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National Center for Preservation Technology and TrainingUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

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FY2000PreservationTechnologyand TrainingGrants Callfor Proposals,page 2

Acid Rain and BeyondNCPTT’s Materials Research Program on CD-ROM

Within the National Centerfor Preservation Technology andTraining, the Materials Research Pro-gram continually seeks ways to dis-seminate research results to the publicin an easily accessible form. NCPTT recentlydeveloped a multimedia CD-ROM, Explore theMaterials Research Program - Acid Rain andBeyond. The CD summarizes more than sixteenyears of scientific research on the effects of aciddeposition on cultural resources decay.

In the early 1980s, the National Acid Precipitation AssessmentProgram began a series of concurrent investigations into the effectsof acidic pollutants on human health, ecological systems and materi-als in the United States, including cultural resources. NAPAP’s

ultimate goal was to determinepollutant damage functions andto assess the costs and benefits ofcleaning the air. NAPAP’s cur-rent goal is to monitor the costsand benefits of air pollution re-duction.

The National Park Servicecontributes to the NAPAP effortwith funds, resources and staff-ing by establishing the NPS AcidRain Program, which later be-came NCPTT’s Materials Re-search Program. MRP’s workincludes investigating air pollu-tion effects on cultural resourcesdecay, postulating new mitiga-tion strategies and developingnew preservation treatmentmethodologies. Research is un-dertaken through cooperativeefforts with universities, Federallaboratories, government agen-cies and non-profit organiza-tions. Since 1997, NCPTT hascontinued funding innovative re-search on environmental effectsof air pollutants on cultural re-sources through various ar-rangements, including its Pres-ervation Technology and Train-ing Grants program.

The multimedia CD-ROM,Explore the Materials ResearchProgram - Acid Rain and Beyond,allows the viewer quick access toMRP’s goals and accomplishments.The audience can review text, pho-tographs, video images, computeranimation, author biographies,bibliographies and Internet linksfor over 25 projects.

The main menu of the CDallows the viewer to watch video

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PreservationResearchAdvancedTechnologies inArcheologicalResearch

PreservationTrainingInternet Trainingfor PaperPreservation

InformationManagementSpatial DataManagement inSHPOInformationSystems

PreservationCalendar

NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training2

NCPTT NOTES

SEPTEMBER 1999NUMBER 33

PTTPublicationsNo. 1999-16

EditorMary F. Striegel

ContributorsKaren E. K. Brown

Mark GilbergMarion MarksTim Seaman

Managing EditorJohn Robbins

Publications ManagerSarah B. Luster

AddressNCPTT

NSU Box 5682Natchitoches, LA 71497

Telephone318/357-6464

Facsimile318/357-6421

Electronic mailncptt@ncptt.nps.gov

World Wide Webwww.ncptt.nps.gov

Newsletter designTerra Incognita

www.terraincognita.com

NCPTT Notes is published by the Na-tional Park Service’s National Centerfor Preservation Technology andTraining. The mail list for NCPTTNotes is subject to request under theFreedom of Information Act. Personsor organizations not wanting to havemail list information disclosed shouldunsubscribe.

Send comments on NCPTT Notes orsubmit articles or notices for consider-ation to NCPTT Publications ManagerSarah B. Luster.

FY2000 PTTGrants Call for Proposalstive work in research, training and informa-tion management on technical issues in historicarchitecture, archeology, historic landscapes,objects and materials conservation, and inter-pretation. Grants are available in eight catego-ries –

• Information management• Training and education• Applied/fundamental research• Environmental effects

• Technology transfer• Analytical facility support• Conference support• Publications support

Application deadlines are mid-December 1999, as specified in the call for proposals. FY2000PTTGrants Call for Proposals is available via —

E-mail Send a blank message to <pttgrants@ncptt.nps.gov> and the call for proposalswill return automatically.

Fax-on-demand Call 318/357-3214 and follow the recorded instructions to receive a catalog ofdocuments that includes the call for proposals.

Web Visit <www.ncptt.nps.gov> and click on “Preservation Technology and Train-ing Grants.”

Brochure The printed brochure for the FY2000 PTTGrants program has been mailed toNCPTT Notes subscribers. Request a printed call for proposals by e-mail<ncptt@ncptt.nps.gov>, telephone (318/357-6464), or US mail (NCPTT, NSUBox 5682, Natchitoches, LA 71497).

The National Center for PreservationTechnology and Training has issued theFY2000 call for proposals for NCPTT’s

Preservation Technology and Training Grantsprogram. The PTTGrants program has awardedover $500,000 each year since 1994 for innova-

Exhibit ConservationGuidelines CD

Frank Emile Sanchis, III recently was appointed as execu-tive director of the Municipal Art Society of New York. Mr.Sanchis is a charter member of NCPTT’s advisory board,and previously served as vice-president for stewardship ofhistoric properties in the National Trust for Historic Pres-ervation.

The Municipal Art Society was founded over a centuryago to promote excellence in planning and designing NewYork’s built environment and to preserve the best of the NewYork’s past. The Society’s prominent advocacy efforts havebeen responsible for New York City’s most important zoningand preservation laws, many of which have served as modelsfor historic preservation efforts throughout the United States.

The National Park Service-Division of Conservation re-cently issued guidelines in CD-ROM format to assist in pre-paring preservation-respon-sible exhibits.

Exhibit ConservationGuidelines addresses the im-portant role of conservation inexhibit planning, design andfabrication through technicalnotes and illustrations.NCPTT assisted the Divisionof Conservation in publishingthe CD. The CD contains 370pages (35MB) of narrativeguidelines, technical notes andillustrations.

The CD is available, uponrequest, free-of-charge to NPS

PTTBoard Member HeadsMunicipal Art Society

offices and sites; for oth-ers, the CD is available fromthe Harpers Ferry Histori-cal Association; telephone

800/821-5206, e -mai l<hfha@ intrepid.net>, Web< w w w . n p s . g o v / h a f e /bookshop/catalogue.htm>.

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In recent years, advancedtechnologies have revolu-tionized the theory and

practice of archeological re-search. Two emerging tech-nologies, Global PositioningSystems and Geographic In-formation Systems, promise tocontinue this trend.

