navigating the system as a mandated reporter

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Candice A. Lively, J.D. U.S.C. School of Law Children’s Law Center (803)7771979 [email protected]

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Candice  A.  Lively,  J.D.  U.S.C.  School  of  Law  Children’s  Law  Center  (803)777-­‐1979  [email protected]    

OBJECTIVES  

•  UNDERSTAND  THE  LAW  IN  S.C.  FOR    MANDATED  REPORTERS  

•  KNOW  HOW  AND  WHEN  TO  REPORT  ABUSE  AND  NEGLECT  

•  KNOW  YOUR  ROLE  IN  THE  CASE  AFTER  A  REPORT  IS  MADE  

WHY  DON’T  PEOPLE  REPORT?  

Failure  to  recognize  warning  signs  

Resistance  to  becoming  involved  

Concern  for  professional  obliga\ons  (example,  confiden\ality,  HIPAA)  

Lack  of  training  and  confusion  about  repor\ng  responsibili\es    

STATISTICS  FOR  2012  •  Over  3.4  million  referrals  were  made  to  CPS  regarding  abuse/neglect  

•  Two-­‐thirds  (58.7%)  reports  of  alleged  child  abuse  and  neglect  were  made  by  professionals.  

•  VicRms  in  their  first  year  of  life  have  the  highest  rate  of  vicRmizaRon  

•  Total  deaths  reported  from  abuse/neglect  of  children  was  1,640  

U.S.  Department  of  Health  and  Human  Services,  2012  Report  

THE  MANDATED  REPORTER  STATUTE  

Encourages  anyone  to  report  

Requires  designated  professionals  to  report  

Located  in  the  Children’s  Code  

S.C.  CODE  ANN.  §  63-­‐7-­‐310  

•  in  the  reporter’s  professional  capacity  

•  the  reporter  has  received  informaRon  

• which  gives  the  reporter  reason  to  believe  

•  that  a  child  has  been  or  may  be  abused  or  neglected    

Must  report  when  

ReporRng  Requirement  

Mandated  Reporters  in  SC  •  Doctors  •  Nurses  •  DenRsts  •  Optometrists  •  EMT’s  •  Mental  Health  •  Allied  Health  •  Counselors  •  Principals    •  Assistant  Principals  •  Judges  •  Film  Processors  •  Social  Workers/Public  

Assistance  Workers  •  Coroner  (and  staff)  •  Medical  Examiner  (and  

staff)    

•  Substance  Abuse  Treatment  Staff  

•  Childcare  Workers  •  Police/Law  Enforcement  •  Undertakers    •  Funeral  Directors  (and  staff)  •  Computer  Technicians  •  Clergy*  (privilege  excepRon)  •  Teachers  •  Juvenile  JusRce  Workers  (2010)  •   Foster  Parents  (2010)  •  Guardian  ad  Litems  (2010)  •  School  Truancy/Afendance  

Officers  (2010)  

•  Compare  

– Teacher  sees  a  child  with  physical  injuries  consistent  with    abuse  when  the  child  shows  up  to  school  in  the  morning  

 with…  

     – Teacher  observes  parent  punching  a  child  in  the  face  at  a  local  grocery  store  

What  is  Professional  Capacity?  

“reason  to  believe”  does  not  require  the  reporter  to  have  conclusive  proof  

does  not  require  proof  beyond  a  reasonable  doubt  

informaRon  must  be  such  that  a  reasonable  person  would  rely  upon  it  and  informaRon  may  include  hearsay  

What  is  a  Reason  to  Believe?  

