NA’VI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY v. 13.63

Compiled by Mark Millerwww.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: March 12th, 2018

This is the authorized and definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. PaulFrommer for James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are deri-ved from, Dr. Frommer.

Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintainedthroughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loanwords from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the officialcorpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situatedafter it.

Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»onare the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots toshow infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, ifnot all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modalverbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upontransitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changeswill be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in theIPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also thatvariants, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morp-hological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary+ = leniting morpheme boundary« » = infix morphemeadj. = adjectiveadp. = adpositionadv. = adverbconj. = conjunctionc.w. = compound worddem. = demonstrativeintj. = interjectioninter. = interrogativen. = nounnfp. = not for people

num. = numberofp. = only for peoplepart. = particleph. = phrasepn. = pronounprop. n. = proper nounv. = verbsvin. = stative intransitive verbvtr. = transitive verbvin. = intransitive verbvtrm. = transitive modal verbvim. = intransitive modal verbsbd. = subordinated

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An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-an, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translationsin other languages available.

Sources

We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after theIPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionarywas originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in earlyMarch, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been addedas it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer hassolicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the LexicalExpansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canonlexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixesthat are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semanticmeaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer• M = The Movie• JC = James Cameron• G = the Avatar Games• ASG = The Survival Guide• PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words whichare illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs approved by Dr.Frommer are included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words,which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer also legalized a few pronunciation errorsmade during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approvedwords created by other sources for the Avatar franchise, like the Toruk show by Cirque duSoleil and the Pandora attraction at Disney World. Other words suggested by the LEP andlanguage community have been approved as well. These additional sources are indicated asfollows: JC for James Cameron, CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL forRichard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer, CdS forCirque du Soleil, D is for Disney (from Pandora - The World of Avatar) and G for the AvatarGame. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables alwaysuse a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is norule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [>tsun] or [>tsUn],but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI

�], [aI

�], [EU

�], and [aU

�].

Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split inaccordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers canbe difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,let me know here or by email to mark@learnnavi.org, and I will correct them. As for version

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number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not largechange and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.

The Na’vi language is a work in progress, with contributions by many people. Very earlyon, the Na’vi Community was graciously invited by Dr. Paul Frommer to participate in thegrowth of the language. This rapidly became an international effort, made possible only bythe global reach of the internet. To my knowledge, a constructed language has never evolvedin this manner and the rapid growth and maturing of Na’vi would not have been possibleotherwise.

My role in the work of Na’vi is shepherd of the public face of the Na’vi language and sup-port of its fans. However, I would like to recognize some particular individuals who’s assistan-ce has been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, isDr. Paul Frommer and his monumental effort in creating and expanding this amazing langu-age. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating this document, with the notethat most of his work is still included here. Thanks also to Tuiq who created the automationtools for the maintenance of this dictionary with its translations and variants. Finally, thanksto everyone in the Learn Na’vi Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

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P

’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] PF adj. a few, several (Usedwith countable nouns in the singular form)

’akra: ["Pak.Ra] PF n. soil (fertile)’aku: ["P·a.k·u] PF vtr. remove, take away, take off’al: [P·al] PF vtr. waste’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] PF n. collar / choker’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] PF vtr. touch’ana: ["Pa.na] PF n. hanging vine’ango: ["Pa.No] PF adj. soft (of a sound)’anla: ["P·an.l·a] PF vtr. yearn for’are: ["Pa.RE] PF n. poncho, cape, shawl’aw: [Paw] PF num. one’awkx: [Pawk'] PF n. cliff’awlie: [Paw."li.E] PF adv. once (in the past)’awlo: ["Paw.lo] PF adv. once’awm: [Pawm] PF n. camp’awnìm: ["P·aw.nIm] PF vtr. avoid (c.w. from

’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)’awpo: ["Paw.po] PF pn. one individual’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] PF adv. together (c.w.

from ’aw one and teng same, equal)’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] PF vtr. bind /

bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w.from ’awsiteng together and yem put)

’awve: ["Paw.vE] PF adj. first (ordinal) (derivedfrom ’aw one)

’ä’: [PæP] PF intj. oops!’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] PF adj. complete’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. move’e’al: ["PE.Pal] PF adj. worst’e’in: [PE."Pin] PF n. pod, gourd’e’insey: [PE."Pin.SEj] PF n. drinking gourd (c.w.

from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl mi-nimally modified from naturally occurring re-sources)

’efu: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. feel, sense, perceive’eko: ["P·E.k·o] PF vtr. attack’ekong: ["PE.koN] PF n. beat (rhythmic)’ekxin: [PE."k'in] PF adj. tight’ekxinum: [PE."k'i.num] PF n. degree of tight-

ness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight andum loose)

’ekxinumpe: [PE."k'i.num.pE] PF inter. howtight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tight-ness, looseness)

’em: [P·Em] PF vtr. cook

’emyu: ["PEm.ju] PF n. cook, cooker (derivedfrom ’em cook)

’en: [PEn] PF n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-tuition

’engeng: ["PEN.EN] PF adj. level’en si: ["PEn "s·i] PF vin. make an informed guess

(derived from ’en guess)’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] PF adj. ceremonious’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] PF n. shoulder’evan: ["PE.van] PF n. boy (colloquial) (derived

from ’evengan boy)’eve: ["PE.vE] PF n. girl (colloquial) (derived

from ’evenge girl)’eveng: ["PE.vEN] PF n. child’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] PF n. boy (derived from

’eveng child)’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] PF n. girl (derived from

’eveng child)’evi: ["PE.vi] PF n. kid (affectionate form of

’eveng child)’ewan: ["PE.wan] PF adj. young’ewll: ["PE.wl

"] PF n. plant

’ewrang: ["PEw.RaN] PF n. loom’eylan: ["PEj.lan] PF n. friend’eylanay: [PEj.la."naj] PF n. acquaintance (with

the potential for becoming a friend) (derivedfrom ’eylan friend)

’eyng: [P·EjN] PF v. answer, respond’eyt: [PEjt^] PF n. the symbol 8 (not the value

eight)’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] PF vin. end, conclude’ia: ["P·i.·a] PF vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)’ipu: ["Pi.pu] PF adj. humorous, funny, amusing’it: [Pit^] PF n. bit, a small amount’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,PF n. son’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,PF n. daughter’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.>tsjIp^] PF n. little daughter (term

of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] PF vin. remain, stay’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] PF n. spiral’ìn: [P·In] PF svin. be busy, be occupied’ìp: [P·Ip] PF vin. disappear, vanish, recede from

view’llngo: ["Pl

".No] PF n. hip

’o’: [PoP] PF adj. bringing fun, exciting’ok: [Pok^] PF n. remembrance

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’okrol: [Pok."Rol] PF n. history (ancient) (deri-ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)

’oktrr: ["Pok.tr"] PF n. day of commemoration

(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and trr day)’okvur: [Pok."vuR] PF n. history (non-ancient)

(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story)’om: [Pom] PF adj. violet, purple, magenta’ompin: ["Pom.pin] PF n. violet, purple, magenta

(derived from ’om purple)’on: [Pon] PF n. shape, form’ong: [P·oN] PF v. unfold, blossom’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok'] PF vin. be born (c.w. from

’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)’ongop: ["Po.N·op^] PF vtr. design (c.w. from ’on

shape, form and ngop create)’ongopyu: ["Po.Nop.ju] PF n. designer (derived

from ’ongop design)

’opin: ["Po.pin] PF n. color’ora: ["Po.Ra] PF n. lake’oratsyìp: ["Po.Ra.>tsjIp^] PF n. pond, pool (deri-

ved from ’ora lake)’otxang: [Po."t'aN] PF n. musical instrument (ge-

neric term)’rrko: ["P·r

".k·o] PF vin. roll

’rrpxom: ["Pr".p'om] PF n. thunder

’u: [Pu] PF n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)’ul: [P·ul] PF vin. increase’umtsa: ["Pum.