GIS and GPS have poten-tial for widespread applicationin archeology. Their combinedpower stands to change howarcheologists approach basictasks in fieldwork — such asthe collecting and analyzingarcheological site data —, andhow archeologists approachtheoretical research issues,particularly sophisticatedmethods for modeling and ana-lyzing cultural landscapes. Al-though further research is nec-essary to realize the full poten-tial of GPS and GIS, archeolo-gists already have made exten-sive use of these technologies,with impressive results in manycases.

NCPTT-sponsored researchat UNCA recent NCPTT-sponsoredproject successfully exploredone useful application of GISand GPS in archeological re-search. Dr. Robert H.Brunswig, Jr. of the Depart-ment of Anthropology at theUniversity of Northern Colo-rado undertook a field testingprogram to assess the utility ofmapping-grade GPS instru-

ments that record locationalinformation with a margin oferror of less than one meter.Brunswig’s research sought todetermine the effects of sev-eral factors on the quality ofGPS data. His fieldwork, con-ducted at five archeologicalsites in northeastern Colorado,was designed to test GPS un-der a variety of environmentalconditions. Four sites werelocated in the Indian Cavesresearch area, which lies withinthe Pawnee National Grass-land and has topographicalfeatures typical of Colorado’shigh plains region. The fifth, ahigh-altitude game drive site,was located in mountainous,sub-Alpine terrain on the east-ern side of the continental di-vide in Rocky Mountain Na-tional Park. In addition,Brunswig used several meth-ods of data collection andanalysis to determine whichwere most effective under vari-ous conditions.

Data collection and analysisBrunswig faced a significantchallenge at the outset of theproject: the inherent inaccu-racy of raw GPS data. Theprimary GPS device selectedfor use during fieldwork was aTrimble ProXR, which re-ceives a relatively low resolu-tion satellite data signal knownas “C/A code.” By contrast,the higher resolution P-codesignal used by military andgovernmental GPS instru-

ments is significantly more ac-curate. With C/A code instru-ments, positional errors rang-ing from 10 to 100 meters arecommon, which is far belowthe level of precision neededfor most archeological appli-cations. But in recent years,civilian engineers have devel-oped a system of differentialcorrection that modifies rawC/A code data to producelocational information accu-

rate to within one meter — inmany cases, more accuratethan data supplied by govern-mental P-code GPS. Brunswigused two methods of differen-tial correction — post-field-work computer processing ofGPS data, and real-time datacorrection using a satellite an-tenna in the field — and foundthat each achieved an accept-able level of accuracy for ar-cheological research.

In the field, Brunswiglogged GPS point data at thefour Indian Caves sites aftereach had been surveyed byUniversity of Northern Colo-rado field crews using stan-dard archeological recordingmethods. Field crew memberswalked each site at three-meter

intervals and marked all vis-ible artifacts and features withpin flags. Brunswig then fol-lowed, using GPS to recordtwo classes of data points. Thefirst included archeologicalartifacts, features and testunits. The second was com-prised of topographic points,which would later be needed toprovide an accurate represen-tation of the physical terrainat the site when the data was

entered into a GIS.Each of the Indian Caves

sites presented a different com-bination of archeological andlandscape features. The first,located on a bluff, had a hori-zon-to-horizon view of the sur-rounding landscape and af-forded Brunswig’s GPS re-ceiver excellent exposure tosignals from orbiting GPS sat-ellites. Exposed bedrock onthe surface of the site revealeddozens of artifacts and ninestone rings that representedthe foundations of prehistorictipi shelters. At the secondsite, situated in a small, par-tially enclosed canyon, an ex-posed foundation from an early

New Applications forAdvanced Technologies inArcheological Research

One configuration of a field GPS system includes a notebookcomputer for on-site mapping

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Internet Training forPaper Preservation

In June 1999, NortheastDocument ConservationCenter offered a free four-

week program entitled “Pres-ervation 101: An InternetCourse on Paper Preserva-tion.” The course was devel-oped as a pilot project designedto assist museums, archives,libraries and historical societ-ies to better understand thenature of paper collections andcauses of deterioration. “Pres-ervation 101” focused on pre-ventive preservation, providedpractical information to im-prove storage, care and han-dling, and addressed environ-mental issues in paper preser-vation.

Few institutions haveenough time, money, staff andother resources to sustain all

necessary activities. Althoughpreservation or conservationactivities often are neglected,preservation is an essentialfunction that curators, archi-vists and librarians must learnto integrate into the daily lifeof an institution. Preserva-

tion practices can begin withsystematic planning and simpleprocedures, such as formaliz-ing handling procedures forfragile materials, providing ad-equate security, or by improv-ing the quality of enclosures.Good, continuous care is a farcry from the more traditionalview of “conservation,” whereperiodic treatments were moreremedial in nature. Good col-lections care seeks to preventpremature deterioration orphysical harm, rather than torespond with treatment afterdamage has occurred. “Pres-ervation 101” encouragedmanagers to embrace “preven-tive preservation” by empha-sizing activities that benefitcollections as a whole, such asmodifying the storage environ-ment or writing a disaster plan.

MethodologyAnnounced via the World WideWeb on a first-come, first-served basis, “Preservation101” registered sixty studentswho represented historical or-ganizations, libraries, publicrecord offices and collectors.

“Preservation 101” wasdelivered electronically usingWebCT, an instructional soft-

ware program developed bySimon Fraser in British Co-lumbia, and e-mail. To supple-ment course materials, stu-dents were directed to onlinebibliographies and readings.Each Friday during the course,the students had access to anew lesson in which terms weredefined and the basics of in-herent and external vice wereexplained. Each lesson servedas a prerequisite to subsequentlessons. The first lesson, “Whatis Paper Preservation?,” wasfollowed by “EnvironmentalDamage to Collections” and“Solutions to CollectionsCare.” The final lesson, “Pres-ervation Planning,” integratedvarious course topics by intro-ducing the concept of manag-ing preservation by surveyingneeds and prioritizing correc-tive actions. To further assistparticipants in understandingthe essentials, a glossary wasdeveloped for the course. Inaddition, numerous imageswere used to highlight variousproblems and solutions in pre-serving paper objects.