Ø  Supersedes  confidenRality  requirements  Ø  Voids  privileged  communicaRon  between  

professional  and  paRent/client  (HIPAA)  Ø  Voids  privilege  between  husband/wife  Ø Not  precluded  by  federal  statute  on  protected  

health  informaRon  Ø  Clergy/penitent  excepRon  

DUTY  TO  REPORT  AND  CONFIDENTIALITY  

•  VAWA  (Violence  Against  Women  Act)allows  program  to  disclose  informaRon  when  mandated  by  statute  or  court  

•  InformaRon  you  are  mandated  to  report  can  be  disclosed  without  violaRng  VAWA  or  FVPSA  (Family  Violence  PrevenRon  and  Services  Act)  

Federal  Laws  

HIPAA  and  Child  Abuse  

•  All  states  have  laws  that  mandate  reporRng  of  suspected  child  abuse  or  neglect,  and  HIPAA  rules  allow  disclosure  of  protected  health  informaRon  without  legal  guardian  authorizaRon  under  these  circumstances.  In  general,  if  a  pediatrician  suspects  abuse  or  neglect,  as  defined  within  state  statutes,  then  he  or  she  is  obligated  to  disclose  informaRon  to  the  appropriate  invesRgaRve  agencies,  which  in  most  states  includes  CPS  and  law  enforcement  agencies.  

American  Academy  of  Pediatrics,  Pediatrics  Volume  125,  No.  1,  January  2010  

S.C.    Code  of  Laws  Ann.  §63-­‐7-­‐380  

•  A  MANDATED  REPORTER  may  take  photos  of  the  areas  of  trauma  visible  on  a  child  who  is  the  subject  of  a  report  and,  if  medically  indicated,  a  physician  may  cause  to  be  performed  a  radiological  examina\on  or  other  medical  examina\ons  or  tests  of  the  child  …  

•  “  WITHOUT  THE  CONSENT  OF  THE  CHILD’S  PARENTS  OR  GUARDIANS”  

• Good  faith  is  presumed    • Immunity  extends  to  parRcipaRon  in  invesRgaRon  or  court  proceedings  

• Immunity  covers  full  disclosure  of  the  facts  that  led  the  reporter  to  believe  a  child  was  abused  or  neglected    

Mandated  reporters  

are  immune  from    

liability  when  ac\ng  in  good  faith  

Immunity  

FAILURE  TO  REPORT    S.C.  Code  §63-­‐7-­‐410  

Punishable  by  a  fine  up  to  $500  and/or  imprisonment  

up  to  6  months  

Failing  to  report  is  a  misdemeanor  

Knowingly  making  a  false  or  malicious  report  is  a  misdemeanor  

Punishable  by  a  fine  up  to  $5000  and/or  imprisonment  up  to  90  days  

A  false  or  malicious  report  is  intenRonally  decepRve,  not  an  honest  mistake  

False  Reports  

HOW  TO  REPORT  ABUSE/NEGLECT:      •  Orally  (in  person)  

•  By  telephone  

•  Otherwise  

ProtecRng  the  Reporter  

At  \me  of  report  to  DSS,  reporter  can  request    summary  of  outcome  of  inves\ga\on  

Anonymous  reports  are  permissible  

Iden\ty  of  reporter  is  confiden\al,  except  between  DSS  and  law  enforcement  

If  required  to  tes\fy,  the  fact  that  witness  was  reporter  cannot  be  disclosed  

County  Department  of  Social  Services  

Law  Enforcement  

In  the  county  where  the  child  resides    

REPORT  TO?  

Suspected  perpetrator  is:    – Child’s  parent,  guardian,  foster  parent    – Operator,  employee,  or  caregiver  of  a  public  or  private  residenRal  home,  insRtuRon,  agency  or  childcare  facility  

 – Adult  who  has  assumed  the  role  or  responsibility  of  a  parent  or  guardian  for  the  child  

Report  to  DSS  when…  

Perpetrator  is  not  responsible  for  child’s  welfare  

Examples:    q Occasional  babysiker  q Neighbor  q Stranger  q Leader  in  youth  organiza\on  q Coach  q Teacher  

Report  to  Law  Enforcement  when…  

•  Inves\gates  reports  of  criminal  child  abuse  or  neglect  

•  Determines  whether  criminal  law  has  been  violated  

•  Law  enforcement  may  take  a  child  into  emergency  protec\ve  custody  w/o  

       court  order  

Role  of  Law  Enforcement  

•  Arrests  suspected  offender  

•  Gathers  corroboraRng  evidence    §    You  may  be  criRcal  in  that  regard  