>tsa] PF n. medicine

’uo: ["Pu.o] PF pn. something’upe: ["Pu.pE] PF inter. what (thing) (c.w. from

’u thing and pe inter. marker)’upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] PF n. message’ur: [PuR] PF n. sight, look, appearance

A

a: [a] PF,LN part. clause - level attributive markerakrrmaw: [a."kr

".maw] PF conj. after (temporal)

variant of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time andmaw after)

akrrta: [a."kr".ta] PF conj. since (temporal) vari-

ant of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta from)akum: [a."kum] PF conj. that (as a result) (de-

rived from kum result) this form followsthe result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that Ifell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’

alaksi: [a."lak.si] PF adj. readyalìm: [a."lIm] PF adv. far away, at a distance (de-

rived from lìm far, be far)alo: ["a.lo] PF n. time, turn, instance, one of a

number of repeated or recurring actionsalu: ["a.lu] PF conj. that is, in other words (deri-

ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used forappositions)

alunta: [a."lun.ta] PF conj. because, from the rea-son

am’a: [am."Pa] PF n. doubtam’ake: [am."Pa.kE] PF adj. sure, confident (c.w.

from am’a doubt and ke not)am’aluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] PF adv. without a

doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident)apxa: [a."p'a] PF adj. large nfp.asim: [a."sim] PF adv. nearby, at close range (de-

rived from sim near, be near)

atan: [a."tan] JC n. lightatanvi: [a."tan.vi] PF n. ray (derived from atan

light)atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] PF n. forked lightning

(derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)atxar: [a."t'aR] PF adj. smell of living animals, as

found around a watering holeatxkxe: [at'."k'E] PF n. landatxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] PF n. map (c.w. from

atxkxe land and rel picture)au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternationaungia: [a."u.Ni.a] PF n. sign, omenawnga: [aw."Na] PF pn. we (derived from ayo-

eng we)ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] PF pn. they (derived

from po he, she)aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] PF pn. to the others (contrac-

tion of ay+lahe–ru)aynga: [aj."Na] PF pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived

from nga you)ayoe: [aj."o.E] PF pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived

from oe I)ayoeng: [aj."wEN] PF pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-

rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-es)

ayu: [a."ju] PF n. things (derived from ’u thing)(never plural u)

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E

eampin: ["E.am.pin] PF n. blue, green (derivedfrom ean blue, green)

ean: ["E.an] PF adj. blue, greenekxan: [E."k'an] PF n. barricade, obstructionekxan si: [E."k'an s·i] PF vin. exclude, keep out,

bar (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-tion)

ekxtxu: [Ek'."t'u] PF adj. rougheltu: ["El.tu] PF n. braineltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] Prr n. computer

(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i] PF vin. be

interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-rbrain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)

eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] PF vin. pay attention, quit goo-fing off (derived from eltu brain)

emkä: [Em."k·æ] PF vtr. cross (derived fromemza’u pass, overcome and kä go)

emrey: [Em."R·Ej] PF vin. surviveemza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] PF vtr. pass (a test), over-

come (c.w. from za’u come)eo–: ["E.o] PF adp. before, in front of (place)

eolì’uvi: ["E.o.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. prefix (derivedfrom eo– before and lì’u word)

ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] PF adj. complexepxang: [E."p'aN] PF n. stone jar used to hold

small toxic arachnidetrìp: ["Et.RIp^] PF adj. favorable, auspiciousewktswo: ["Ewk.

>tswo] PF n. (sense of) taste (de-

rived from ewku taste)ewku: ["·Ew.k·u] PF vtr. taste (not intentionally)eyawr: [E."jawR] PF adj. correct, righteyawrfya: [e."jawR.fya] PF n. right way (of doing

something), correct path (derived from eyawrcorrect, right and fya’o path, way, manner)

eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,PF vtr. leadeyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from

eyk lead)eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,PF n. deputy, general,

one step down from leader (derived from eyk-tan leader)

eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] PF n. leader (typically tempora-ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-ved from eyk lead)

F

fa–: [fa] PF adp. with, by means offahew: [fa."hEw] PF n. smellfaoi: ["fa.o.i] PF adj. smoothfayluta: [faj."lu.ta] PF n. these words (contrac-

tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] PF vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from

fäpa top and kä go)fäpa: ["fæ.pa] PF n. topfäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] PF vin. come up, ascend

(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)fe’: [fEP] PF adj. bad nfp.fe’lup: ["fE.lup^] PF adj. tacky, in poor taste (c.w.

from fe’ bad and lupra style)fe’ran: ["fEP.Ran] PF n. flawed nature, something

ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. fromfe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature)

fe’ranvi: ["fEP.Ran.vi] PF n. blemish, deformi-ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ranflawed nature, inherently defective)

fe’ul: ["fE.P·ul] PF vin. worsen, get worse (c.w.from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)

fekem: ["fE.kEm] PF n. accident (c.w. from fe’bad and kem action)

fekum: ["fE.kum] PF n. disadvantage, drawback,downside (c.w. from fe’ bad and kum result)

fekumnga’: ["fE.kum.NaP] PF adj. disadvanta-geous (derived from fekum disadvantage,drawback, downside)

few–: [fEw] PF adp. across, aiming for the oppo-site side of

fewi: ["f·E.w·i] PF vtr. chasefewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] PF adj. opposite, on the

opposite side (derived from few– across)(Incasual speech, fewtsok (few.�tsok)

fì’u: [fI."Pu] PF pn. this (thing) (derived from ’uthing)

fìfya: [fI."fja] PF adv. this way, like this (derivedfrom fya’o path)

fìkem: [fI."kEm] PF pn. this (action) (derivedfrom kem action, deed)

fìpo: ["fI.po] PF pn. this one person or thing (de-rived from po he, she)

fìtrr: [fI."tr"] PF adv. today (derived from trr day)

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fìtsap: [fI.">tsap^] PF adv. each other (c.w. fromfìpo this one and tsapo that one)

fìtseng(e): [fI.">tsEN(E)] PF adv., n. here, this pla-ce (derived from tseng place)

fìtxan: [fI."t'an] PF adv. so, to such an extent (de-rived from txan great, much)

fìtxon: [fI."t'on] PF adv., n. tonight (derivedfrom txon night)

fkan: [fk·an] PF vin. resemble in a sensory moda-lity, come to the senses as

fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] PF v. peelfkay: [fkaj] PF adj. hatefulfkew: [fkEw] PF adj. mightyfkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] PF vin. exist (derived

from kifkeyti tok be in the world)fkip–: [fkip^] PF adp. up amongfko: [fko] PF pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-

specified agent)fkxake: ["fk'·a.k·E] PF v. itchfkxen: [fk'En] PF n. vegetable (food)fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] PF n. bib necklaceflawkx: [flawk'] PF n. leatherflawm: [flawm] PF n. cheekflä: [fl·æ] PF vin. succeedflew: [flEw] PF n. throatflì: [flI] PF adj. thin nfp.flìnutx: [flI."nut'] PF n. thickness (c.w. from flì