Collections owners canand should protect their hold-ings, but access to current in-formation and high qualityeducational opportunities can

Northeast Document Conservation CenterThe Northeast Document Conservation Center is the largest nonprofit, regional conserva-tion center in the United States. Its mission is to improve the preservation programs oflibraries, archives, museums, and other historical and cultural organizations; to provide thehighest quality conservation services to institutions that cannot afford in-house conservationfacilities or that require specialized expertise; and to provide leadership to the preservationfield. NEDCC also has become a national and international resource for conservationtreatment and preservation education.

NEDCC was founded in 1973 in response to growing alarm about the monumental scopeof paper deterioration problems facing collections-holding institutions in New England. In1980, NEDCC was incorporated as a private, nonprofit organization serving New York, NewJersey and the New England states.

The Internet’s remarkable growth during the past fiveyears has led to the development of the World Wide Web as atraining and learning medium. With Web-based training, aninstructor can deliver course materials and conduct interactivebulletin boards and chat rooms with remote audiences. “Pres-ervation 101,” a new example of Web-based training, wasdeveloped by the Northeast Document Conservation Centerwith support from a 1998 Preservation Technology and Train-ing Grants award.

Correcting improper storage is part of preservation planning

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be a challenge for many smallerorganizations — especiallythose in communities remotefrom conservation expertise.The Internet can be an inex-pensive delivery medium thatprovides flexible, distant,asynchronous learning fromany location — indeed, the ini-tial “Preservation 101” classincluded participants fromLouisiana, California, andSouth Africa.

The course has enhancedrecognition of collections carechallenges. As the demand forbasic preservation informationhas grown, NEDCC has been aleader in providing low- or no-cost general preservation edu-cation to cultural institutionsin the northeastern UnitedStates and beyond.

Creation and evaluation“Preservation 101” was

developed by two members ofNEDCC’s staff. Karen Brown,field service representative,acted as instructor while KimO’Leary, Webmaster/eventscoordinator, solved the prob-lems of posting a course online.In planning the course, sev-eral other online courses, in-cluding some in unrelatedfields, were examined andevaluated. NEDCC staff felt itwas important to keep thecourse content clear, completeand adaptable to print for fu-ture use. Unlike online coursesfor college credit, students werenot required to interact ac-tively. The challenge for thiscourse was to ensure that par-ticipants would continue to beinvolved throughout the pro-gram. This was accomplishedby scheduled weekly postings,by offering an interactive “bul-letin board,” and by inviting

interviews of NCPTT staff and principal in-vestigators, select projects directly by title,or select projects indirectly by principal in-vestigators. The viewer can read brief ab-stracts of selected projects on the menu screen,or click a “Show Details” button to see the fullarticles, images, etc.

Through video clips, viewers can learnabout the mission and work of NCPTT and itsMaterials Research Program. Video clipsinclude interviews with NCPTT ResearchCoordinator Mark Gilberg and NCPTT Ma-terials Research Program Manager Mary F.Striegel, who provide perspectives on theNCPTT research program. Other choicesinclude interviews with principal investiga-tors such as ElizaBeth Bede, a doctoral can-didate at the University of Delaware, who

discusses current research on the effects ofstone surface texture on pollutant deposi-tion, Victor Mossotti, a geologist with theMinerals Research Survey Team at the USGeological Survey, who discusses long-termapproaches to understanding stone dete-rioration mechanisms, and Kevin Ammons,MRP associate, who discusses MRP effortsto organize and disseminate research re-sults through electronic media.

Each article on the CD includes infor-mation about project goals and approaches,principal investigators, significant find-ings and applications, and a selected bibli-ography. The main source for these ar-ticles is the MRP archives, which includeNAPAP and NPS Acid Rain Program/MRPresearch, literature, reports, photographsand slides.

Explore the Materials Research Pro-gram - Acid Rain and Beyond was pro-duced under contract with M&M Commu-nications Concepts, <www. mmcc.com>, atechnology utilization group specializingin multimedia production. The projectteam for the NCPTT CD included MarionMarks, Joel Rea, John Lomax and ScottGriffin. Dr. Gillian Rudd authored thetext for each project article on the CD.

Contact Dr. Mary F. Striegel for in-formation on CD production techniquesused in this project.

The multimedia CD-ROM, Explore the Materials Research Program - Acid Rain andBeyond (PTTPublications No. 1999-15), is available upon request after September 10from NCPTT’s Publications Manager.

The minimum requirements to run the CD include —• Intel 486 or better (Pentium MMX recommended) or fully compatible CPU• 16MB of system RAM for Win95, 24 MB for Win98, or at least 32MB for WinNT.• 10MB of free hard drive space for possible installations of system features such as

QuickTime 3.0• 8x or faster CD-ROM drive• Video display adapter and monitor capable of displaying 800x600 resolution, at 256

colors (High Color/32,768/65,536 colors and a display adapter with at least Windowsacceleration and “multimedia” or “video” acceleration features are strongly recom-mended for playing the videos.)

• Sound card capable of digitized audio playback and speakers/headphones are re-quired for the video interviews.

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Spatial Data Management inSHPO Information Systems

An interesting exchangeappeared a few yearsago in the Society for

American Archeology Bulletinconcerning the “best” organi-zational basis for State His-toric Preservation Offices’ cul-tural resource databases1 . Dis-cussion focused on a seriousproblem for all cultural re-source management informa-tion systems. The argumentpitted Geographic InformationSystems against Relational Da-tabase Management Systems asthe most appropriate founda-tion for SHPO information sys-tems. One side argued that thespatial dimension is so crucialto SHPO operations that GISis the logical technical solu-tion. The other side counteredthat GIS is a poor technical foun-dation for basic data manage-ment, and that GIS applicationsare best indirectly linked to aRDBMS foundation.

The interchange was par-ticularly relevant to our situa-tion in New Mexico. The NewMexico Cultural Resource In-formation System had been

upgraded recently to theOracle RDBMS. We were inthe process of integrating GIStechnology using ESRI ArcInfoand had just completed ourpilot data entry effort. Weseemed well-positioned to meetour users’ needs, but our ex-periences suggested that wewere far from a long-term so-lution.

During our pilot GISproject, we found the processof spatial data collection soprocedurally complex and la-bor-intensive that we beganquestioning the efficiency ofGIS. We found that GIS tendsto intensify, rather than re-solve, problems related to threefundamental information sys-tem objectives of data capture,data management and datadelivery.

