had 15 samples, and totally they were 75 samples. These were tested by the physical properties chemical properties and. The quality of mold. The research had found that 1. Ban Dan Kwian clay resources were selected it was found that were ratio between clay the Ban Dan Kwian clay 40%, feldspar 30%, Ranong kaolin 30% 30 (15.23% contraction strength 62.60 Kg/cm2 of 0.10% water absorption color that appear as brown). 2. Ban Kruad clay resources were selected it was found that were ratio between clay the Ban Kruad clay 40%, feldspar 20% and Ranong kaolin 40% (contraction 14.78%, strength 61.60 Kg/cm2 , water absorption 0.01% and appearing as dark gray color). 3. Ban Sawai clay resources were selected it was found that were ratio between clay the Ban Sawai clay 50%, feldspar rocks 20% Ranong kaolin 30% (contraction 13.00%, strength 56.40 Kg/cm2 , water absorption 4.50% and appearing as donkey gray color). 4. Ban Ko clay resources were selected it was found that were ratio between clay the Ban Ko clay 40%, rock feldspar 20%, and Ranong kaolin 40% (contraction 17.35%, strength 69.80 Kg/cm2, water absorption 0.08% and appearing as brown color). 5. Ban Tha Tao Hai clay resources were selected it was found that were ratio between clay the Ban Tha Tao Hai clay 50%, feldspar 20% and Ranong kaolin 30% (contraction 14.89%, strength 71.52 Kg/cm2, water absorption 0.10% and appearing as brown color). According to cognitive transference from research to communities, in which ware produced earthenware at Ratna districts, Surin province, it was found that villagers could be taken local raw materials applied in the production of earthenware to send the distribution and marketing. Keywords : clay development, Ceramics, casting slip


36

(Basketry) (Paperwork) (Textile Weaving) (Pottery/Ceramics) (Woodwork) (Metalwork) (Lacquerwork) (Leatherwork) (Gems and Ornaments) (Artificial Flowers)

(Pottery)

(Refractories) ( Enamels) (Abrasive) (Cement) (Glass)

(New Ceramics)

1.


37

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

2.1

2.2

(Purposive Sampling) (Triaxial Blend)

15 5 75

3. 3.1 (Independent Variable)

3.1.1

15 3.1.2

15 3.1.3

15 3.1.4

15 3.1.5

15 3.2 (Dependent Variable)

3.2.1 3.2.2


38

3.2.3

3.2.4

4.

1

5. 1,100

(Oxidation Firing)

4 1

5 1. 5

1 1.5

1 2.

3 3.

100

4.

1.5 1.5 12 5. 110

6. 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 7.

8.

(X ray Fluorescence Spectrometer)

( ) SiO2 , Al2O3 Fe2O3 ,

CaO , MgO , Na2O , K2O L.O.I. 2

1. 1,000

5 15 75

2. 3

1.65 1.80

3.

4.

5 10 20

5. 15 ( X X

2.5) 6

6. 110


39

7. 3 1,150

8.

9.

3

1.

2

2. (Model) (Mould)

3.

4.

5. 1,150

6. 4

1.

1

2.

3. 3.1 (Drawing) 3.2 (Model) (Mould)

3.3

( 2) 12 3.4

3.5

3.6 1,150

4.

1. 2.

22bh3WLR

R = (Kg/cm2)

W =

X 100

(%)=

X 100

(%) =


40

L =

b = h = 3. 4.

1.

40 30 30

13.73 112.60 Kg/cm2

0.10

1 2.

40 20 40

13.78 111.60 Kg/cm2

0.01 2

3.

50 20 30

12.00 106.40 Kg/cm2

4.50 3

4.

40 20 40

14.35 119.80 Kg/cm2

0.08 ) 4

5.

50 20 30

13.29 113.36 Kg/cm2

0.10

5

1 (NA - 1)

2 (BU - 1)

X 100

=

+ X 100 =


41

3 (SU - 1)

4 (SR1 - 1)

5 (UB - 1) 1

NA-1

(%) BU-1 (%)

SU-1 (%)

SR-1 (%)

UB-1 (%)

71.27 0.89 14.74

SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O MnO L.O.I

5.36 0.42 0.80 1.12 0.33 0.128 6.240

83.19 0.64 8.32 3.51 0.08 0.15 0.19 0.00 0.008 3.962

72.20 0.87 17.30 2.38 0.45 0.59 0.81 0.47 0.018 5.170

64.30 1.44 20.87 4.35 0.59 0.52 0.25 0.14 0.012 8.64

73.04 0.96 14.67 4.23 0.16 0.71 0.85 0.06 0.009 6.197

NA-1 = Nakornratsrima BU-1 = Burirum SU-1 = Surin SR-1 = Srisaket UB-1 = Ubonratchatani

6

1.

(2543, 25)


42

K2O SiO2 (Grimshaw, 1971, p. 274)

2.

1,150

(2539, 156)

12 15

5

3. .

. . .

.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


43

. (2431) . :

. , . (2543),

. : .

. (2539), . : .

, ( . . .), . : . Andrew I. Andrews. (1957), Ceramic Tests and Calculations. America : Braunworth & Co. IND. Book Manufacturers. Norsker, H. (1990), Clay Materials for the Self Reliant Potter. America : GTZ.