thin and nutx thick)flrr: [flr

"] PF adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or

things)fmal: [fm·al] PF vtr. sustainfmawn: [fmawn] PF n. news, something to reportfmawnta: [fmawnta] PF n. that news (contrac-

tion of fmawn–it a)fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] PF vtr. testfmi: [fm·i] PF vtrm. try, attempt (with the

subjunctive)fmokx: [fmok'] PF n. jealousy, envyfnan: [fn·an] PF vtr. be good atfnawe’: [fna."wEP] PF adj. cowardlyfnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] PF n. coward (derived

from fnawe’ cowardly)fnel: [fnEl] PF n. kind, typefnepe: ["fnE.pE] PF inter. which kind variant of

pefnelfnetxum: [fnE."t'um] PF n. allergen (derived

from txum poison)fngap: [fNap^] PF n. metal

fngä’: [fN·æP] PF vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth)use the restroom, go to the bathroom

fngä’tseng: ["fNæP.>tsEN] PF n. restroom (on

Earth) (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself andtseng place)

fngo’: [fN·oP] PF vtr. require, demandfnu: [fn·u] PF vin. quiet, be quietfo: [fo] PF pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted

plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)fpak: [fp·ak^] PF v. hold off, suspend actionfpe’: [fp·EP] PF vtr. sendfpeio: [fpE."i.o] PF n. challenge (ceremonial)fpi+: [fpi] PF adp. for the sake of, for the benefit

offpìl: [fp·Il] PF vtr. thinkfpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] PF n. thought pattern, way of

thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)fpom: [fpom] PF n. well-being, peace, happinessfpomron: [fpom."Ron] PF n. health or well-being

(mental) (derived from fpom well-being andronsem mind) ofp.

fpomronga’: [fpom."Ro.NaP] PF adj. healthful(mentally) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace,happiness and ronsem mind) nfp.

fpomtokx: [fpom."tok'] PF n. health (physical)(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)ofp.

fpomtokxnga’: [fpom."tok'.NaP] PF adj. healt-hful (physically) (c.w. from fpom well-being,peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp.

fpxäkìm: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] PF vin. enterfra’u: ["fRa.Pu] PF pn. everything (derived from

’u thing)frafya: ["fra.fja] PF adv. in every way (c.w. from

fra’u everything and fya’o way)frakrr: ["fRa.kr

"] PF adv. always, all the time (de-

rived from krr time)fralo: ["fRa.lo] PF adv. every time, every instance,

each time (derived from alo time)frapo: ["fRa.po] PF pn. everyone (derived from

po he/she)frato: ["fRa.to] PF part. superlative marker than

allfratrr: [fRa."tr

"] PF adv. daily, every day (derived

from trr day)fratseng: ["fRa.>tsEN] PF adv. everywhere (deri-

ved from tseng place)fratxon: [fRa."t'on] PF adv. every night (derived

from txon night)

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frawzo: [fRaw."zo] PF intj. all is well, everythingis fine or OK (derived from fra’u everythingand zo be well)

frìp: [fR·Ip^] PF vtr. bitefrrfen: ["f·r

".f·En] PF vtr. visit

frrtu: ["fr".tu] PF n. guest, visitor

fta: [fta] PF n. knotftang: [ft·aN] PF vim. stopfta si: [fta s·i] PF vin. knot, make or tie a knot

(derived from fta knot)ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr

"] PF n. past (c.w.

from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participleform) and krr time)

ftär: [ftæR] PF adj. left (not right)ftärpa: ["ftæR.pa] PF n. left side (c.w. from ftär

left and pa’o side)fte: [ftE] PF conj. so that, in order to (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)fteke: ["ftE.kE] PF conj. so that not, lest (c.w.

from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-ctive verb in dependant clause)

ftem: [ft·Em] PF vtr. pass by (something)ftia: [ft·i.·"a] PF vtr. studyftu–: [ftu] PF adp. from (direction)ftue: ["ftu.E] PF adj. easy, simpleftumfa–: ["ftum.fa] PF adp. out of, from inside

(derived from mìfa inside)ftxavang: ["ft'a.vaN] PF adj. passionateftxey: [ft'·Ej] PF vtr. chooseftxey: [ft'Ej] PF conj. whether, orftxì: [ft'I] PF n. tongueftxìlor: [ft'I."loR] PF adj. delicious, good tasting

(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)ftxìvä’: [ft'I."væP] PF adj. bad tasting (c.w. from

ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)ftxozä: [ft'o."zæ] PF n. celebration, happy occa-

sionftxozä si: [ft'o."zæ s·i] PF vin. celebrate (derived

from ftxozä celebration)ftxulì’u: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] PF vin. orate, give speech

(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)ftxulì’uyu: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] PF n. orator, (public)

speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, givespeech)

fu: [fu] PF conj. orfuke: [fu."kE] PF conj. or not (c.w. from fu or

and ke not)fula: ["fu.la] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul

this (agentive) and a subordinator)

furia: ["fu.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. fromfì’uri this (topical) and a subordinator)

futa: ["fu.ta] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-tthis (patientive) and a subordinator)

fwa: [fwa] PF pn., sbd. that (subordinate clausemarker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and asubordinator)

fwang: [fwaN] PF adj. savory, umami, richfwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] PF vin. whistlefwel: [fwEl] PF adj. brokenfwem: [fwEm] PF adj. dull, blunt (as a point)fwep: [fwEp^] PF n. dust (on a surface)fwew: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. look for, seek, searchfwi: [fw·i] PF vin. slip, slidefwopx: [fwop'] PF n. dust (in the air) (derived

from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud)fya’o: ["fja.Po] PF n. path, way, mannerfyalì’u: ["fja.lI.Pu] PF n. adverb (c.w. from fya’o

path, way, manner and lì’u word)fyan: [fjan] PF n. constructed device for keeping

something off the ground and cleanfyanyì: ["fjan.jI] PF n. shelf (c.w. from fyan con-

structed device for keeping something off theground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,step, rung)

fyanyo: ["fjan.jo] PF n. table, elevated utilitari-an surface (c.w. from fyan constructed devicefor keeping something off the ground and cleanand yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo can beused in place of fyanyo.

fyape: ["fja.pE] PF inter. how variant of pefyafyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t'·u] PF vin. guide (with

dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o pathand wìntxu show)

fyel: [fy·El] PF vtr. seal, make imperviousfyep: [fj·Ep^] PF vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, gripfyeyn: [fjEjn] PF adj. ripe, mature, adultfyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] PF n. adult person (derived

from fyeyn ripe, mature)fyin: [fjin] PF adj. simplefyinep’ang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] PF n. degree of com-

plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’angcomplex)

fyinep’angpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] PF inter. howcomplex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree ofcomplexity) variant of pefyinep’ang

fyole: ["fjo.lE] PF adj. sublime, beyond perfectionfyolup: ["fJo.lup^] PF adj. exquisite, sublime in

style (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra sty-le)

9

H

ha: [ha] PF adv. so, in that caseha’: [h·aP] PF vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent-

ly enhanceha’ngir: [haP."NiR] PF n. afternoonhahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] PF vin. sleepham: [ham] PF adj. previoushamalo: [ha."ma.lo] PF adv. last time (c.w. from

ham previous and alo time)hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] PF vin. laughhangvur: ["haN.vuR] PF n. joke, funny story (c.w.

from hangham laugh and vur story)hapxì: [ha."p'I] PF n. parthapxìtu: [ha."p'I.tu] PF n. member (derived

from hapxì part)hasey: [ha."sEj] PF adj. done, finishedhasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] PF vin. accomplish, bring

to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi-nished)

hawl: [h·awl] PF vtr. preparehawmpam: ["hawm.pam] PF n. noise. sound

that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate,unexpected or startling (derived from hawngoverabundance and pam sound)

hawng: [hawN] PF n. overabundancehawngkrr: ["hawN.kr

"] PF adv. late (c.w. from

hawng overabundance and krr time)hawntsyokx: [hawn."