Technology and SHPOcollaborationAs our pilot project was near-ing completion, the RDBMSindustry began to introduce“multidimensional” databaseproducts capable of managing

spatial and other non-text datatypes. Simultaneously, the GISindustry was working to over-come some of the operationalproblems that traditional spa-tial models created for manyusers, and started finding waysto integrate RDBMS technol-ogy in a more seamless fash-ion. GIS and RDBMS technolo-gies were converging to pro-vide potential benefits for cul-tural resource management.

Representatives from theWyoming, Colorado, Arizonaand New Mexico SHPOs metwith ESRI engineers in Boul-der, Colorado, to discuss thefeasibility of using Spatial Da-tabase Engine in our culturalresource databases. The com-plexity and cost of SDE pre-sented major roadblocks, how-ever, so the group decided tolook for additional resources.

In 1997, the New Mexicoand Wyoming SHPOs receiveda Preservation Technology andTraining Grants award toevaluate the effectiveness ofSDE and other similar tech-nologies for SHPO GIS. Twomajor objectives of thePTTGrants project were to de-velop a common logical spatialmodel for cultural resourcesamong New Mexico, Wyomingand other western states, and,based on that model, to de-velop a spatial database proto-type using SDE in New Mexico.

The common data modelAt the same time, the WyomingSHPO was awarded a US Geo-logical Survey-Federal Geo-graphic Data Committee grantto develop cultural resource

metadata – data that describethe content, quality, conditionand other characteristics ofdata – and data content stan-dards for the western UnitedStates. Since the objectives ofthe two grants overlapped, es-pecially in the areas of datamodeling and metadata train-ing, most of the initial data-modeling tasks for thePTTGrants project were con-ducted as part of workshopssponsored by the USGS grant.

Representatives from mostwestern states and Federal landmanagement agencies partici-pated in the USGS-sponsoredworkshops. The workshopsfocused on identifying basiccultural resource data typesand specifying key descriptive— non-spatial — data. Work-shop participants developed aspatial data model for the majorcultural resource data types andidentified key metadata items.Owing to a widespread need toaccommodate large amounts ofhighly variable data in existingcultural resource informationsystems, this task represents a“best practices” guide ratherthan a data standard.

The USGS grant providedan opportunity to involve manymore states and generated con-siderable interest and supportfrom Federal land managementagencies. Although the processof creating a formal data stan-dard will involve additionallevels of review and will takeseveral years, a solid founda-tion for current cultural re-source GIS efforts at the NewMexico and Wyoming SHPOs2

was initiated.

Location is central to the management of cultural re-sources. If the location of a building, district, site or object isunknown, no action can be taken to manage, preserve orprotect the resource. In spite of the importance of location,spatial information technologies such as GIS rarely are inte-grated with everyday State Historic Preservation Office deci-sion-making. Database management technologies are well-es-tablished, but the transition to GIS technology is slow in spite ofhigh user demand for geospatial data on cultural resources. Acollaborative effort to advance GIS technology for SHPO infor-mation systems in the western United States is the subject ofrecent work completed as part of a 1997 Preservation Technol-ogy and Training Grants project.

1. “Point-Counterpoint: Site File Databases and GIS Systems,” SAA Bulletin13(4). 1995.

2. The preliminary report on the first Federal Geographic Data Committeeworkshop is available online at <http://colby.uwyo.edu/fgdcdocs/report1.html>. A revised report based on the second FGDC workshop inFebruary 1999 will be posted at this site soon.

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The spatial databaseprototypeThe NMCRIS spatial databaseprototype consists of threecomponents:1. The Archaeological Records

Management Section server:A UNIX-based computerrunning the Oracle rela-tional database manage-ment system and the ESRISpatial Database Engine.The server is the main datarepository where all infor-mation pertaining to cul-tural resources – spatial andnon-spatial – is stored, man-aged and manipulated.

2. Multiple client PCs runningGIS applications that inter-act with the ARMS serverover a local area network.These applications commu-nicate with the ARMS serverto insert, modify and queryspatial data.

3. Remote client PCs runningGIS software: The clientscommunicate with theARMS server over theInternet. These applicationsare limited to query anddownload functions only.

Installation of Spatial DataEngine was trouble-free. Thelogical data model was trans-lated to a physical databasestructure in Oracle, and exist-ing spatial data were trans-ferred from ArcInfo to SDE.As applications were developedfor data capture, the NewMexico SHPO staff was able touse SDE immediately for queryand analysis tasks using ESRIArcView as the GIS interface.

The main design goal forthe data capture applicationwas to provide a means fornon-technical staff to capturegeospatial data quickly withminimal training and disrup-

tion of work flow. The appli-cation accomplishes this goalby allowing users to digitizecultural resources against a fa-miliar background of USGStopographic map images.ARMS staff are able to processand complete documents asreceived, resulting in signifi-cant productivity gains.

With the help of ESRI con-sultants, New Mexico SHPOtechnical staff then created aspatial extension to our exist-ing text-based query tool. Ac-cessed by users via Internetand modem connections since1993, this aging program hasbeen given a new lease on lifeby linking the program to SDE.Users now can retrieve com-plex cultural resource data ina familiar format — easily in-terpreted maps —, ensuringthat comprehensive pre-field-work record checks of the geo-graphic area to be investigatedare completed.

EvaluationFor GIS technology to improveSHPO operations, GIS tech-nology must be integrated intoSHPOs’ daily work routines— something that has remainedout of reach for most states.

SDE and similar databasetechnologies provide an envi-ronment in which spatial datacan be collected, managed anddistributed in much the sameway as non-spatial data. SDEallows an uncomplicated,transactional approach to spa-tial data capture. With SDE,cultural resources — ratherthan space — are the centralorganizing principle, whichallows a more logical and effi-cient workflow.

Spatial data managementis handled by the underlyingRDBMS — a mature and ro-bust technology. Spatial and

non-spatial records are in-serted, modified, indexed anddeleted in the same databaseenvironment allowing, for ex-ample, automatic recovery ofdigitized site boundaries fol-lowing a system crash. Admin-istrative costs for spatial datamanagement are rolled into ouroverall RDBMS administra-tion, resulting in significantsavings. Moreover, the integ-rity and security of spatial dataare greatly increased in theRDBMS environment.