Norton, F.H. (1970), Fine Ceramics. New York : McGraw Hill. Penny Simpson and Kanji Sodeoka. (1979), The Japanese Pottery Handbook. Tokyo : Kodansha International Ltd. Rhodes, Daniel. (1973), Clay and Glaze for the Potter. London : Pitman Publishing. Robert Fournier. (1977), IIIustrated Dictionary of

Practical Pottery. New York : Press Cataloging Publication.

Singer, Sonja S. (1963), Industrial Ceramics. New York : Chemical Publishing. W.Ryan and C. Radford, (1997), Whitewares : Production, Testing and Quality Control. London : Optichrome Ltd.


44

1

A Simulation Set for Automatic Sunlight Tracking

1

Bunjob Khaoumpai1

(LDR) PIC 16F877

5

20

:

Abstract

This study aims to create a Solar Cells Simulation Set for Automatic Sunlight Tracking in order to develop utilization of solar cells for electrical power production with optimum quality.

This solar cells simulation set on automatic sunlight tracking was created by using LDR resistant and Microcontroller PIC 16F877, designed according to proper project framework and constructed with necessary materials and equipment, and then assessed by five experts before it was tested for further efficiency.

The assessment by experts shows that the design of the Solar Cells Simulation set on Automatic Sunlight Tracking is rated at an excellent level. And the efficiency test result shows that the simulation set has 20% higher efficiency than that of the Solar cell panel . Keywords : Solar cell Control circuit, Alternative Energy , Automatic Sunlight Tracking 1 /


45

2

1. BPS 1258 HP. (Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells) 36 Watts, 12 V, 3 A. 120 80 .

2. (LDR)

MCU (Microcontroller

Unit) PIC 16F877

(Driver) 1

1

PIC 16F877 (LDR) 3

LDR1 Port D2

PIC 16F877 PIC 16F877

LDR2 LDR3 Port A0 A1 (E)

(W) PIC 16F877

PIC 16F877

PIC 16F877

MCU Driver MSenser1

Senser3Senser2


46

3

60 cm

65 cm

120 cm

110 cm.

80 cm

LDR 3

2

2

60

3

3

PIC 16F877

Microchip 4

4

5

5

6 (LDR)

MCUDrive M

LDR2LDR3

LDR1

E W

Solar Cell


47

4

231.97 239.65286.88

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-

1 2 3

( - .)

7

( 3) 20 2

( 1) 1 ( 2) 1

(I) (V) 10 8 08.0 . 16.00 . (P)

(W) 8

3 BPTS 1258 HP.

8

2

3 9

2 10

9 3

10 3

1 2

0

2

4

6

8

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46

(Time)

(Watt

-hour)

1(E) 2(N)

3


48

5

28.789 29.69535.788

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1(E-W) 2(N-S) 3( )

( )

2 2 3

11 12

11 3

12

3

2 ( 1)

( 2)

2

1 1 11.00-11.20

. 3 3

9 11

1.

( 1) 23.64 (

2) 20.33 2.

( 1) 24.31

( 2) 21.27

3.

4.

5.

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49

(Time)

(watt

)

1(E) 2(N)


49

6

. (2546). . ( ). : http://www2.egat.co.th/

re/egat_solar_tracking/solar_tracking.htm [21 2552]

. (2550). . ( ). :

http://www2.egat.co.th/re/solarcell/solarcell.htm [21 2552]

. (2544). . : ( -

). . (2542).

. : . . (2538).

. 5. : .

. (2545). PIC BASIC PRO COMPILER. :

.


50

Design of Sun Tracking Control System for Controlling Solar Panel Movement

1 2

Tanutt Sripanom and Akkarat Poolkrajang

15.72 15.90 11.30 .

1.94 2.10 14.15 .

30.53 32.86 14.00 . : , ,

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to study, design, and experiment on sun tracking control system to control

solar panel movement .The design of sun tracking control system to control solar panel movement used logic control circuits. The experiment was conducted by comparing two systems, sun- tracking and non sun-tracking control systems, in order to determine voltage, current and power of electricity.

The results reveal that the average voltage of the sun-tracking control system is regular and higher than that of the non sun-tracking system .The average value is 15.72 volt and the maximum is 15.90 volt at 11:30 am. For comparison of current, the experiment with sun-tracking reveals the average current in regular and higher than that of the non sun-tracking control system .The average value was 1.94 Amp and the maximum was 2.10 Amp at 14:15 pm. Comparison of average electrical power also reveals that the average power of electricity of the sun-tracking control system is regular and higher than that without sun-tracking control system. Keywords: Control System, Sun Tracking, Solar Cells 1 2


51

( ) 80%

10%

[1]

[2]

1.

2.

3.

1. [3]

1.1. Solar Cell PV Solar Cell PV

photovoltaic Photovoltaic

photo volt

. . 1839

. . 1954

. . 1959


52

(Silicon), (Gallium Arsenide), (Indium

Phosphide), (Cadmium Telluride) (Copper Indium

Diselenide)

1

1.2.

()

()

200-400 (0.2-0.4 .)

1.3. [4]

(

)

2. LDR[ 5]

LDR

2

LDR LDR

LDR

LDR Vo 12


53

3 LDR

1. 44 x 49 2 30

2.

1 30 3. LDR

DC

4. 12 VDC 100 A

1.

,

website

2. (Automatic Sun Tracking)

3 (Detect)

1. (Sensor) LDR 2 LDR

LDR LDR

3

(Forward) (Stop) (Reverse)

2. Logic Control

4 Logic Control

3.


