navigation nau 102 lesson 9. navigation aids beacons manmade objects intended to help fix the...
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Navigation
NAU 102
Lesson 9
Navigation Aids
Beacons
Manmade objects intended to help fix the vessel’s position and avoid hazards.
Buoys
Lights
Ranges
Fog Signals
Pharos Lighthouse
• Alexandria, Egypt• 1st century A.D.• Masonry construction• Height (est.) 377-492 ft.• Visible range: 35 miles• Used fires & reflective
mirrors
Navigation Aids
Some private aids maintained by:
U.S. Coast Guard operates and maintains U.S. navaids.
State governments
Other federal agencies
Individuals/Companies
Buoys
•Mark channels
Floating navaids
Anchored to the bottom
•Indicate shoals & obstructions
•Warn of dangers
Buoys
Convey information by:
•Shape •Color
•Letters or Numbers
•Audible Signal
•Light•Topmark
Buoys
•Reflective tape
Common equipment:
•Radar reflectors
•Sound signals
•Bells & Gongs
•Whistles & Horns
Buoys
•Cardinal marks
Types of Buoys
•Lateral marks
•Special marks
•Safe water marks
•Isolated danger marks
Lateral Marks
•Sides of channels
Navaids mark:
•Channel junctions •Channel bifurcations
Cardinal Marks
Indicate direction of navigable water.
Show cardinal directions (N, S, E, W) of safe water
•E.g. Always pass to the North of a North Cardinal Mark
•Note: cardinal marks are not used in U.S. waters
Safe Water Marks
Indicate an area of safe (navigable) waters.
•E.g. Mid-channel & fairway buoys
Isolated Danger Marks
Navaids mark points of danger.
•E.g. Submerged wreck
Special Marks
•Traffic separation schemes
Navaids mark special features of interest:
•Anchorages
•Recreational zones
•Etc.
Lateral Systems
Historically there have been many buoyage systems in the world.
1970s - International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)
simplified the system
IALA Buoyage Systems
Two major international systems:
•IALA - B•IALA - A
•Europe
•Africa
•Most of Asia
•Australia
•New Zealand
•North America
•South America
•Japan
•Philippines
•South Korea
IALA Buoyage Systems
Direction Conventions
Based on entering from seaward.
E.g. The right (or starboard) side of a channel is to starboard of vessel entering
from sea.
E.g. The right side is to port of a vessel heading towards the sea.
Direction Conventions
Many places “entering from seaward” is not clear.
E.g. Along coasts and Intracoastal waterways.
Clockwise direction around U.S. is treated as entering.
Direction Conventions
Lateral Colors
Red to starboard
IALA - B
Green to port
“Red-Right-Returning”
Red buoys and green buoys mark the sides of channels
Lateral Colors
IALA - A is opposite.
Lateral Colors
Horizontal Red & Green Bands
Mark junctions & bifurcations
Top color indicates preferred channel.
Lateral Colors
Cardinal Colors
Horizontal Black & Yellow Bands
Safe Water Colors
Red & White Vertical Stripes
Isolated Danger Colors
Black & Red Horizontal Bands
Special Marks Color
Solid Yellow
Buoy Shapes
5 Basic Shapes
Can
Cone (Nun)
Sphere
Pillar
Spar
CAN BUOYS
• Shaped like a tin can
• Cylindrical shape or appear cylindrical
• Flat top when seen from a distance
Buoy Shapes
Can
•Mark port side of channels
•Mark channel junctions –
preferred channel to starboard
Buoy Shapes
Can
Buoy Shapes
Conical / Nun
•Mark starboard side of channels
•Mark channel junctions –
preferred channel to port
Buoy Shapes
Conical / Nun
Buoy Shapes
Spherical
(Globe shape)
•Only used for Safe Water Marks
•Always have red and white vertical
stripes
PILLAR BUOY
• Sometimes referred to as a “Lighted Buoy” or a “Whistle Buoy”
• Lights used to make them visible at night; use batteries and/or solar receptors
• Have a short tower often skeletal in construction mounted on a visible float that may have a light, gong, whistle or other accessory
Buoy Shapes
Pillar
•Any type of buoy
•Often lighted
•Tall, central structure on broad base.
•Color & topmark indicate type
Buoy Shapes
Pillar
Buoy Shapes
Spar
•Any type of buoy
•Often lighted
•Usually not floating, driven into
bottom.
•Thin cylinder/pole
Buoy Shapes
Isolated danger marks and special marks may be any
shape.
•Pillar or spar are preferred.
BELL BUOY
• Has a bell with several clappers (usually four) externally hung
• Clappers will strike the bell as it rocks with the motion of the sea
• CAUTION: Bell may not ring in calm seas
GONG BUOY
• Similar in construction to a Bell Buoy
• Has several gongs mounted in a vertical stack, each sounding a different note
WHISTLE BUOY
• Similar in construction to a Bell or Gong Buoy
• Has a low-pitched whistle signal that is activated by the rise and fall of the buoy in a seaway; may not sound in calm waters
• Sometimes produces a moaning sound
HORN BUOY
• Similar to a Whistle Buoy except that its sound signal is electrically powered by batteries in the lower part of the buoy
• Usually produces a higher note that a Whistle Buoy with a more regular sound pattern
Topmarks
Shapes attached to pillars and spars.Indicate type of mark.
Square = port side Cone = starboard side
Lateral Marks
Topmarks
Isolated Danger
2 Spheres, one above the other
Topmarks
Safe Water
1 Sphere
Topmarks
Special Purpose – Yellow X
Topmarks
Double Cones = Cardinal Marks
North South East West
Topmarks
•North points up.
•South points down.
•West looks like a Wine glass.
•The points point to the black
stripe(s).
Introduction to Navigation
Questions?