No serious technical ob-stacles in using this technologyare known, but cost and com-plexity are significant factors.For a small agency like the NewMexico SHPO, SDE is a con-siderable investment. Annualmaintenance and staff recruit-ing, retaining and training areexpensive. Implementing SDEand REBMS technology re-quires skilled technical staffor consultants, and training isessential to retain staff andtechnical competence. Consult-ants and partnerships withtechnically advanced agenciesalso should be considered.

The practical benefits ofapplied technology are signifi-cant. In New Mexico, we planto use SDE as the foundationfor an Internet-based “call-before-you-dig” informationservice capable of displaying— to qualified individuals —the location of districts, build-ings and sites as easily inter-preted maps. With a single,easily accessed data source, weexpect fewer conflicts betweenpreservation and develop-ment, more informed short-and long-range planning at alllevels of government, more ef-ficient SHPO consultationsand, most important, en-hanced preservation of prehis-toric and historic properties.

— Tim Seaman

Mr. Seaman is the Archeologi-cal Records Management Sec-tion program manager at theNew Mexico State HistoricPreservation Office.

Copies of the final projectreport (PTTPublications No.1999-08) are available fromNCPTT’s Publications Manager.

An ArcView client application displays archeologicalinventory areas around Santa Fe, New Mexico, withtopography displayed in the background.

NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training8

twentieth-century homestead and severalprehistoric stone tools were evident. Thethird site occupied an eroding terraceknoll along Cedar Creek. Field crewsexcavated three test pits and conductedthree shovel tests, revealing artifacts, ani-mal bone, charcoal and fire-cracked rocksthat showed that the site had been occu-pied for several centuries by a series ofshort-term camps. The fourth site, lo-cated on a gently sloping hillside, includedan extensive scatter of hundreds of his-toric and prehistoric artifacts. In all, theIndian Caves sites allowed Brunswig torecord GPS data in several different ar-cheological and environmental contexts.

Brunswig encountered entirely dif-ferent conditions at the fifth site includedin the project. Located in the ruggedterrain of Rocky Mountain National Park,the Trail Ridge Game Drive site recentlywas documented as part of a study of highaltitude game drive sites in the Front Rangemountains of north-central Colorado.Elevations at the site range from 3465 to3500 meters. Major features include threemasonry rock walls and five rock-linedpits designed to channel game from sub-Alpine woods up a steep saddle situatedbetween two mountain knolls. Radiocar-bon dating of charcoal, granite weather-ing studies, and recovered artifacts indi-cate that the site dates to at least 3000 BCand may have been used as late as 1000AD. In recording the site, Brunswig soughtto assess the utility of GPS for preciselymapping topographic and archeologicalfeatures in mountainous terrain.

After completing his fieldwork,Brunswig used Pathfinder GPS softwareto manipulate the data recorded at each ofthe five sites. Pathfinder is capable ofperforming several essential functions withdata transferred from the GPS field log-ger into computer files. Chief among thesefunctions is data correction processing,

which increases the locational accuracy ofraw data recorded in the field. Path-finder also has the capacity to combinemultiple files and data sets to create larger,more complex multi-site files. All datacan be saved in a variety of GIS spread-sheet or text formats, including severalthat give access to information on indi-vidual data points recorded during field-work. Corrected files can be exported intoan external GIS or computer mappingprogram.

From the statistical information gen-erated by Pathfinder, Brunswig deter-mined that a total of 74.16 acres, or301,118 square meters, was surveyed atthe five test sites. The number of totaldata points recorded at individual sitesranged from 58 to 193, with an average of111 per site. The time needed to recordeach site varied between 388 and 57 min-utes. Recording times per point were ashigh as two minutes at one site and as lowas 50 seconds at another. In part, therange of variation was affected by traveltime between individual data points —rough terrain, of course, increases traveltime. Brunswig found, however, thatunder most conditions logging times canaverage less than a minute per point, de-pending on the size and topographic com-plexity of the site being surveyed.

GPS versus conventional surveyingtechniquesOn the basis of his fieldwork, Brunswigconcluded that GPS offers several impor-tant advantages over standard archeo-logical survey methods. The efficiency ofGPS is especially significant. With aver-age data logging times of less than a minuteper point, GPS compares favorably withconventional surveying techniques — andin rough terrain or heavily vegetated ar-eas, it offers substantial advantages. Con-ventional surveying instruments, whichrequire a clear line-of-sight, must be re-positioned frequently under such condi-tions, increasing field time. By contrast,a GPS operator is able to move quicklyover the landscape as necessary to recordtopographic and archeological features.A GPS survey also requires less man-power. A single person can operate a GPSreceiver; two or more persons are neededfor a standard survey.

Another advantage of GPS is its accu-racy. For each of the five sites surveyed,Brunswig compared raw and correcteddata to determine the increase in accu-racy possible with post-fieldwork dataprocessing. At the Trail Ridge Game Drivesite, for example, the average accuracy ofuncorrected data points was ± 3.817meters. Differential correction improvedthis figure to ± .21817 meters — an accu-racy of under half a meter. Data correc-tion resulted in even greater increases inaccuracy for two of the high plains sites.The site located beside Cedar Creek, forinstance, had an average uncorrected stan-dard deviation of ± 3.2621 meters, whichdata correction processing improved to ±.0844 meters — less than 17 centimeters.Brunswig’s research demonstrates thatGPS can achieve a sufficient level oflocational precision for virtually all ar-cheological survey applications.

As an additional assessment of GPSin archeological research, Brunswig ex-ported the differentially corrected datafiles for each of the five sites into GIS andthe SURFER computer mapping softwareprogram. For each site, Brunswig con-structed two types of data files: one con-taining all differentially corrected points

Spatial data collection typically takesless than one minute per site per pointand several thousand points can be re-corded in the GPS data logger.

New Applications forAdvanced Technologies inArcheological ResearchContinued from page 3

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(an X, Y and Z data set) and anothercomprised of three-dimensional point data(also an X, Y and Z data set) on specificarcheological and environmental features.The SURFER program then used thesefiles to generate contour and three-di-mensional surface maps of each site. SinceBrunswig’s differentially corrected datawas accurate to within one meter, themaps were extremely precise. Maps gen-erated by the SURFER program also canbe graphically enhanced with symbols andlabels for archeological and topographi-cal features. For the Trail Ridge GameDrive site map, for instance, Brunswigcreated identifying labels for the rockwalls, game pits and the drive corridorthat provide useful information for ana-lyzing and interpreting the site. Labelsfor environmental features such as waterdrainage routes and seasonal wind flowpatterns, which are critically importantfor understanding some sites, also can beadded.