54

5

4.

6

( ) A T1

T4

B T2 T3

1.

1.1

7

1.2

8

1.3

9

2.

2.1

10

2.2


55

11

2.3

12

23 24 2552 2

2

1.

13.50

14.00

14.50

15.00

15.50

16.00

16.50

9.00

9.30

10.00

10.30

11.00

11.30

12.00

12.30

13.00

13.30

14.00

14.30

15.00

15.30

16.00

16.30

17.00

( )

()

No Tracking Tracking

13

1 3

15.72 8 15.90 11.30 .

15.47 8 15.75 11.30 .

2.

TRACKING NO TRACKING

1.75

1.80

1.85

1.90

1.95

2.00

2.05

2.10

2.15

9.00

9.30

10.00

10.30

11.00

11.30

12.00

12.30

13.00

13.30

14.00

14.30

15.00

15.30

16.00

16.30

17.00

( )

()


14


56

1 4

1.94 8 2.10

14.15 .

1.93 8 1.96 13.30 .

3.

25.00

26.00

27.00

28.00

29.00

30.00

31.00

32.00

33.00

34.00

9.00

9.30

10.00

10.30

11.00

11.30

12.00

12.30

13.00

13.30

14.00

14.30

15.00

15.30

16.00

16.30

17.00

( )

()


15

1 5

30.53

8 32.86 14.00 .

29.90 8 30.45

13.30 .

1.

Logic Control

2.

(2537)

1.

2.


57

1. LDR

2.

3.

4.

[1] .2545. .

: . [2] .2548.

(SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM). : .

[3] http://www.leonics.co.th/html/th/aboutpower/solar_ knowledge.php

[4 ] .2 5 50 . . : .

[5] .2537.

.

[ 6] Middleton Solar.2004. users guide for middleton solar AST-01 active solar tracking system Australia,


58

Antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diseased tilapia in Pong and Chi rivers

1 1 1 1 2 3

Aphinya Vijarn1 Kanokwan Kewsuwan1 Pingrawee Anujohnphan1 Nutjira Bhirommuang1 Pittaya Papirom2 Kanit Chukanhom 3

100 9 Amoxycillin (AML) Gentamicin (CN) Erythromycin (E) Enrofloxacin (ENR) Norfloxacin (NOR)

Cloxacillin (OB) Oxytetracycline (OT) Penicillin (P) Sulphamethoxazole - Trimethoprim (SXT) agar gel diffusion test Aeromonas hydrophila 63 A. hydrophila CN (92.06%), NOR (88.89%), SXT (77.78%), ENR (58.73%) OT (41.27%) OB P

:

Abstract

One hundred diseased Nile tilapia (Oriochromis niloticus) from cage culturing farms in Pong and Chi rivers. Diseased fish were isolated Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria from kidney and liver. Sixty three isolates of A. hydrophila were tested to 9 antibiotics include Amoxycillin (AML) Gentamicin (CN) Erythromycin (E) Enrofloxacin (ENR) Norfloxacin (NOR) Cloxacillin (OB) Oxytetracycline (OT) Penicillin (P) Sulphamethoxazole - Trimethoprim (SXT). The results showed, A. hydrophila suscepted to CN, NOR, SXT, ENR and OT were 92.06%, 88.89%, 77.78%, 58.73% and 41.27%, respectively, whereas resistant to OB and P. Keywords : Nile tilapia, Aeromonas hydrophila , Antibiotic susceptibility 1 6 . . 40002 2 ( ) . . 40002 3 Ph.D./ . . 40002 (corresponding author)


59

(Nile tilapia) Cichlidae

Oreochromis niloticus ( , 2540; , 2542)

Aeromonas hydrophila, A

salmonicida, Streptococcus iniae, S. agalactiae, Flexibacter columnaris, F. maritimus, Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas spp.,Renibacterium salmoninarum Mycobacterium spp. ( , 2541; , 2550; Kim et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2006)

70 (Chen and Bowser, 2005) A. hydrophila

A. hydrophila

( , 2526; Areerat, 1987; Llobrera and Gacutan, 1987)

A. hydrophila

(Araoju et al., 1991; Janda and Abbott, 1998; Lie-Po and Lim, 2002)

A. hydrophila

2550 2551

McConkey agar 25C 48 (colony)

subculture 4C


60

Brain Heart Infusion (BHI)

0.5 McFarland 1.5x108 CFU/ml

9 (OXOID Co.Ltd.) Amoxycillin (AML) Gentamicin (CN) Erythromycin (E) Enrofloxacin (ENR) Norfloxacin (NOR) Cloxacillin (OB) Oxytetracycline (OT) Penicillin (P) Sulphamethoxazole - Trimethoprim (SXT) Disc diffusion (Bauer et al. 1966) (duplicate)

(Inhibition zone)

100 63 (63 )

9 1

9

Gentamicin (92.06%), Norfloxacin (88.89%), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (77.78%), Enrofloxacin (58.73%) Oxytetracycline (41.27%)

Wen (1996)

Norfloxacin (97%) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61%)

Cloxacillin Pennicilin (100%), Amoxycilin (90.48%), Erythromycin (38.10%), Oxytetracyclin (55.56%) Vivekananandhan (2002) Hatha et al. (2005)

Erythromycin(97.3%) Amoxycilin

(52.7%) ( 2007)

Oxytetracyclin Erythromycin 55

1 / 10 30 1 50-100

7 - 14 (Plum, 1994)

(Vivekanandhan et al., 2002;

Hatha et al., 2005)

(Wegener and Frimodt-Moller, 2000)

Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, Sulphamethoxazole Trimethoprim, Enrofloxacin Oxytetracycline Amoxycillin Erythromycin Cloxacillin Penicillin


61

.2541.

