nazi germany gleichschaltung nazification completely coordinate german society along nazi lines...
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Nazi Germany
Gleichschaltung
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Nazification
Completely coordinate German society along Nazi lines
Initially, parallel institutions
followed
Gradual erosion and replacements of non-Nazi bodies
Social, economic, political, cultural, religious, military, Nazification
Bring into line
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3
Federal autonomous power, anathema to Nazis
Landtage abolished 1934
Provinces subordinated to centre, to Hitler
Nazi Reich governors answer to centre
Centralising the State
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Trade Unions (Labour representation)
Trade unions hostile to Nazism
Great Depression reduced their influence
Nazi declaration:
International Labour Day, 1st May 1933
2nd May 1933:
Occupation of trade union offices by SS + SA
Arrest of labour leaders
DAF (Nazi) to represent interests of labour
Workers controlled not represented
Controlling the workers
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Coordination of the powerful, delayed: Risk of alienation
Junkers, big business, industrialists, army, churches
Their support legitimises Hitler’s rule
Lower ranks and SA leaders determined to extend revolution = internal party conflict
Result: 1934 June:
‘Night of the Long Knives’
The Brownhouse, Munich
The Elite
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Gleichschaltung:
Nazification of German legal system (Judiciary)
Undermines liberal, formal legal theory
Law to reflect popular feeling of national community
Interpreted by Party
Expressed as ‘The will of the Fuhrer’
Judges: loyal Party members
Legal training includes Nazi doctrine
1941: Gurtner’s death (minister of Justice)
Judiciary under SS control
Bending the law
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Social control and indoctrination:
1933, Joseph Goebbels establishes:
Ministry for People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda
MPEP controls: ‘Reich Chamber of Culture’
RCC oversees;
Fine arts, literature, music, press, theatre, radio, films
Nazis: anti-intellectual, anti modernist
Jewish writers, composers: outlawed
Book burning, 2,500 books prohibited
Promotion of propaganda: martial and anti-Semitic themes:
Aryan art, volkish (Wagner) music, rustic (wholesome)
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‘The Eternal Jew’. ‘The Poison Mushroom’
‘People without Space’
Architecture: Visible 1000 year Reich
Fuhrer’s involvement: Berlin, Nuremberg
Nazi controlled press:
1933 = 2.5%
1944 = 82%, others closely monitered
Journalists accountable to state
Subsidised radios, X6m sets
Hitler broadcast speeches, 1933 = 50
Anti-Semitism
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Education / indoctrination
Subjects most affected:
History: Nordic, Nazi, Aryan, martial
Science: Nazi race theory
Literature: anti-Semitic
Teachers:
Tested for ideological soundness
Promote and defend National Socialism
Membership of Nazi Teachers Association
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Emphasis: Ideological conformity
Enforce spirit of National Socialism
Repress free thinking, academic, intellectual pursuit
Abolition of ‘Jewish’ physics:
Leads to decline in research
Loss of atomic race
Oppenheimer (Jewish) Manhattan Project
Nazi appointment of Principals and Rectors
Nazi approved lecturers only
Universities
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Adolf Hitler, 1933:
‘When an opponent declares I will not come over to your side, I calmly say, your child belongs to us already… What are you? You will pass on. Your descendants, however, now stand in the new camp. In a short time they will know nothing else but this new community.’
Elite schools (boys’ schools):
21 Napola’s - National Political Educational Institutions
10 Adolf Hitler schools
Youth Policies
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Nazi Youth Movements
Participation: 1933 = 100,000+ 1938 = 9,100,000+
Boys Girls
(10 – 14) ‘Deutsches Jungvolk’ (10 – 14) Jungmadelbund
(14 – 18) ‘Hitler Jugend’ (14 – 18) Bund Deutscher Madel
Emphasis: Emphasis:
Physical, para-military, political Proper roles taught
Extreme racist and nationalist