nazi germany visions and realities. overview in these lessons you will examine the theories and...
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Nazi Germany
Visions and Realities
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OVERVIEW
In these lessons you will examine the theories and practices of Nazi government: The “Führerprinzip” – “Leader principle” “Gleichschaltung” – “Coordination” Nazi social order Nazi economics
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The Nazi system
The Nazi “leadership principle” would have resulted in a dual-class system:
“Führer”
Government
Army Citizens“SS”“SA”
Nazi Party
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“Führer”
Government
Army Citizens“SS”“SA”
Nazi Party
In reality, the lack of clear guidelines created redundancy and internal struggles for political favour:
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• In order to gain power, Hitler needed a wide base of support – the party platform included socialist elements
• Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was in favour of more socialist changes and replacement of the Reichswehr
• In return for financial support of the industrialists and personal loyalty of the army, Hitler used the SS to destroy the SA leadership
NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
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“Gleichschaltung”
• German society was to be rebuilt or “coordinated” from the ground up
• Social interests were to be aligned with state interests
• The process towards the new social order resulted in shifts of priorities and trade-offs
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What they gained:• Factory conditions were
improved• Kindergartens were provided• Working environments were
beautified• Athletic facilities were provided• “Kraft durch Freude” (‘Strength
through Joy”) provided free theatre tickets and adult education courses; foreign travel was subsidized by the state.
• Decreases in general unemployment and economic stability
What they lost:• The right to organize• The right to collective
bargaining• Freedom of occupational
choice• Freedom of movement
Life for the worker
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Life for the worker
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Life for youth
What they gained:• Increased physical education• Special schools for future leaders
and politicians
What they lost:• Often seen as a replacement of
family and school in terms of influence
• Loss of respect for intellectuals and teachers
• Loss of energy and support for academic studies
• The replacement of gifted professors and teachers on the basis of race and politics
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Life for women
What they gained:• Marriage loans for newly-married
women
What they lost:• Female doctors and civil servants
were dismissed in 1933• By 1935, female secondary
teachers fell by 15% and were no longer allowed to take teacher training programs
• After June 1936, females were not permitted to be judges
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Nazi economics
Economic planning was oriented towards three goals:
1. Build a powerful military
2. Rapidly decrease unemployment
3. Make Germany economically self-sufficient (autarky)
Government spending and inflation increased:
1. From 1933-1939, the military budget increased by 16 times
2. Work schemes, such as the “autobahn”, helped reduce unemployment
3. Germany began making plans to take Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland
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Nazi economics
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Nazi economics
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Summary Questions
• How did the Nazi political system ensure that Hitler would remain unchallenged?
• In what ways were Hitler and Stalin similar?• What were German social groups willing to
give up in return for stability?• Why would Nazi economics naturally result in
war?