. . . 710 .

. 2540. . . . 318 .

. 2550. (Aeromonas infection) .

6(6): 1-4. . 2526.

. 24 . 8

. 2542. (Ichthyology). . . 586 .

. 2550. . 2. . . 96

. Araoju, R.M., Arribas, R.M. and Pares, R. 1991.

Distribution of Aeromonas species in waters with different level of pollution. Journal Applied Bacteriolology. 71: 182186.

Areerat, S. 1987. Clarias culture in Thailand. Aquaculture. 63: 355-362.

Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M, Sherris, J.C and Turck, M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standard single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 36: 493-496.

Chen, C.Y. and Bowser, P.R. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in Nile Tilapia Oerodromis niloticus challenged with Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio vulnificus. J. World Aquaculture Society, 36(3): 262-270.

Hatha, M., Vivekanandhan, A.A., Joice, J.G. and Christol. 2005. Antibiotic resistance pattern of motile aeromonads from farm raised fresh water fish. International Journal Food Microbial. 98: 131-134.

Janda, J.M. and Abbott, S.L. 1998. Evolving concepts regarding the Genus Aeromonas: an expanding panorama of species, disease presentations, and unanswered questions. Clinical Infection Disease. 27: 332 344.

Kim, M.S., Lim, J.H., Park, B.K., Hwang, Y.H. and Yun, H.I. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Korean catfish (Silurus asotus). J. vet Pharmacol Therapy. (29): 397-402.

Lie-Po, G.D. and Lim, L.H.S. 2002. Infectious diseases of warmwater fish in fresh water. Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture. Woo(ed), P.T.K. CABI Publishing, New York. pp.231-238.

Llobrere, A.T. and Gacutan, R.Q. 1987. Aeromonas hydrophila associated with ulcerative diseases epizootic in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Aquaculture 67: 273-278.

Plumb, J.A. 1994. Health Maintenace of Cultured Fishes: Principal Microbial Diseases. CRC Press,Boca Raton, Florida,pp. 254.

Vivekanandhan, G., Savithamani, K., Hatha, A.M. and Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P. 2002. Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from marketed fish and prawn of South India. Journal Food Microbiol. 76: 165 168.


62

Wegener, H.C. and Frimodt-Moller, N. 2000. Reducing the use of antimicrobial agents in animals and man. Journal Medicine Microbiol. 49: 111 113.

Wen, C.K., Kwok, W.Y., Cheng, Y.L., Ching, T.H., Hseih, S.L. and Yin, C.C. 1996. Increasing antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of

Aeromonas strains in Taiwan. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 40: 1260-1262.

Xu, W., Zhu, X., Wang, X., Deng, L. and Zhang, G. 2006. Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture.

(254): 1-8. 1 A. hydrophila

Results Antimicrobial drugs Sensitivity

N* (%) Intermediate

N (%) Resistant

N (%) Gentamicin 58 (92.06) 4 (6.35) 1 (1.59) Norfloxacin 56 (88.89) 1 (1.59) 6 (9.52)

Sulphamethoxazole Trimethoprim 49 (77.78) 0 14 (22.22) Enrofloxacin 37 (58.73) 20 (31.75) 6 (9.52)

Oxytetracycline 26 (41.27) 2 (3.17) 35 (55.56) Amoxycillin 6 (9.52) 0 57 (90.48)

Erythromycin 3 (4.46) 36 (57.14) 24 (38.10) Cloxacillin 0 0 63 (100) Penicillin 0 0 63 (100)

: * =


63

(TiO2)

Effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano crystalline particle on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell

1 2 3 4 5

Suphakrit Chuntra,1 Chuanpit Kanapat,2 Prasarn Chainarong,3 Danai Wirod-urairueng4 and Watcharinkorn Mekla5

(1) (TiO2)

(2) (3)

- (Sol-Gel method) sensitizers

screen printing

(FF) ( ) (1)

5 34.908001, 17.984303, 17.629719, 17.446519 15.927132 0.787, 0.752, 0.660, 0.680 0.698 (2)

0.995 10-3%, 0.604 10-3%, 0.554 10-3%, 0.488 10-3% 0.398 10-3% 34.908001

0.995 10-3% : , screen printing, - , synthesize

1 2 3 Ph.D 4 5


64

ABSTRACT

The purposes of this study were (1) effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano crystalline particles sizes on the efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell, (2) to the invention dye-Sensitized solar cell titanium dioxide nano crystalline, and (3) to search the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell titanium dioxide nano crystalline.