•  Arrest  may  lead  to  prosecuRon  in  General  Sessions  Court  

Role  of  Law  Enforcement  

A  person  under  the  age  of  18  

A  viable  fetus    -­‐  SC  Supreme  Court  has  ruled  that  a  viable  unborn  fetus  (24  weeks)  is  a  “child”  for  the  purpose  of  child  abuse  and  neglect  

DefiniRon  of  a  Child  

Abuse  and  Neglect  Generally  

It  is  abuse  or  neglect  when  a  child  is  injured  by  the  inten\onal  acts  or  omissions  of  an  adult  

Abuse  and  neglect  are  broadly  defined  in  the  Children’s  Code  and  may  include  criminal  conduct  (S.C.  Code  §63-7-20)  

•  Physical  or  mental  injury  •  Excessive  corporal  punishment  •  Sexual  offenses  •  Failure  to  supply  food,  clothing,  shelter,  educa\on,    

•    medical  care  •  Abandonment  •  Encouraging  delinquency  •  Exposure  to  Domes\c  Violence  

Examples  of  Abuse  and  Neglect    

} Failure  to  supply  the  child  with  adequate  food,  clothing,  shelter,  or  educaRon;  supervision  appropriate  to  the  child’s  age  and  development;  or  health  care  though  financially  able  to  do  so  or  offered  financial  or  other  reasonable  means  to  do  so  

 AND  

 

} Failure  has  caused  or  presents  a  substan\al  risk  of  causing  physical  or  mental  injury  

One  Type  of  Neglect      

WHAT  IS  PHYSICAL  INJURY?  

Children’s  Code:  physical  injury  means  death  or  permanent  or  temporary  disfigurement  or  impairment  of  any  bodily  organ  or  func\on  

Criminal  statutes  also  define  types  of  physical  injury  –  Inflic\on  of  GBI  on  a  Child  S.C.  Code  §16-­‐3-­‐95  Can  include  substan\al  risk  of  death  

•  Yes,  unless:  

– Administered  by  a  parent  or  in  loco  parenRs  – For  sole  purpose  of  restraining  or  correcRng  the  child  – Reasonable  in  manner  and  moderate  in  degree  – No  lasRng  or  permanent  damage  – Not  reckless  or  grossly  negligent  

May  Corporal  Punishment  Be  Physical  Injury?    

Is  defined  as  a  sexual  offense  according  to  the  criminal  laws  of  South  Carolina  S.C.  Code  §  16-­‐3-­‐651    "Sexual  bafery"  means  sexual  intercourse,  cunnilingus,  fellaRo,  anal  intercourse,  or  any  intrusion,  however  slight,  of  any  part  of  a  person's  body  or  of  any  object  into  the  genital  or  anal  openings  of  another  person's  body,  except  when  such  intrusion  is  accomplished  for  medically  recognized  treatment  or  diagnosRc  purposes.  

What  is  Sexual  Abuse?  

•  Age  of  consent  for  sex  in  SC  is    

         16      • Un\l  June  18,  2012,  there  was  no  consensual  teenage  sex  excep\on.  

 

CSC  W/MINOR  2ND  AND  3RD  DEGREE  the  EXCEPTION  

THE  ROMEO  CLAUSE    •  A  person  18  or  younger  who  engages  in  consensual  sexual  conduct  with  a  person  at  least  14  years  of  age,  cannot  be  convicted  under  these  provisions  of  the  law.  

} DocumentaRon:    ◦  Document  the  basis  of  your  concerns,  including  physical  and  behavioral  signs  

◦  Document  the  child’s  statements  to  you,  exact  words  if  possible  

◦  Record  the  child’s  demeanor    ◦  Record  date  and  agency/individual  to  whom  you  reported  

Guidelines  for  Reporters  

• Making  the  Report    – As  soon  as  possible  

– Do  not  akempt  to  inves\gate    

– Providing  your  name  is  preferred        

Guidelines  for  Reporters  

•  Follow  organizaRonal  policies  and  procedures  but  remember  you  are  legally  required  to  report  and  policy  cannot  change  that  legal  requirement.  