>tsjok'] PF n. glove (c.w.

from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] PF vtr. protect, shelterhawnven: [hawn."vEn] PF n. shoe (c.w. from

hawnu protect and venu foot)hawre’: [haw."REP] PF n. hat (c.w. from hawnu

protect and re’o head)hawtsyìp: ["haw.

>tsjIp^] PF n. nap (derived from

hahaw sleep)hay: [haj] PF adj. nexthayalo: [ha."ja.lo] PF adv. next time (c.w. from

hay next and alo time)hän: [hæn] PF n. net, webhefi: ["h·E.f·i] PF vtr. smell (not intentionally)hefitswo: ["hE.fi.>tswo] PF n. (sense of) smell (de-

rived from hefi smell)hek: [h·Ek^] PF vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-

expectedhena: ["h·E.n·a] PF vtr. carryhermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] PF n. snow flurry (deri-

ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)

hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] PF n. snow field (derivedfrom herwì snow and txayo field)

herwì: ["hER.wI] PF n. snowherwìva: ["hER.wI.va] PF n. snowflake (derived

from herwì snow and ìlva flake)hewne: ["hEw.nE] PF adj. soft (of an object)heyn: [h·Ejn] PF vin. sitheyr: [hEJR] PF n. chesthifwo: ["h·i.fw·o] PF vin. flee, escapehiup: ["hi·up^] PF vin., vtr. spit, spit outhiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] PF adj. funny, strangehì’ang: ["hI.PaN] PF n. insect (c.w. from hì’i

small and ioang animal)hì’i: ["hI.Pi] PF adj. small, little (in size)hìkrr: ["hI.kr

"] PF n. second, very short time (c.w.

from hì’i little, small and krr time)hìm: [hIm] PF adj. small (in quantity)hìmpxì: [hIm."p'I] PF n. minority, least, small

parthìmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] PF inter. how much

variant of pìmtxanhìmtxan: [hIm."t'an] PF n. amount (c.w. from

hìm small and txan much)hìmtxew: [hIm."t'Ew] PF n. minimum (c.w.

from hìm small and txew limit)hìmtxewvay: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] PF adv. minimally

(derived from hìmtxew minimum)hìno: [hI."no] PF adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-

cate (of things)hìpey: ["hI.p·Ej] PF vin. hesitate, hold back for a

short time (derived from hì’i small and peywait)

hìtxoa: [hI."t'o.a] PF intj. excuse me (derivedfrom hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)

hoan: ["ho.an] PF n. comforthoet: ["ho.Et^] PF adj. vast, broad, expansivehol: [hol] PF adj. fewholpxay: [hol."p'aj] PF n. number (c.w. from

hol few and pxay many)holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] PF inter. how many

(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)hona: ["ho.na] PF adj. endearing, adorable, cutehrrap: ["hr

".ap^] PF n. danger

hu–: [hu] PF adp. with (accompaniment)hufwa: [hu."fwa] PF conj. althoughhufwe: [hu."fwE] PF n. wind

10

hufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.>tsjIp^] PF n. breeze, light

wind (derived from hufwe wind)hultstxem: [h·ul.">tst'·Em] PF vtr. hinder

hum: [h·um] PF vin. leave, departhuru: ["hu.Ru] PF n. cooking pot

I

i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrumentikut: ["i.kut^] PF n. large pestle (grinding tool);

meal-mashing poleil: [i·l] PF vin. bendinan: [·i."n·an] PF vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain

knowledge from sensory input (stress movesto first syllable with infixation)

inanfya: [i."nan.fja] PF n. sense (means of per-ception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledgefrom sensory input and fya’o ‘path, way)

ingyen: ["iN.jEn] PF n. feeling of mystery or in-comprehension

ingyenga’: ["iN.jE.NaP] PF adj. mysterious, puzz-ling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feelingof mystery)

ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.>tsim] PF n. mystery, riddle,enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feelingof mystery and tsim source)

ingyentsyìp: ["iN.jEn.>tsjIp^] PF n. trick, sleightof hand, clever/special methodology (derivedfrom ingyen feeling of mystery)

io–: ["i.o] PF adp. over, aboveioang: [i."o.aN] PF n. animal, beastioi: [i."o.i] PF n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel

(item of)ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] PF vin. adorn (derived from ioi

adornment)ionar: ["i.o.naR] PF n. banshee rider visorirayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanksirayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] PF vin. thank, give thanks

(derived from irayo thanks)

K

ka–: [ka] PF adp. across, covering thoroughlykakpam: [kak."pam] PF adj. deaf (derived from

pam sound)kakrel: [kak."REl] PF adj. blind (derived from

rel image, picture)kalin: [ka."lin] PF adj. sweet to the tastekaltxì: [kal."t'I] PF intj. hellokaltxì si: [kal."t'I "s·i] PF vin. say hello, greet (de-

rived from kaltxì hello)kam–: [kam] PF adp. agokame: ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. see, see into, understand,

know (spiritual sense)kan: [k·an] PF vtrm., vtr. aim, to intend; aim, to

direct a weapon or other object at a targetkan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] PF vtr. focus on, specialize

in, be particularly interested in (c.w. from kanaim and ’in be busy)

kanfpìl: ["k·an.fp·Il] PF vin. concentrate, focusone’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìlthink)

kangay: [ka."Naj] PF adj. valid (cognate withngay true)

kangay si: [ka."Naj s·i] PF vin. validate, confirm(derived from kangay valid)

kanom: ["k·a.n·om] PF vtr. acquire, getkanu: ["ka.nu] PF adj. smart, intelligent ofp.kar: [k·aR] PF vtr. teachkaryu: ["kaR.ju] PF n. teacher (derived from kar

teach)karyunay: [kaR.ju."naj] PF n. apprentice teacher

(derived from karyu teacher)kato: ["ka.to] PF n. rhythmkavuk: [ka."vuk^] PF n. treacherykavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] PF vin. betray (derived

from kavuk treachery)kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] PF adv. not at all, not a bit

(used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at all in ph-rases) (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit)

kawkrr: ["kaw.kr"] PF adv. never (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and krr time)kawl: [kawl] PF adv. hard, diligentlykawng: [kawN] PF adj. bad, evilkawnglan: ["kawN.lan] PF adj. malicious, bad he-

arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lanheart)

kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] PF vtr. exploitkawtseng: ["kaw.

>tsEN] PF adv. nowhere (c.w.

from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)

11

kawtu: ["kaw.tu] PF pn. no-one (c.w. from ke’aw not one and tute person)

kay–: [kaj] PF adp. from now (in the future)kaym: [kajm] PF n. evening (before twilight), late

afternoonkä: [k·æ] PF vin. gokä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. push (c.w. from

kä go and ’ärìp move)kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] PF v. ride out (c.w.

from kä go and makto ride)käpxì: [kæ."p'I] PF n. rear (part or section) (c.w.

from kä go and hapxì part)käsatseng: [kæ."sa.