The instrument that use in dye-sensitized solar cell test. The components titanium dioxide nano crystalline, Sol-Gel method synthesize was sensitizers in solar cell and use the dye from Seedless Grape (black). The titanium dioxide nano crystalline film has been synthesize by screen printing. The processes were test at Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Faculty of Science, Physics Department. The basic constructed circuit to measure, calculate the fill factor and the energy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell ( ). The research was found as follows. (1) The fill factor of dye-sensitized solar cell titanium dioxide nano crystalline all of 5 the sizes , 34.908001, 17.984303, 17.629719, 17.446519 and 15.927132 nm values 0.787, 0.752, 0.660, 0.680 and 0.698 respectively, (2) The energy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell titanium dioxide nano crystalline were 0.995 10-3 %, 0.604 10-3 %, 0.554 10-3 %, 0.488 10-3 % and 0.398 10-3 % respectively and the size of 34.908001 nm made the maximum energy conversion efficiency 0.995 10-3 %. Keyword : titanium dioxide nano crystalline particle size, screen printing, sol-gel method, synthesize and Seedless Grape


65

(Solar cells)

(Dye-sensitized solar cells) 1

(renewable energy)

10% ruthennium-bipyridine2

-

XRD SEM

5

1.

(TiO2)

2.

3.


66

-

- -

(C3H8O) 1:3 (HNO3) 65 % 0.1, 0.2, 0.3

1 3

X-rays diffraction 5 34.908001, 17.984303,

17.629719, 17.446519 15.927132 (nm)

1

1

1. -

- Chamber 26 C 40 C

Ti [OCH(CH3)2]4 30 ml (C3H8O) 90 ml

Ti [OCH(CH3)2]4 C3H8O magnetic stirring

50 480 ml

(HNO3) 65 % 1 ml

80 C 65 % 0.1, 0.2 0.3 4

Annealed 200 C 24 500 C 1

X-rays diffracttometion 5


67

TCO TCO (commercial grade)

fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2 : F) sodalime glass 8 / sq

sodaronix TCO

2 2 cm2

99.99% (3M)

1.5 1.5 cm2

5

( ) 6

(pH 3-4 )

9 ml 30 surfactant (Triton X 100, Fluka)

30

15

TCO

screen printing 45

450 C 30 6

1.5 1.5 cm2

2

1.

(sensitizer)

( (methanol) 25 ml (acitic acid) 4 ml

(deionized water) 21 ml) 7

:

7 : 3 2. 2 .1 (working electrode)

TCO 2 2 cm2 1 ( 1 )

sensitizer

24 8


68

3 2.2 TCO

2 2 cm2 1 ( 1 ) (C)

2B ( ) 3.

(electrolyte)

(KI3) 9 1-2

1

4

I-V characteristic I-V curve

5 open circuit voltage (Voc) short circuit current (Isc)

(YUGO MY-64)

solar

radiation flux density Pyranometer Sensor (CM 11, Kipp&Zonen, Netherlands)

5.12 10-6 V/Wm2

5 I-V curve

5

6

6

5

15.927132 nm 34.908001 nm 17.629719 nm 17.446519 nm 17.984303 nm


69

4.1 5

TCO (

) ()

5 34.908001, 17.984303, 17.629719, 17.446519 15.927132

screen printing

7 : 3

5

34.908001, 17.984303, 17.629719, 17.446519 15.927132 0.787, 0.752, 0.660, 0.680 0.698

( ) 5

34.908001, 17.984303, 17.629719, 17.446519 15.927132 0.995 10-3%, 0.604 10-3%, 0.554 10-3%, 0.488 10-3% 0.398 10-3%

34.908001

( ) 0.995 10-3%

solid-state electrolyte

quasi solid-state electrolyte (polymer electrolyte)

solid-state electrolyte quasi solid-state electrolyte


70

.

1ORegan, B. and Grtzel, M. (1991). Nature. 353: 737-740.

2 . (2546). -

. . : .

3, 4 . (2550). - .

. : .

5 . 2550.

. - . : .

6G. P. Smestad. (1998). Education and solar : Demonstrating electron transfer , Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 55 : 157.

7J. Halme. (2003). Characterization and manufacturing techniques of dye-sensitized solar cell. Masters. Thesis: Helsinki University of Technology.

8 . (2549). .

: . 9P.M. Sommeling and et al. (1998). Dye-

Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell on Flexible Substates, ENC solar and Wind Energy.


71

DC Power Supply Controlled by Microcontroller

0-30 Keyboard

PIC16F877 LCD PWM Regulator Keyboard

5 %

Abstract

Because DC power supply used in the laboratory is in a linear pattern, modifying voltage level from output can

be done by modifying reference voltage. Each voltage modification will change the output voltage rapidly. If it is a specific working value modification, the process is difficult and time consuming. Due to this problem, the author tried to create a DC power supply controlled by microcontroller to create a more effective power supply. This power supply can provide voltage of 0-30 volts by giving the voltage needed through keyboard and then evaluated by Microcontroller PIC16F877. After that the power supply will send the data to present through LCD in number form and, send PWM signal to control regulator circuit for voltage based on the input number entered through the keyboard. From the test-run, it was found that the newly designed device was able to work effectively as planned with an error of not more than 5% on the average when measured against a standard power supply. Key words: DC Power Supply, Microcontroller, Control System


72

( . ) ( .)