Making  the  Report  cont…  

Who  you  are  is  confiden\al…  

•  S.C.  Code  Ann.  §63-­‐7-­‐330  •  -­‐idenRty  of  reporter  “must  not  be  disclosed”  •    EXCEPTION:      1)  If  report  made  to  LE  then  LE  can  tell  DSS  for  them  

to  further  invesRgate;  2)  If  report  made  to  DSS  and  it  involves  the  need  for  

LE,  then  DSS  can  provide  name  for  LE  to  further  invesRgate.      

Provide  as  much  informaRon  as  possible  

Child’s  name  

Age  and  date  of  birth  

Address  

Present  LocaRon  

What  to  Report…  

Names  and  ages  of  siblings  

Parents’  names  and  addresses  

Reasons  for  concerns    

Known  history  of  violence  in  the  home  

What  to  Report  cont…  

Inform  that  person    that  you  are  a  mandatory  reporter  

Provide  informaRon  

Ask  if  the  report  is  being  accepted  for  invesRgaRon  

Get  the  Name  of  the  Person  to  Whom  You  Report  

Ask  if  there  is  any  addiRonal  

informaRon  you  may    provide  in  order  for  it  to  be  

accepted  

• Ask  that  you  be  noRfied  within  24  hours  if  it  is  going  to  be  invesRgated  

If  the  response  is  “I  have  to  staff  it  with  a  supervisor”  

If  Your  Call  Is  Not  Being  Accepted  for  Inves\ga\on    

•  Following  the  report,  you  may  be  served  with  a  •  subpoena:  – to  provide  addiRonal  informaRon  – To  tesRfy  in  court                                            AND/OR    – To  parRcipate  on  a  mulR-­‐disciplinary  team  involved  in  the  invesRgaRon  or  follow  up    

Your  Involvement  Arer  Repor\ng    

Court  appearances  and  requirements  •  Subpoenas:  •  Must  state  who  issued  it,  name  of  case  and  date  and  \me  of  your  

required  appearance.  •    May  also  ask  that  you  bring  documents,  materials,    etc.  •    Can  file  a  Mo\on  to  Quash  for  certain  jus\fiable    reasons.  

•  Court  Orders:  •  Must  be  followed  as  stated.      •    Can  ask  Court  for  clarifica\on.  

•  Search  Warrants:  •  Must  be  followed  as  stated.  •    Can  later  dispute  if  lacked  probable  cause  

•  LAW  ENFORCEMENT  IS  ENTITLED  TO  EVERYTHING  WITHOUT  A    •  SUBPOENA    •  -­‐HIPAA  &  PRIVILEGE  UNDER  PATIENT/CLIENT  CONFIDENTIALITY    •  DOES  NOT  APPLY!!  

•  DSS  IS  ENTITLED  TO  EVERYTHING  WITHOUT  A  SUBPOENA    •  -­‐HIPAA  &  PRIVILEGE  UNDER  PATIENT/CLIENT  CONFIDENTIALITY    •  DOES  NOT  APPLY!!  

•  SOLICITOR’S  OFFICE  IS  ENTITLED  TO  EVERYTHING  WITHOUT  A  •  SUBPOENA  •  -­‐HIPAA  &  PRIVILEGE  UNDER  PATIENT/CLIENT  CONFIDENTIALITY    •  DOES  NOT  APPLY!!  

Release  of  Records  

Michelle  Greco  Greenville  Health  Systems  

Case  Scenario-­‐  Home  visitor  •  Arrives  at  830  AM  at  a  home  of  a  2  week  old  infant  for  a  newborn  home  

visit.    The  infant  weighed  5  ½    pounds  at  birth  and  was  born  at  38  weeks.  •   When  doing  the  assessment  the  home  visitor  notes  mother’s  clothes  are  

dirty,  hair  is  messy,  she  does  not  make  any  eye  contact  and  is  not  afenRve  to  infant  crying  in  the  car  seat  which  is  placed  on  the  floor  of  the  living  room.  The  room  smells  of  cigarefe  smoke.  