Utility for practitionersThe project was successful on several lev-els and clearly demonstrates the utility ofGPS in archeological research. First, theprocess used by Brunswig proved effec-tive in recording large volumes of GPSdata with precision acceptable for mostarcheological applications. Second, theadvantages of using GPS to record siteslocated in difficult terrain became evidentduring Brunswig’s fieldwork. GPS is atleast as easy to use and efficient as conven-tional surveying methods, which relyheavily on compass readings, measuringtapes and sketch maps. In addition, GPSdata can be transferred into a variety ofcomputer software formats and used incomputer mapping programs — a tre-mendous benefit that facilitates post-field-work analysis of recorded sites.

The larger implications of Brunswig’swork point to the ways archeologists mayuse GPS and GIS in the future. In prac-tical terms, GPS stands to expedite andreduce the costs of archeological field-work. GPS offers archeologists a tool forcollecting precise data on the location ofarcheological sites, features and artifactsthat can be used to create computer-gen-

erated maps and for statistical analysis.In broader terms, GPS and GIS technol-ogy offers archeologists a means of explor-ing a wide range of theoretical researchissues. The ability of GIS to manipulatemultiple classes of archeological and envi-ronmental data makes sophisticated mod-eling of past cultural and physical land-scapes possible. GPS and GIS ultimately

may allow more comprehensive analysisof the archeological record — and therelationships among human activity,physical landscapes and natural ecosys-tems revealed in the archeological record— than ever before possible.

personal e-mail among students, theWebmaster and the instructor. Thesedynamic features provided studentswith further means of gathering detailsthat complemented the more generalcourse content.

Several observers were invited tocritique the structure, feel, look, activ-ity and usefulness of the course. Theircomments before, during and after thecourse — as well as responses submit-ted by students using an online evalua-tion form — direct the program’s fu-ture improvements. NEDCC expects topresent this program again early in2000, to be announced via the WorldWide Web and in NCPTT Notes’ Pres-ervation Calendar. NEDCC plans to

“Preservation 101”Continued from page 5

increase the number of students whomay be registered at one time, and hopesto offer two additional lessons, “Disas-ter Planning,” and “Care of Photo-graphs.” For future sessions, NEDCCis considering a partnership with anacademic institution that would offercourses for academic credit. NEDCCintends to continue offering “Preserva-tion 101” at no charge and plans toexplore unique Internet capabilities forexpanding access to preservation edu-cation.

— Karen E. K. Brown

As NEDCC’s field service representa-tive, Ms Brown organizes and conductspreservation surveys and workshops,provides technical advice to libraries,museums and archives, and advises ondisaster planning and recovery.

WWWeb

www.mtsu.edu/~thenThe Heritage Education Network is de-signed for K-12 teachers, personnel athistoric sites, museums, historical societ-ies, State Historic Preservation Officesand other groups interested in heritageeducation. A valuable aspect of THEN isthe links to related Web sites. The Heri-tage Education Network is a project of theCenter for Historic Preservation at MiddleTennessee State University and NCPTT.

www.ncptt.nps.gov“All in all, [NCPTT’s] website was beau-tifully and intelligently designed to pro-vide simple access to a wealth of preserva-tion technology information.”

“Web Watch,” DiscoveringArchaeology. May/June 1999, p. 30.

NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training

contact ICOMOS; e-mail <icomosmex99@compuserve.com.mx>, Web <www.icomos.org>.

19-24National Trust for Historic Preservation’sNational Preservation Conference in Wash-ington, DC. For information, contact NTHP;telephone 202/588-6100, facsimile-on-demand202/588-6444, Web <www.nationaltrust.org>.■ NCPTT contributes support to NTHP’sStatewides Initiative; the Statewides meetingsat the conference are October 19 and 20.

20-21Structural Condition Assessment for Exist-ing Structures seminar in Honolulu, Hawaii,sponsored by the American Society of CivilEngineers. For information, contact ASCE;telephone 703/295-6300, Web <www.asce.org/conted/index.html>. For other locations anddates, see October 28-29, December 2-3, Janu-ary 20-21 and March 23-24.

20-23Association for Preservation TechnologyInternational annual meeting in Banff, Alberta.For information, contact APT; e-mail<infor@apti99.ab.ca>.

21-23Historic Bridges Conference in Wheeling,West Virginia. For information, contact theInstitute for the History of Technology andIndustrial Archeology, West Virginia Univer-sity, 1535 Mileground, Morgantown, WV 26505;telephone 304/293-7169, facsimile304/293-2449, e-mail <Lsypolt@wvu.edu>.

24-26Association for Preservation TechnologyInternational training sessions in Banff,Alberta, including Information Technology andHeritage Conservation, Cultural Landscapes,and Conservation and Protection of ExteriorWood. For information, contact Pat Buchik atCanadian Heritage-Parks Canada; telephone403/292-4703, facsimile 403/292-4886, e-mail<pat-buchik@phc.gc.ca>.■ NCPTT will participate in the InformationTechnology and Heritage Conservation train-ing session. For information, contact DavidWhiting; telephone 403/247-8711, e-mail<dwhiting@icomos.org>.

26-29Preservation Options in a Digital World: ToFilm or To Scan workshop in Austin, Texas,sponsored by the Northeast Document Conser-vation Center. For information, contactNEDCC; telephone 978/470-1010, e-mail GayTracy <tracy@nedcc.org>, Web <www.nedcc.org>.For another location on other dates, see March30-April 1, 2000.

28-29 Structural Condition Assessment for Exist-ing Structures seminar in Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, sponsored by the American Societyof Civil Engineers. For information, contactASCE; telephone 703/295-6300, Web<www.asce.org/conted/index.html>. For other

5-9 The Broad Spectrum: The Art and Science ofConserving Colored Media on Paper confer-ence in Chicago, Illinois, sponsored by the ArtInstitute of Chicago and others. For informa-tion, contact Harriet Stratis; telephone 312/857-7662, facsimile 312/443-0085, e-mail<hstratis@artic.edu>, Web <www.artic.edu/aic/collections/dept_prints/prints.html>.