(Power supply)

( , 2541)

7 1

1

Key function LCD 2

2

Regulator

Regulator ( , 2545) 3

OUT_DAC B Q1

Q3 R2 R3

B Q2 R2 R3 IE2 B

Q4 Q4 B Q1 Q3


73

Q2 Q4 R4

R5 R5

Vout

3 Regulator

4 ( , 2547)

4

LCD

(Keyboard) 3 x 4 UP

DOWN + -

5

5

6 PIC16F877

7


74

PIC16F877

Keyboard LCD Regulator

Keyboard 8

8

Fluke 111

1 1

9

1 ( 17.5 )

(mA) (%)

1 1.01 0.05 1 2 1.99 0.11 0.5 3 3 0.17 0 4 3.99 0.23 0.25 5 5.02 0.29 0.4 6 6.02 0.35 0.33 7 6.99 0.4 0.14 8 7.99 0.46 0.12 9 9.02 0.52 0.22

10 10.02 0.58 0.2 11 11.01 0.64 0.09 12 11.99 0.7 0.08 13 12.99 0.75 0.07 14 13.99 0.81 0.07 15 15.01 0.87 0.06 16 15.99 0.93 0.06 17 16.99 0.99 0.05 18 18.01 1.05 0.05 19 19 1.1 0 20 20.02 1.16 0.1 21 21.01 1.22 0.04 22 22 1.28 0 23 23.02 1.34 0.08 24 24.03 1.4 0.12 25 25.01 1.46 0.04 26 26 1.51 0 27 27.02 1.57 0.07 28 28.03 1.63 0.1 29 28.96 1.69 0.13 30 29.52 1.72 1.6

0.20

0.199 %

1.6 % 0.00 % 0.10

0

1

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

( )

(%)

9


75

Keyboard

1.

(PIC) 2. LCD

4 (00.00) 10

10

3. Keyboard

*xxyy # ( x ,y )

4. 0 30 V 2 A

5. 1 V 6. 5%

. .

. 2547. . : ,.

. 2547. PIC16F877 PIC18F458 . :

. 2545. 140 . :

, . 2541.

,

. :

. 2551. OTA

, .

:

.2545. PIC BASIC PRO COMPILER,


76

A Demonstration Set of Water Level Control Using a Computer Program

1

Krisagorn Chaiyow 1

( .)

. 2

5

32.5

74.5

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to construct ,validate and evaluate a demonstration set on water level control to be used as an instructional medium for the course Control Systems in Industrial Work taught at the Higher Certificate of Vocational Education Level in the area of Electrical Power, at Princess of Naradhiwas Rajanakarintr University. It was hypothesized that the experts would evaluate the demonstration high in quality, and the second-year students studying with the demonstration set would have higher achievement. After the demonstration set was evaluated by 5 experts, findings showed that the overall result of the evaluation regarding design, material, and equipment was at a very high level. The demonstration set on process of water level control by a computer program was later used in teaching a sample group of students. It was found that the students learning through use of this demonstration set had higher post-test achievement (mean = 75.4) than that of the pre-test (mean = 32.5). It can be concluded that the demonstration set of water level control using a computer program can be effectively used as one of the instructional media in teaching the course Control Systems in Industrial Work. Keywords: water level control system, instructional media , control system industrial work

1 /


77

( .)

1.

2.

. 2

5 1 2 .

3. 4.

5.

1

2


78

3

4

5

/

4.6 5

Dale E. Seborg , Thomas F. Edgar, Duncan A. Mellichamp. Process Dynamics and Control. (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2004.

John P Bentley. Principles of Measurement System. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc; New York, 1970.


79

1

Wang Nam Mok Home stay Development in Community Participation

1

Watchirachai Wetchaninnart1

232 2 1 .88

46 5,000

: ,

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate Wang Nam Mok home stay development in community

participation. There were 232 subjects, selected by convenience and purposive sampling methods and the used tool were two interview forms and one questionnaire form (R = 0.88).

The results of the study showed that almost of subjects were female, over 46 years old, secondary school degree, agriculture, and income lower 5,000 baths monthly. Overall of people participation and side was at the moderate degree. The results of interviews showed that Wang Nam Mok home stay allowed the members showing and discussing their opinions to develop the home stay together. The external participation was at low degree that participated in budget, public relation, and tourism promotion. Keywords: Wang Nam Mok home stay , community participation

1 , 1 Lecturer, Faculty of Management Science, Udorntani Rajabhat University


80

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3. 201 (Krejcie R.V.

and Morgan ,1970 : 607-610)

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6. (Reliability)

(Alpha Coefficient)

.88

7.

1.

30 2


82

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2.

1 2.1

2.2

2.3

1.

2.

( x )

(S.D.) ( , 2535 : 100)

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(2537)


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. (2550) [ Online] Avialable HTTP: www.praputthabath.go.th

(2546).

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252-254). : . (2537).

:

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Krejcie R.V. and Morgan, D.W. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities :

Journal of Education and Pnychological Measurement 30(March 1970) : 607-610.


86


87


88


89

1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 Ph.D. (Veterinary Medicine: Fish Diseases)

105

Soil Quality Improvement of Roi-et Series Using Cattle Manure and Pumice for Oryza sativa L. cv. 105 Production in Maha Sarakham province.