•   When  asked  she  does  not  recall  infant’s  last  feeding  or  diaper  change  and  is  told  they  missed  the  scheduled  infant’s  visit  at  the  doctors  2  days  ago  which  was  for  a  weight  check  as  the  infant  has  been  slow  to  gain  weight.      The  mother  states-­‐  “I  couldn’t  get  there,  I’m  a  single  mom”.  

•   A  3  year  old  male  sibling  enters  the  room  with  soiled  clothes,  mafed  hair  and  eaRng  a  bag  of  potato  chips.    A  bruise  and  scratch  are  noted  on  his  right  ear  as  well  as  yellow  bruises  on  the  backs  of  his  legs.  

•  The  mother  states  “he’s  a  wild  one  I  can’t  keep  my  eye  on  him,  typical  3  year  old”.  

•  The  home  visitor  sees  a  bofle  of  opened  pills  on  the  kitchen  table  amongst  garbage  and  old  food.  

•  The  home  visitor  notes  the  home  to  be  clufered,  children  dirty  with  soiled  clothes  and  the  mother  to  be  detached  and  overwhelmed.  

Case  Scenario  –  Home  Visitor  

•  Arrives  at  the  home  of  a  21  year  old  mother  who  lives  with  her  23  year  old  boyfriend  and  their  4  month  old  infant.  

•  The  mother  reported  early  in  her  pregnancy  using  Marijuana  for  morning  sickness  but  stopped  and  a|er  she  stopped  so  did  her  boyfriend.    It  was  not  reported  because  she  was  in  her  second  trimester.  She  also  has  a  history  of  anxiety  and  depression  and  is  taking  prescripRon  medicaRons  for  it.    

•  The  home  visitor  notes  the  mother  to  be  sleepy,  dosing  off  when  si}ng  in  the  chair  and  while  holding  the  infant.    The  home  visitor  has  to  repeatedly  call  her  name  to  get  her  afenRon.  

•  The  mother  finished  the  visit  and  states  she  has  to  drive  to  the  pediatricians  for  an  appointment  in  a  lifle  while.  

Common  reasons  medical  providers/home  visitors  fail  report-­‐  

•  I’m  not  sure  if  it’s  reportable  •  It  doesn’t  seem  that  bad  •  What  if  I’m  wrong  •  They  wont  take  it  •  The  parents/family  will  know  it’s  me  •  They  won’t  let  me  back  into  their  home/  won’t  come  for  services  •  I  don’t  want  to  lose  my  credibility  if  it’s  not  accepted  •  There’s  already  a  case  or  someone  else  reported    

Pi~alls  

•  Provider/home  visitor  doesn’t  document  observaRons/criRcal  informaRon/statements  

•  A  verbal  report  is  given  to  another  mandated  reporter  but  no  report  is  made  

•  CriRcal  informaRon  is  lost  in  verbal  reports  from  one  person  to  the  next  

•  Not  having  a  “check  list”  of  red  flags  that  may  trigger  a  report  or  “check  list”  of  important  info.  when  making  a  report  

•  Lack  of  educaRon  on  signs  of  abuse  and  neglect,  mandated  reporRng  and  various  issues  related  to  child  maltreatment  

CONCLUSION  •  As  a  mandated  reporter  your  duty  to  report  abuse  is  legally  required  and  can  save  a  child.  

•  Be  a  part  of  the  process  so  you  can  assist  the  inves\ga\on  and  improve  the  results  for  a  child.  

•  Appreciate  your  role  and  cooperate  with  those  agencies  who  need  your  input.  

Candice  A.  Lively,  J.D.  U.S.C.    of  Law  Children’s  Law  Center  

(803)777-­‐1979  [email protected]  www.childlaw.sc.edu