8-10 Ground-Penetrating Radar Techniques forDiscovering and Mapping Buried Archaeo-logical Sites workshop in Denver, Colorado,sponsored by the University of Denver andNCPTT. For information, contact Universityof Denver; telephone 303/871-2684, Web<www.du.edu/anthro/GPRCLASS2.html>.■ This workshop developed from researchwork supported by NCPTT’s 1996 Preserva-tion Technology and Training Grants pro-gram. The research project on new data andimage processing techniques was summarizedin NCPTT Notes 26, page 4.

12-16 National Lighthouse conference in Key West,Florida, sponsored by US Lighthouse Societyand others. For information, contact NationalLighthouse Conference 1999, 3501 SouthRoosevelt Boulevard, Key West, Florida 33040;telephone 305/296-1702, facsimile 305/296-6202, e-mail <maine1898@aol.com>, Web<www.keywest.com/lighthouse>.

13-15 Fundamentals of Preservation workshop inAndover, Massachusetts, sponsored by theNortheast Document Conservation Center; firstin a series of five “Managing Preservation”workshops that continue January 10-12, April5-7, June 1-2 and September 21-22. For infor-mation, contact Steve Dalton or Karen E.K.Brown at NEDCC; telephone 978/470-1010,Web <www.nedcc.org/coord.htm>.

15 Call for abstracts (100-150 words) deadlinefor CRM on disasters’ impacts on culturalresources, with high priority given to articleson planning, mitigation and response. For in-formation, contact David Look; telephone 415/427-1401, facsimile 415/427-1484, e-mail<David_W_Look@nps.gov>.

17-23 XII General Assembly of ICOMOS and WorldCongress of Conservation of MonumentalHeritage in Mexico City, Guanajuato, Moreliaand Guadalajara, Mexico. For information,

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September 1999 - May 2000NCPTT welcomes calendar items sent in care of NCPTT’s Publications Manager. Itemswith minimum two-month lead will be considered for publication. A more extensivelisting of conferences, training and other preservation events is available in theResources section of NCPTT’s Web site, <www.ncptt.nps.gov>.

September

22-26 International Cultural Heritage InformaticsMeeting in Washington DC, sponsored by Ar-chives & Museum Informatics. The meetingincludes half day, one day and two-day work-shops, and a conference. For information, con-tact Archives & Museum Informatics; tele-phone 412/422-8530, Web <www.archimuse.com/ichim99>.

29 Annual meeting of the American Associationfor State and Local History and the Mid-Atlantic Association of Museums, September29-Octoer 2, in Baltimore, Maryland. The meet-ing topic is “Caring for our Treasures at theMillenium.” For information, contact AASLH;telephone 615/320-3203, e-mail <history@aaslh.org>, Web <www.aaslh.org>.

30 Preserving the Walls and the Wilderness ofAmerica’s Western National Parks confer-ence in Mt. Rainier National Park, Washing-ton, September 30-October 3, sponsored bythe American Institute for Architects-HistoricResources Committee. For information, con-tact AIA; facsimile-on-demand 800/242-3837(option 8, document 142), Web <www.e-architect.com/pia/hrcmora/intro.asp>.

30 Call for papers deadline for Preserving theRecent Past II conference, sponsored by theNational Park Service-Heritage PreservationServices and others in Philadelphia, Pennsyl-vania, October 11-13, 2000. For informationabout the call for papers, telephone 202/343-6011; for information about the conference,visit <www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/recentpast2>.

October

1-2 Interpreting Aalto: Baker House and MITconference in Cambridge, Massachusetts, spon-sored by Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy. For information, contact MIT; telephone617/253-4412, facsimile 617/253-8993, Web<http://architecture.mit.edu/events/aac>.

3-4 Preserving the 20th Century Building Enve-lope conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts,sponsored by Technology & Conservation andothers. For information, contact Technology& Conservation; telephone 617/623-4488, fac-simile 617/623-2253.

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A database of preservation-re-lated conferences is availableat NCPTT’s Web site. Userscan search by keyword, loca-tion, discipline or date — indi-vidually or in combination.

Access the database in theResources section of the Website or directly at <www.ncptt.nps.gov/conferences>. Atraining and education oppor-tunities database and a jobsdatabase will be online soon.

information, contact NEDCC; telephone 978/470-1010, e-mail Sona Naroian <sona@nedcc.org>, Web <www.nedcc.org>. Foranother location on other dates, see October26-29, 1999.

April

5-7 Collections Maintenance workshop inAndover, Massachusetts, sponsored by theNortheast Document Conservation Center;third in a series of five “Managing Preserva-tion” workshops that continue June 1-2 andSeptember 21-22. For information, contactSteve Dalton or Karen E.K. Brown at NEDCC;telephone 978/470-1010, Web <www.nedcc.org/coord.htm>.

5-9 Society for American Archaeology annualmeeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Forinformation, contact Winifred Creamer, Soci-ety for American Archaeology, 900 SecondStreet NE #12, Washington, DC 20002-3557;telephone 202/789-8200, facsimile 202/789-0284, e-mail <meetings@saa.org>, Web<www.saa.org>.■ NCPTT will participate in a poster sessionon digital access.

6-9 Preserving the Historic Road in Americaconference in Morristown, New Jersey, spon-sored by the National Trust for Historic Pres-ervation and others. For information, contactDan Marriott at NTHP; telephone 202/588-6279, e-mail <dan_marriott@nthp.org>.

May

11-13Terra 2000-8th international conference on thestudy and conservation of earthen architecture,sponsored by English Heritage and others. Forinformation, contact the Centre for Earthen Archi-tecture, University of Plymouth-Faculty of Tech-nology, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UnitedKingdom; e-mail <terra2000@plymouth.ac.uk>.

January

10-12 Emergency Preparedness workshop inAndover, Massachusetts, sponsored by theNortheast Document Conservation Center;second of a series of five “Managing Preserva-tion” workshops that continue April 5-7, June1-2 and September 21-22. For information,contact Steve Dalton or Karen E.K. Brown atNEDCC; telephone 978/470-1010, Web<www.nedcc.org/coord.htm>.