>tsEN] PF adv. out there (c.w.

from kä go and tseng place)käsrìn: [kæ."sR·In] PF vtr. lend (derived from

srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] PF vin. spend time with, hang

out withke: [kE] PF adv. notke’aw: [kE."Paw] PF adj. divided, torn apart,

strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)ke’u: ["kE.Pu] PF pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not

and ’u thing)kea: ["kE.a] PF adj. no (before a noun)kefpomronga’: [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] PF adj. unhe-

althful (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and fp-omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp.

kefpomtokxnga’: [kE.fpom."tok'.NaP] PF adj.unhealthful (physically) (c.w. from ke not andfpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp.

keftxo: [kE."ft'o] PF adj., intj. unhappy, upset,’How sad!’

kefyak: [kE."fjak^] PF,Prr part. isn’t it?, right?(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-tion marker)

kehe: ["kE.hE] PF part., intj. nokekem: ["kE.kEm] PF pn., adv. no action or acti-

vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)kelemweypey: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. impa-

tient (derived from ke not and lemweypeypatient)

kelfpomron: [kEl.fpom."Ron] PF adj. unhealthy(mentally) (c.w. from ke not and lefpomronhealthy (mentally)) ofp.

kelfpomtokx: [kEl.fpom."tok'] PF adj. unhealt-hy (physically) (c.w. from ke not and fpom-tokx health) ofp.

kelhoan: [kEl."ho.an] PF adj. uncomfortable (de-rived from hoan comfort)

kelkin: [kEl."kin] PF adj. unnecessarykelku: ["kEl.ku] PF n. home, housekelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] PF vin. live, dwell (deri-

ved from kelku home)kelsar: [kEl."saR] PF adj. useless, in vain (c.w.

from ke not and lesar useful)keltsun: [kEl.">tsun] PF adj. impossible (c.w.

from ke not and tsun be able)kem: [kEm] PF n. thing (action), deedkemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] PF n. verb (c.w. from kem

action and lì’u word)kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. infix (derived

from kemlì’u verb)kempe: ["kEm.pE] PF inter. what (action) vari-

ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed)kem si: ["kEm "s·i] PF vin. do (derived from

kem action, deed)kemwiä: [kEm."wi.æ] PF adj. improper, unfair,

wrong, unjustified (c.w. from ke not andmuiä proper, fair, right, justified)

ken’aw: [kEn."Paw] PF adv. not only (c.w. fromke not and nì’aw only)

keng: [kEN] PF adv. even, so much askenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] PF vin. model,

represent, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not andnong follow)

kenzen: [kEn."zEn] PF adv. not necessarily (c.w.from ke not and nìzen necessarily)

kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] PF adj. dead (c.w. from kenot and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))

kesran: [kE."sRan] PF adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w.from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation ofthis word is not entirely clear. It may haveoriginally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘notyes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-tain action was performed well or not, andover time it became shortened to just kes-ran, its use expanding to include anythingonly mediocre in quality.)

keteng: ["kE.tEN] PF adj. different (c.w. from kenot and teng same, equal)

ketsran: [kE.">tsRan] PF adj., conj. no matter, nomatter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not andtsranten Matter, be of importance)

ketsuktiam: [kE.>tsuk."ti.am] PF adj. un-countable, infinite (derived from ketsuk– notable to do and tiam count)

ketsuktswa’: [kE.>tsuk.">tswaP] PF adj. unforget-table (derived from ketsuk– not able to do

12

and tswa’ forget)ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] PF n. alienkew: [kEw] PF num. zerokewan: ["kE.wan] PF n. age (derived from koak

old and ’ewan young)kewong: ["kE.woN] PF adj. alienkey: [kEj] PF n. facekeyawr: [kE."jawR] PF adj. incorrect, wrong, not

right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] PF n. insanitykeyrel: ["kEy.REl] PF n. facial expression (c.w.

from key face and rel image)kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl

"."t'E] PF adv. of

course, needless to say (contraction ofke+zene+pivlltxe)

ki: [ki] PF conj. but rather, but insteadkifkey: [ki."fkEj] PF n. world (physical, solid)kilvan: [kil."van] PF n. riverkin: [k·in] PF vtr. needkinam: [ki."nam] PF n. legkinamtil: [ki."nam.til] PF n. knee (c.w. from ki-

nam leg and til joint)kinä: ["ki.næ] PF num. sevenkintrr: ["kin.tr

"] PF n. week (derived from kinä

seven and trr day)kintrram: ["kin.tr

"am] PF n. last week (derived

from kintrr week)kintrray: ["kin.tr

"aj] PF n. next week (derived

from kintrr week)kip–: [kip^] PF adp. amongkive: ["ki.vE] PF adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived

from kinä seven)kì’ong: [kI."PoN] PF adj. slowkìm: [k·Im] PF vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol

rumit kolìm He spun the ballkìmar: [kI."maR] PF adj. in season (of foods, vege-

table or animal)kìng: [kIN] PF n. threadkìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] PF n. servicekìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] PF vin. serve (derived

from kìte’e service)kllfro’: [kl

"."fR·oP] PF svin. be responsible

kllkä: [kl"."k·æ] PF vin. go down, descend (c.w.

from kllpa bottom and kä go)kllkulat: [kl

"."k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. dig up

kllkxem: [kl"."k'·Em] PF vin. stand

kllpa: ["kl".pa] PF n. bottom

kllpä: [kl"."p·æ] PF vin. land, reach the ground

(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)

kllpxìltu: [kl"."p'Il.tu] PF n. territory

kllrikx: [kl"."rik'] PF n. earthquake (c.w. from

kllte ground and rikx move)kllte: ["kl

".tE] PF n. ground

klltseng: ["kl".>tsEN] PF n. position (derived from

tseng place)klltxay: [kl

"."t'·aj] PF vin. lie on the ground (c.w.

from kllte ground and txay lie flat)klltxeykay: [kl

".t'Ej."k·aj] PF vtr. lay (something)

on the ground (c.w. from kllte ground and tx-ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay

kllvawm: ["kl".vawm] PF adj. brown (c.w. from

kllte ground and vawm dark)kllwo: [kl

"."w·o] PF vin. alight, land (process of)

(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for)kllyem: [kl

"."j·Em] PF vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte

ground and yem put)kllza’u: [kl

"."z·a.P·u] PF vin. come down, descend

(c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)ko: [ko] PF part. solicit agreementko’on: ["ko.Pon] PF n. ring, oval, closed shape

roughly circular (derived from koum roun-ded, curved and ’on shape)

koak: ["ko.ak^] PF adj. old, aged (for livingthings)

koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] PF n. old man (derivedfrom koak old, aged)

koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] PF n. old woman (derivedfrom koak old, aged)

koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] PF n. old person (derivedfrom koak old, aged)

kolan: [ko."lan] PF intj. I mean, rather (self-correcting) (derived from kan aim, intend)

kop: [kop^] PF adv. too, also, additionallykop: [kop^] PF conj. and alsokoren: [ko."REn] PF n. rule, guidelinekosman: [ko."sman] PF adj. wonderful, terrific,

fantastickoum: ["ko.um] PF adj. rounded, curvedkrr: [kr

"] PF n. time

krra: ["kr".a] PF conj. when, at the time that (de-

rived from krr time)krrka–: ["kr

".ka] PF adp. during (derived from

krr time)krrnekx: [kr

"."n·Ek'] PF vin. take/consume time

(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)krrpe: ["kr

".pE] PF inter. when variant of pehrr

(c.w. from krr time)ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] PF adj. heavy (physical weight)