1 2 3 3 3 4

Taweesab Chaiyarak,1 Pongthep Meenork,2 Wantanee Polviset,3 Noppadon Somphol,3 Kraijak Keawprom3 and Panarat Phadee4

105 2550-2551

4x2 Factorial RCBD 3 A 4 1) 2) 500 g kg-1 3) 1,000 g kg-1 4) 1,500 g kg-1 B

2 1) 2) 40 g kg-1 pH EC

OM CEC 1.8-2.9 2

105 1,500 kg rai-1 105 1 2 616.70 640.42 kg rai-1

500 kg rai-1 355.66 460.95 kg rai-1 : 105


90

Abstract This experiment aimed to determine the effect of using cattle manure and pumice to improve the soil quality of Roi-et series on Oryza sativa L. cv. 105 production in Maha Sarakham Province during the rainy seasons of 2007-2008. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of combined rates of cattle manure and pumice applications on some properties of paddy soil in Maha Sarakham. The experiments were designed in 4x2 Factorial in RCBD with 3 replications to compare levels of supplementation of cattle manure at 0, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 kg rai-1 and levels of pumice at 0, 40 kg rai-1, respectively. The results showed that increased use of cattle manure resulted in moderate soil pH and EC at no salinity level , no harm to plants, and thus improve soil organic matter (OM), though found at a low level. The CEC value of soil increased 1.8-2.9 times with the use of manure in both seasons. However, utilization of pumice had no effect on the chemical property of the soil. The average of Oryza sativa L. ev.105 production was found highest in both seasons when used with cattle manure without pumice at 616.70 and 640.42 kg rai-1, respectively. Supplementation of cattle manure at 500 kg rai-1 without pumice resulted in lowest Oryza sativa L. cv.105 production. Keywords: Roi-et series, cattle manure, pumice, Kao Dok Mali 105 Rice

ABSTRACT The objectives of this experiment was to determine the effect of using cattle manure and pumice to improve soil

quality of Roi-et series on Oryza sativa L. cv. 105 production in small-scale farmland in Maha Sarakham Province during the rainy season of 2007-2008. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of combined rates of cattle manure and pumice applications on some properties of paddy soil in Maha Sarakham Province. The experiments were designed in 4x2 Factorial in RCBD with 3 replications to compare levels supplementation of cattle manure at 0, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 kg rai-1 and levels of pumice at 0, 40 kg rai-1, respectively. The results showed that utilization of cattle manure could be decreased soil pH and EC and improve soil organic matter. In addition, utilization of Pumice able to both chemical and physical properties not significantly.

The average of Oryza sativa L. cv. 105 production was found highest in cattle manure without pumice at 617.70 and 640.42 kg rai-1. Otherwise, supplementation of cattle manure at 500 kg rai-1without pumice was affected to Oryza sativa L. cv. 105 lowest productions. Keywords : Roi-et series , cattle manure, pumice, Kao-Dork Mali 105 Rice


91

1

(Sandstone) (Quartz)

( , 2550)

pH 5-6

1 ( , 2547)

( .)

(2549) 105 (Sandy loam)

1,500 387.8

263.8 (2538)

2,000 15-15-15 30

3,104 1,024

( 17)

0-2

1)

2)

105


92

. . 2550-51 105

4 x 2 Factorial in RCBD 3

2 A 4 1) 2)

500 ./ 3) 1,000 ./

4) 1,500 ./ B 2 1) 2) 40

./ 8 20 .

(Table 1) 2

pH, EC, CEC, OM, Total N, Avai. P Exch. K

(Analysis of Variance) Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

Table 1 Some chemical and physical properties of Roi-et soil series and cattle manure pre- test.

Item Roi-et soil series cattle manure chemical properties pH (1:1 H2O) EC (1:5 H2O) (dS m-1) OM (g kg-1) Total Nitrogen (g kg-1) Available Phosphorus (mg kg-1) Exchangeable Potassium (mg kg-1) physical properties Sand (g kg-1) Silt (g kg-1) Clay (g kg-1) Texture

5.67

6.52 0.136 0.007 2.791

13.801

67.9 11.6 20.5

Sandy clay loam

7.80 3.01 1.959 0.946

0.402 (g kg-1) 1.060 (g kg-1)

- - -

Abbreviate: EC = Electrical conductivity, OM = Organic matter

1) (pH)

pH (Table 2)

500

1,000 ./ 1 2 pH

pH 2

pH

( , 2549)


93

2) (EC) 1

EC (Table 2)

EC 3.01 dS m-1

CEC 1,500 ./ EC

EC

EC

( , 2549)

EC 2

EC EC

3) (CEC)

CEC 2 (Table 2)

1,500 ./ CEC

1 CEC 1.36 cmol kg-1

2 CEC 16.05

cmol kg-1 1 CEC

2

4) (OM) 1

OM 1,500 ./

OM 0.45 g kg-1 (Table 2)

OM

OM 0.136

OM OM 1.959

OM (2552)

2 OM

1 OM


94

Table 2 Effect of cattle manure and pumice on chemical soil properties in Kao-Dork Mali 105 Rice at rainy season year 08/09.

2550 2551 Rate pH EC

(dS m-1) CEC

(cmol kg-1) OM

(g kg-1) pH EC

(dS m-1) CEC

(cmol kg-1) OM

(g kg-1) Cattle manure (A) 0 kg rai-1 500 kg rai-1 1,000 kg rai-1 1,500 kg rai-1

5.92 5.76 5.74 5.90

0.35B

0.66B

0.93AB

1.36A

3.97B

6.24A

4.27B

6.39A

0.34 B 0.22 C 0.28BC 0.45A

5.32 5.43 5.43 5.40

0.60 0.63 0.87 0.65

11.54B

11.71B

10.73B

16.05A

0.40 0.40 0.46 0.43

F-test ns * ** ** ns ns * ns Pumice (B) 0 kg rai-1 40 kg rai-1

5.89 5.77

0.97A

0.68B

5.13 5.31

0.29B 0.34A

5.42 5.36

0.63 0.74

13.32 11.69

0.44 0.40

F-test ns ** ns * ns ns ns ns A X B CV. (%)

ns 2.89

** 27.69

** 5.98

** 12.51

ns 4.41

ns 34.41

ns 18.90

** 23.19

* = significant at 0.5% level ** = significant at 0.1% level ns = not significantly Mean within each column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 95 % level of confidence by DMRT 5) (Total N)