20-21Structural Condition Assessment for Exist-ing Structures seminar in San Diego, Califor-nia, sponsored by the American Society ofCivil Engineers. For information, contactASCE; telephone 703/295-6300, Web<www.asce.org/conted/index.html>. For otherlocations and dates, see October 20-21, Octo-ber 28-29, December 2-3 and March 23-24.

March

15 One of two annual postmark deadlines (theother is November 1) for grants under theAmerican Association of Museum’s MuseumAssessment Program, including MAP I, II andIII. For information, contact MAP; telephone202/289-9118, facsimile 202/289-6578, e-mail<map@aam-us.org>.

23-24Structural Condition Assessment for Exist-ing Structures seminar in Orlando, Florida,sponsored by the American Society of CivilEngineers. For information, contact ASCE;telephone 703/295-6300, Web <www.asce.org/conted/index.html>. For other locations anddates, see October 20-21, October 28-29, De-cember 2-3 and January 20-21.

30 Preservation Options in a Digital World: ToFilm or Scan workshop, March 30-April 1 inProvidence, Rhode Island, sponsored by theNortheast Document Conservation Center. For

locations and dates, see October 20-21, Decem-ber 2-3, January 20-21 and March 23-24.

November

1 One of two annual postmark deadlines (theother is March 15) for grants under the Ameri-can Association of Museum’s Museum As-sessment Program, including MAP I, II andIII. For information, contact MAP; telephone202/289-9118, facsimile 202/289-6578, e-mail<map@aam-us.org>.

7-9 Restoration & Renovation trade exhibitionand conference in Charleston, South Carolina.For information, contact EGI Exhibitions; tele-phone 978/664-6455, facsimile 978/664-5822,e-mail <show@egiexhib.com>, Web <www.egiexhib.com>.

30 Call for presentations deadline for Africanismsin America: Places of Cultural Memory con-ference in New Orleans, Louisiana, September26-30, 2000, sponsored by the National ParkService and others. For information on theconference, telephone 888/358-8388. For in-formation about the call for presentations,contact Toni Lee, National Park Service,Heritage Preservation Services, 1849 C StreetNW - NC300, Washington, DC 20240; fac-simile 202/343-3921, e-mail <Toni_Lee@nps.gov>.

December

2-3 Structural Condition Assessment for Exist-ing Structures seminar in Nashville, Tennes-see, sponsored by the American Society of CivilEngineers. For information, contact ASCE;telephone 703/295-6300, Web <www.asce.org/conted/index.html>. For other locations anddates, see October 20-21, October 28-29, Janu-ary 20-21 and March 23-24.

2-4 Conserving the Painted Past conference onwall painting conservation, sponsored by En-glish Heritage in London. For information,contact Amanda Holgate, English Heritage, 23Savile Row-Room 227, London W1X 1AB,United Kingdom; telephone 0171/973-3000,facsimile 0171/973-3001, Web <www.english-heritage.org.uk>.

17 Application postmark deadline for NCPTT’sFY2000 Preservation Technology and Train-ing Grants. See page 2 in this edition of NCPTTNotes for Call for Proposals information.

27-30 Archaeological Institute of America annualmeeting in Dallas, Texas. For information,contact AIA; telephone 617/353-9361, facsimile617/353-6550.

NCPTT NOTES — National Center For Preservation Technology and Training12 13

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United States Department ofthe InteriorThe mission of the Department of theInterior is to protect and provide ac-cess to our Nation’s natural and cul-tural heritage and to honor our trustresponsibilities to tribes.

National Park ServiceThe National Park Service preservesunimpaired the natural and culturalresources and values of the NationalPark System for the enjoyment, educa-tion and inspiration of this and futuregenerations. The Service cooperateswith partners to extend the benefits ofnatural and cultural resource conser-vation and outdoor recreation through-out this country and the world.

National Center for PreservationTechnology and TrainingThe National Center for PreservationTechnology and Training promotes andenhances the preservation of prehis-toric and historic resources in theUnited States for present and futuregenerations through the advancementand dissemination of preservation tech-nology and training.

NCPTT, created by Congress, isan interdisciplinary effort by the Na-tional Park Service to advance the art,craft and science of historic preserva-tion in the fields of archeology, historicarchitecture, historic landscapes, ob-jects and materials conservation, andinterpretation. NCPTT serves publicand private practitioners through re-search, education and informationmanagement.

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National Park Service

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PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY AND

TRAINING BOARD

ChairDr. Elizabeth A. Lyon

Vice ChairRobert Z. Melnick, FASLA

School of Architecture and Allied ArtsUniversity of Oregon

Secretary of the Interior’s representativeE. Blaine Cliver

Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record

National Park Service

Dr. Neville AgnewThe Getty Conservation Institute

Patricia H. GayPreservation Resource Center of New Orleans

Nicholas GianopulosKeast and Hood Company

Dr. Alferdteen B. HarrisonMargaret Walker Alexander National Research

Center, Jackson State University

Dr. James K. HuhtaThe Center for Historic Preservation

Middle Tennessee State University

Dr. W. James JudgeDepartment of Anthropology

Fort Lewis College

Christy McAvoyHistoric Resources Group

F. Blair Reeves, FAIASchool of ArchitectureUniversity of Florida

Carolyn L. RoseDepartment of Anthropology

National Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian Institution

Frank Emile Sanchis, IIIMunicipal Art Society

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

DirectorRobert G. Stanton

Associate Director, Cultural ResourceStewardship and Partnerships

Katherine H. Stevenson

NCPTT

Executive DirectorJohn Robbins

john_robbins@ncptt.nps.gov

Information Management CoordinatorMary S. Carroll

mary_carroll@ncptt.nps.gov

Information Management AssociateLance Ellis

Information Management AssistantChristopher Monaghan

Research CoordinatorDr. Mark Gilberg

mark_gilberg@ncptt.nps.gov

Materials Research Program ManagerDr. Mary F. Striegel

mary_striegel@ncptt.nps.gov

MRP AssociateKevin Ammons

MRP FellowElizaBeth Bede

Training CoordinatorFrances Gale

frances_gale@ncptt.nps.gov

Training AssociateAndrew Ferrell

Training AssistantSheila Richmond

Publications ManagerSarah B. Luster