13

kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-cover (literally and metaphorically)

kum: [kum] PF n. resultkuma: ["kum.a] PF conj. that (as a result) (de-

rived from kum result) this form precedesthe result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kumayawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that Ifell in love with her.); see also ’akum’

kur: [k·uR] PF vin. hang

kurakx: [k·u."R·ak'] PF vtr. drive out

kurfyan: ["kuR.fjan] PF n. hamper or suspendedrack (c.w. from kur hang and fyan construc-ted device for keeping something off the groundand clean)

kurfyavi: ["kuR.fja.vi] PF n. hook (for hanging orsuspending an item) (derived from kurfyanhamper or suspended rack)

Kx

kxa: [k'a] PF n. mouthkxakx: [k'·ak'] PF vin. break, snap in twokxam: [k'am] PF n. middle, midpointkxamlä–: ["k'am.læ] PF adp. through (via the

middle of) (derived from kxam middle)kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr

"] PF n. mid-day, noon (c.w.

from kxam middle and trr day)kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr

".maw] PF n. the time

immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w.from kxamtrr noon and maw after)

kxamtseng: ["k'am.>tsEN] PF n. center, place in

the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tsengplace)

kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] PF n. after mid-night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight andmaw after)

kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] PF n. midnight (c.w.from kxam middle and txon night)

kxamyì: ["k'am.jI] PF n. intermediate level (c.w.from kxam middle and yì level)

kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] PF intj. boom (ono-matopoeic)

kxanì: ["k'a.nI] PF adj. forbiddenkxap: [k'ap^] PF n. threatkxapnga’: ["k'ap.NaP] PF adj. threatening (deri-

ved from kxap threat) nfp.kxap si: [k'ap s·i] PF vin. threaten (derived

from kxap threat)kxawm: [k'awm] PF adv. perhaps, maybekxayl: [k'ajl] PF adj. highkxaylyì: ["k'ajl.jI] PF n. high level (c.w. from kx-

ayl high and yì level)kxänäng: ["k'æ.næN] PF adj. smell of decaying

animal/flesh, rotting, putrid

kxeltek: ["k'·El.t·Ek] PF vtr. pick up, liftkxem: [k'·Em] PF vin. be verticalkxemyo: ["k'Em.jo] PF n. wall, vertical surface

(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)kxener: ["k'E.nER] PF n. smokekxetse: ["k'E.>tsE] PF n. tailkxeyey: ["k'E.jEj] PF n. error, mistakekxitx: [k'it'] PF n. deathkxì: [k'I] PF intj. hello (casual) (derived from

kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form ofkaltxì

kxìm: [k'·Im] PF vtr. command, order, assign atask

kxìmyu: ["k'Im.ju] PF n. commander, one withauthority over another (derived from kxìmcommand, order, assign tasks)

kxll: [k'l"] PF n. charge, running attack

kxll si: ["k'l""s·i] PF vin. charge (derived from

kxll charge)kxor: [k'oR] PF n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-

terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadlyforce (countable, but only rarely)

kxu: [k'u] PF n. harmkxuke: ["k'u.kE] PF adj. safe (c.w. from kxu

harm and ke not)kxukx: [k'·uk'] PF vtr. swallowkxum: [k'um] PF adj. viscous, gelatinous, thickkxumpay: ["k'um.paJ] PF n. viscous liquid,

gel (derived from kxum viscous, gelatinous,thick)

kxu si: [k'u s·i] PF vin. harm (derived from kxuharm)

kxutu: ["k'u.tu] PF n. enemy (derived from kxuharm)

14

L

lahe: ["la.hE] PF adj. other, elselal: [lal] PF adj. old (opposite of mip) nfp.lam: [l·am] PF vin. seem, appearlang: [l·aN] PF vtr. investigate, explorelapo: ["la.po] PF pn. other one person or thing

(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)laro: ["la.Ro] PF adj. cleanlaro si: ["la.ro s·i] PF vin. clean, make free of dirt

(derived from laro clean)latem: ["l·a.t·Em] PF vin. change (l«eyk»atem

vtr. change)latsi: [l·a.">ts·i] LA v. keep up with someonelaw: [law] PF adj. clear, certainlawk: [l·awk^] PF vtr. discourse on, talk about,

say something concerninglawnol: ["law.nol] PF n. great joylawr: [lawR] PF n. melodylaw si: ["law "s·i] PF vin. make clear (derived

from law clear)layompin: [la."jom.pin] PF n. black (derived

from layon black)layon: [la."jon] PF adj. blacklätxayn: [l·æ."t'·ajn] PF vtr. defeat in battle, con-

querle’al: [lE."Pal] PF adj. wasteful (derived from ’al

waste) nfp.le’aw: [lE."Paw] PF adj. onlyle’en: [lE."PEn] PF adj. speculative, intuitive (de-

rived from ’en guess) nfp.lefkrr: [lE."fkr

"] PF adj. current (derived from

fìkrr this time)lefngap: [lE."fNap^] PF adj. metallic (derived

from fngap metal)lefpom: [lE."fpom] PF adj. happy, peaceful, joy-

ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,peace) nfp.

lefpomron: [lE.fpom."Ron] PF adj. healthy (men-tally) (derived from fpomron health or well-being (mentally)) ofp.

lefpomtokx: [lE.fpom."tok'] PF adj. healthy(physically) (derived from fpomtokx health(physical) ) ofp.

lehawmpam: [lE."hawm.pam] PF adj. noisy(derived from hawmpam noise)

lehawng: [lE."hawN] PF adj. excessive (derivedfrom hawng overabundance)

lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr"] PF adj. late (derived

from hawngkrr late)lehìpey: [lE."hI.pEj] PF adj. hesitant, in a state of

hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate)lehoan: [lE."ho.an] PF adj. comfortable (derived

from hoan comfort)lehrrap: [lE."hr

".ap^] PF adj. dangerous (derived

from hrrap danger)leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] PF n. respectleioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] PF vin. to respect (deri-

ved from leioae respect)lek: [l·Ek^] PF vtr. heed, obeylekin: [lE."kin] PF adj. necessary (derived from

kin need)lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] PF adj. lawlike (derived

from koren rule)lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] PF adj. insane, crazy

(derived from keye’ung insanity)lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] PF adj. concerning language,

regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-guage)

lemrey: [lEm."REj] PF adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-rived from emrey survive)

lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. patient (de-rived from maweypey be patient)

len: [l·En] PF vin. happen, occurleNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] PF adj. having to do with the

Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-ople)

leno: [lE."no] PF adj. thorough, detail-orientated(of a person)

lenomum: [lE."no.mum] PF adj. curious (deri-ved from newomum be curious)

lenrra: [lE."nr".a] PF adj. proud (derived from

nrra pride)lepay: [lE."paj] PF adj. watery (derived from

pay water)lepwopx: [lEp."wop'] PF adj. cloudy (derived

from pìwopx cloud)ler: [lER] PF adj. steady, smooth (for motion)lereyfya: [lE."REj.fja] PF adj. cultural (derived

from reyfya way of living)lerìk: [lE."RIk^] PF adj. leafy (derived from rìk

leaf )lerìn: [lE."rIn] PF adj. wooden, of wood (derived

from rìn wood)