1 Total N

1,500 ./ Total N

0.29 g kg-1 Total N 0.946

Total N

N P K ( , 2552)

Total N

2 Total N

NO 3- Total N

Total N

6) (Avai. P) 1

(Table 2) 1,500


95

./ 19.34 mg kg-1 2.69 mg kg-1

10.74 2.69 mg kg-1

2

(Table 2) 1,500 ./ 20.77 mg kg-1

500 ./

7) (Exch. K) 1

1,500 ./ 72.53 mg kg-1

21.85 mg kg-1

13.801 mg kg-1

( , 2552)

2

1,500 ./ 75.02 mg kg-1

1,000 500 ./

57.02, 49.14 39.33 mg kg-1 CEC

CEC


96

Table 3 Effect of cattle manure and pumice on nutrient content in Kao-Dork Mali 105 Rice at rainy season year 08/09.

2550 2551 Rate Total N

(g kg-1) Avai. P

(mg kg-1) Exch. K (mg kg-1)

Total N (g kg-1)

Avai. P (mg kg-1)

Exch. K (mg kg-1)

Cattle manure (A) 0 kg rai-1 500 kg rai-1 1,000 kg rai-1 1,500 kg rai-1

0.016B

0.019B

0.019B

0.029A

2.69 C

5.81BC

10.62B

19.34A

21.85C 38.62B 32.92BC 72.53A

0.024 0.025 0.028 0.025

2.53C

4.05C

13.76B

20.77A

39.33C 49.14B 57.02B 75.02A

F-test ** ** ** ns ** ** Pumice (B) 0 kg rai-1 40 kg rai-1

0.023A

0.018B

8.49B

10.74A

38.91 44.04

0.028 0.024

9.33 11.22

50.81B 59.44A

F-test * * ns ns ns * A X B CV. (%)

* 8.42

* 26.58

* 15.36

* 23.98

ns 23.70

** 6.74

* = significant at 0.5% level ** = significant at 0.1% level ns = not significantly Mean within each column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at 95 % level of confidence by DMRT

8) 105

105 2 (Figure 1)

1,500 kg rai-1 (T7) 105

1 2 616.7 640.42 kg rai-1

(T1) 105 1 2 477.20 494.37

kg rai-1


97

355.66 384.24

532.40483.37

594.11 616.70

521.56460.95

532.64578.88 595.35 572.13

640.42588.35

477.20 494.37

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8treatment

Grain Yield (kg rai-1) crop Icrop II

Figure 1 Effect of cattle manure and Pumice on grain yield (kg rai-1) of KDML 105 rice in Maha Sarakham

province at rainy season year 08/09.

1)

2 pH

1,500 ./ pH

1 2 1,000 500 ./ pH

pH 5.32 EC

1 EC 1,500 ./

EC 1.36 dS m-1

CEC 1

1,500 ./ CEC 6.39 cmol kg-1 2 (3.97 cmol kg-1 )

2 1,500 ./ CEC 16.05 cmol kg-1

CEC cation

pH CEC

clay OM

CEC ( , 2539) clay 20.5 g kg-1

CEC OM

( ,

2545) OM (0.136 g kg-1) 1 2 0.32

0.42 g kg-1 OM


98

1.959 g kg-1

OM

2) Total N

1 Total N

0.007 0.016 g kg-1

NH4+ NO3-

assimilation ( , 2552) Total N

Total N (1,500 kg rai-1) 1.8

Total N 0.946 g kg-1

2

(500 1,000 kg rai-1

) Total N Total N

2550 Avai. P

2 Avai. P (2.791 mg kg-1)

H2PO4- HPO42-

6.79 g kg-1

( , .) Avai. P

Avai. P 7.1-8.2 2

Avai. P ( , .) OM

OM

Exch. K

2

( , 2548)

3) 105 105

477.20 439.37 kg rai -1

( 1 2 ) 57.5

439 kg rai -1 ( , 2551) 105 2 ( 2551)

1 ( 2552) 616.70 640.42 kg rai -1 ( 1 2 )

OM OM

(0.2-0.4 g kg-1)

N


99

avai.P P

P

105

2 1.

pH EC CEC OM 2

(N P K) 1

2 pH EC CEC

OM 2 2 CEC

2. 1,500 kg rai-1 105

1 2 616.70 640.42 kg rai-1 500 kg rai-1

355.66 460.95 kg rai-1

105

. 2551. . 14 . . 2552. Available

from : www.pcoc.moc.go.th/pcocsys/. . 2552.

26 . . 52. Available from: http://sql.ldd.go.th/webboard/

. 2547. .

. . . . 9

. . 2552. Available from : www.dss.go.th/dssweb/st- articles/files/cp_9_2549_Phosphorus.pdf.

. -

. 9 2552

Available from : http://www.ricethailand.go.th/brrd/s31.htm

. .

. 2549. .

28 . . 255

ncsss 2009

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