15

leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] PF adj. imaginary (deri-ved from ronsrelngop imagine)

lertu: ["lER.tu] PF n. colleaguelesar: [lE."saR] PF adj. useful (derived from sar

use)leskxir: [lE."sk'iR] PF adj. wounded (derived

from skxir wound)lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] PF adj. original, existing at

or from the start, first in a series (derived fromsngä’i begin)

lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr".a] PF adj. full of self-pride

(derived from snonrra self-pride)leso’ha: [lE."soP.ha] PF adj. enthusiastic, keen

(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)ofp.

letam: [lE."tam] PF adj. sufficient (derived fromtam suffice)

letokx: [lE."tok'] PF adj. bodily, physical (deri-ved from tokx body)

letrr: [lE."tr"] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)

letrrtrr: [lE."tr".tr"] PF adj. ordinary (derived

from trr day)letsim: [lE.">tsim] PF adj. original, unique, not de-

rived from another source (derived from tsimsource)

letskxe: [lE.">tsk'E] PF adj. stony, of stone (deri-ved from tskxe rock, stone)

letsranten: [lE.">tsRan.tEn] PF adj. important(derived from tsranten matter)

letsunslu: [lE.">tsun.slu] PF adj. possible (deri-ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

letwan: [lEt."wan] PF adj. dodgy, sneaky (of aperson) (derived from tute person and wanhide)

letxi: [lE."t'i] PF adj. hurried, frenzied (derivedfrom txi hurry)

letxiluke: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] PF adj. unhurried (c.w.from txi hurry and luke without)

lew: [lEw] PF n. cover, lidlewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] PF adj. disagreeable, argu-

mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäteargue)

leweopx: [lE.wE."op'] PF adj. wave-like (derivedfrom weopx wave (of water))

lew si: ["lEw "s·i] PF vin. cover (derived fromlew cover)

ley: [l·Ej] PF vin. be of value, have some positivevalue, be worth something

leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] PF adj. foggy, misty (deri-ved from yapay fog)

leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr"] PF adj. early (derived from

ye’krr early)leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] PF adj. disappointing (deri-

ved from yewla disappointment)leym: [l·Ejm] PF vim. call, cry out, exclaimleymfe’: [l·Ejm."fEP] PF vin. complain (c.w. from

leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad)leymkem: [l·Ejm."kEm] PF vin. protest (c.w.

from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiäimproper, unfair, wrong, unjustified)

leyn: [l·Ejn] PF vtr. repeat, do againlezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] PF adj. grassy (derived

from zeswa grass)li: [li] PF adv. alreadylie: ["li.E] PF n. experiencelini: ["li.ni] PF n. young of an animal, bird, fish,

insectlisre+: ["li.sRE] PF adp. by, before, up to but not

after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)litx: [lit'] PF adj. sharp (as a blade)lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] PF n. language (c.w. from lì’u

word and fya’o way)lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] PF n. language group,

language users (c.w. from lì’fya language andolo’ clan)

lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] PF n. expression, bit of lan-guage (derived from lì’fya language)

lì’kong: ["lIP.koN] PF n. syllable (c.w. from lì’uword and ’ekong rythmic beat)

lì’u: ["lI.Pu] PF n. wordlì’ukìng: ["lI.Pu.kIN] PF n. sentence (c.w. from

lì.u word and kìng thread)lì’ukìngvi: ["lI.Pu.kIN.vi] PF n. phrase (derived

from lì’ukìng sentence)lì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] PF n. accent, pronuncia-

tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)lì’upe: ["lI.Pu.pE] PF inter. what (word,

utterance) variant of pelì’ulì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] PF n. dictionary (c.w. from

lì’u word and puk book (English loan word))lì’uvan: ["lI.Pu.van] PF n. pun, word-play (c.w.

from lì’u word and uvan game)lì’uvi: ["lI.'Pu.vi] PF n. affix (derived from lì’u

word)lìm: [l·Im] PF svin. be farlìng: [l·IN] PF vin. float in the air, hoverlo’a: ["lo.Pa] PF n. totem, amulet

16

loi: ["lo.i] PF n. egglok: [l·ok^] PF vtr. approachlok–: [l·ok^] PF adp. close tolom: [lom] PF adj. missing, missed (as an absent

person who is longed for)lomtu: ["lom.tu] PF n. missed person (derived

from lom missing, missed)lonu: [l·o."n·u] PF vtr. release, let golopx: [l·op'] PF vin. paniclor: [loR] PF adj. beautiful, pleasant to the sensesloran: ["lo.Ran] PF n. elegance, grace (c.w. from

lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-ture)

lrrtok: ["lr".tok^] PF n. smile

lrrtok si: ["lr".tok^ "s·i] PF vin. smile (derived

from lrrtok smile)lu: [l·u] PF vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-

tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-session with dative of possessor)

luke–: ["lu.kE] PF adp. withoutlukpen: [luk."pEn] PF adj. without clothing, na-

ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing(plural))

lumpe: ["lum.pE] PF inter. why variant ofpelun

lun: [lun] PF n. reasonlupra: ["lup.Ra] PF n. style

M

ma: [ma] PF part. O (vocative marker)makto: ["m·ak.t·o] PF vtr. ridemal: [mal] PF adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiringmasat: ["ma.sat] PF n. breastplate (armor)mauti: ["ma.u.ti] PF n. fruitmaw–: [maw] PF adp. after (time)mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calmmaweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] PF svin. be patient

(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] PF n. One who

is patient (derived from maweypey be pati-ent)

mawfwa: ["maw.fwa] PF conj. after (c.w. frommaw after and fwa that)

mawkrr: ["maw.kr"] PF adv. after, afterwards, la-

ter (c.w. from maw after and krr time)mawkrra: [maw."kr

".a] PF conj. after (temporal)

variant of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time andmaw after)

mawl: [mawl] PF n. halfmay’: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. taste, try, sample, evalu-

ate, check out, test-drivemäkxu: [m·æ."k'u] PF vtr. interrupt, throw out of

harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)me’em: [mE."PEm] PF adj. harmoniousmefo: ["mE.fo] PF pn. they, those two (derived

from me+ dual marker and po he/she)mek: [mEk^] PF adj. empty, or metaphorically:

having no valuemekre: ["mEk.RE] PF n. suppliesmektseng: ["mEk.

>tsEN] PF n. gap, breach (c.w.

from mek empty and tseng place)

melo: ["mE.lo] PF adv. twice (derived from me+dual marker and alo time)

menari: [mE."na.Ri] PF n. eyes (two) (derivedfrom me+ dual and nari eye)

meoauniaea: [�mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] PF n. harmo-ny, living at one with nature

merki: ["mER.ki] PF n. ground rack (for smokingmeats)

mesrram: [mE.sr"."am] PF n., adv. the day befo-

re yesterday, two days ago (derived from trrday)

mesrray: [mE.sr"."aj] PF n., adv. the day after to-

morrow, two days from now (derived from trrday)

meuia: [mE."u.i.a] PF n. honormeuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] PF adj. honorable,

honorably (derived from meuia honor andnga’ contain)

meyam: [m·E."y·am] PF vtr. hug, embrace, holdin one’s arms

meyp: [mEjp^] PF adj. weakmi: [mi] PF adv. yet, still, as beforemiklor: [mIk."loR] PF adj. pleasant sounding,

beautiful sounding (derived from mikyunear and lor beautiful)

miktsang: ["mik.>tsaN] PF n. earring (c.w. from

mikyun ear and tsang piercing)mikvä’: [mIk."væP] PF adj. bad-sounding (deri-

ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant tothe senses)

mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. earmip: [mip^] PF adj. new

17

mì+: [mI] PF adp. in, onmìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] PF n., adv. insidemìftxele: [mI."ft'E.lE] PF adv. in this regard, re-

lated to this mattermìkam–: [mI."kam] PF adp. betweenmìn: [m·In] PF vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn

ne ftärpa Turn to the leftmìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner (derived from

mìn turn)mìso: [mI."so] PF adv. away (position) (derived

from mì in)mll’an: [m·l

"."P·an] PF vtr. accept

mllte: [m·l"."t·E] PF vin. agree

mo: [mo] PF n. space, hollow, enclosed open areamo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] PF n. gathering placemo a fngä’: ["mo a "fNæP] PF n. restroom (on

Earth) (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open areaand (a) fngä’ relieve oneself )

moe: ["mo.E] PF pn. we two, us two (exclusive)(derived from me+ dual and oe I)

mok: [m·ok^] PF vtr. suggestmokri: ["mok.Ri] PF n. voicemomek: ["mo.mEk^] PF adj. hollow, not solidmong: [m·oN] PF vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for

protectionmowan: [mo."wan] PF adj. pleasing, enjoyable

(physically, sexually)mowar: [mo."waR] PF n. advice, bit or piece of ad-

vicemowar si: [mo."waR s·i] PF vin. advise (derived

from mowar advice)mowarsiyu: [mo."waR.si.ju] PF n. advisor (deri-

ved from mowar advice)

mrr: [mr"] PF num. five

mrrtrr: ["mr".tr"] PF n. five day work week (deri-

ved from mrr five and trr day)mrrve: ["mr

".vE] PF adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived

from mrr five)muiä: [mu."i.æ] PF adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-

edmun’i: [m·un."P·i] PF v. cutmune: ["mu.nE] PF num. twomunge: ["m·u.N·E] PF vtr. take, bringmungwrr–: [muN."wr

"] PF adp. except

munsna: ["mun.sna] PF n. pair (derived frommune two and sna’o set, group)

muntrr: ["mun.tr"] PF n. weekend (derived from

mune two and trr day)muntrram: ["mun.tr

".am] PF n. last weekend (de-

rived from muntrr weekend)muntrray: ["mun.tr

".aj] PF n. next weekend (de-

rived from muntrr weekend)muntxa: [mun."t'a] PF adj. mated, marriedmuntxa si: [mun."t'a "s·i] PF vin. mate (with so-

meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)muntxatan: [mun."t'a.tan] PF n. husband, male

spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)muntxate: [mun."t'a.tE] PF n. wife, female

spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)muntxatu: [mun."t'a.tu] PF n. spouse (derived

from muntxa mated)muve: ["mu.vE] PF adj. second (ordinal) (deri-

ved from mune two)muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t'·u] PF vtr. introduce,

present (derived from wìntxu show)

N

na–: [na] PF adp. like, asna’rìng: ["naP.RIN] PF n. forestnaer: [na."ER] PF n. drink, something able to be

drunknafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] PF adj. such (c.w. from na as

and fì’u this)nam’ake: [nam."Pa.kE] PF adv. confidently (de-

rived from am’ake confident)nang: [naN] PF part. surprise, exclamation, en-

couragement (mirative)nari: ["na.Ri] PF n. eyenari si: ["na.Ri s·i] PF vin. watch out, be careful

(derived from nari eye)

narlor: [naR."loR] PF adj. beautiful visually (deri-ved from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasantto the senses)

narvä’: [naR."væP] PF adj. ugly, unsightly (deri-ved from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to thesenses)

natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] PF conj. for example,as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-nong example)

nawfwe: [naw."fwE] PF adj. fluent (for speech)Contraction of na hufwe

nawm: [nawm] PF adj. great, noble

18

nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] PF n. great person (deri-ved from nawm great)

nawri: ["naw.Ri] PF adj. talentednayn: [najn] PF n. the symbol 9 (not the value

nine)näk: [n·æk^] PF vtr. drinknän: [n·æn] PF vin. decreasene–: [nE] PF adp. to, towards (direction)ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] PF adv. back (direction)nefä: [nE."fæ] PF adv. up (direction)nekll: [nE."kl

"] PF adv. down (direction)

nekx: [n·Ek'] PF vtr. burn, consumenemfa–: ["nEm.fa] PF adp. into, inside (c.w.

from ne towards and mìfa inside)nemrey: [nEm."REj] PF adv., intj. in a fashion as

if one’s life were at stake (derived from emreysurvive)

neni: ["nE.ni] PF n. sandneto: [nE."to] PF adv. away (direction) (derived

from ne to)netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] PF adv. luckily, happilynew: [n·Ew] PF vtrm. wantnewomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] PF svin. be curi-

ous, want to know (c.w. from new want andomum know)

neympin: ["nEjm.pin] PF n. light color (derivedfrom neyn light, shade of white)

neyn: [nEjn] PF adj. light colors, shades of whiteniä: [n·i.·"æ] PF vtr. grabnik: [nik^] PF adj. convenient, usable without

much expenditure of effortnikre: ["nik.RE] PF n. hairnikroi: [nik."Ro.i] PF n. hair adornment (c.w.

from nikre hair and ioi adornment)niktsyey: ["nik.>tsjEj] PF n. food wrap (food items

wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. fromnik convenient and tsyey snack, light meal)

nim: [nim] PF adj. timid, shyninan: ["ni.nan] PF adv. by reading (derived

from inan read)ningyen: ["niN,jEn] PF adv. mysteriously, in a

puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen fee-ling of mystery)

nip: [n·ip^] PF vin. become stuck, get caught insomething

nitram: [nit."Ram] PF adj. happy (of people)nivi: ["ni.vi] PF n. sleeping hammock (general

term)nì–: [nI] PF adverbial deriving affix

nì’al: [nI."Pal] PF adv. wastefully (derived from’al waste)

nì’aw: [nI."Paw] PF adv. only (derived from ’awone)

nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] PF adv. alone (as one per-son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)

nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] PF adv. first (derivedfrom ’awve first)

nì’en: [nI."PEn] PF adv. making an informedguess, acting on intuition (derived from ’enguess)

nì’eng: [nI."PEN] PF adv. equally, on the same le-vel (derived from ’engeng level)

nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] PF adv. ceremoniously (de-rived from ’eoio ceremonious)

nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] PF adv. like a child, imma-turely (derived from ’eveng child)

nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] PF adv. back, in response, inanswer (derived from ’eyng answer)

nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] PF adv. finally, at long last (de-rived from ’i’a end)

nì’it: [nI."Pit^] PF adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)

nì’o’: [nI."PoP] PF adv. in a manner which is en-joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)

nì’ul: [nI."Pul] PF adv. morenì’ul’ul: [nI."Pul.Pul] PF adv. increasingly, more

and more (derived from ’ul increase)nìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] PF adv. as

you know, as is known (casual speech[naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-ve participle infix and omum know)

nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] PF adv. like us, as we do(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-eng us (inclusive))

nìfe’: [nI."fEP] PF adv. badly (derived from fe’bad)

nìfkeytongay: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] PF adv. actually,as a matter of fact (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-tion and ngay true)

nìfkrr: [nI."fkr"] PF adv. lately, currently (deri-

ved from fìkrr this time)nìflrr: [nI."flr

"] PF adv. gently, tenderly (derived

from flrr gentle)nìfmokx: [nI."fmok'] PF adv. jealously, en-

viously (derived from fmokx jealousy)nìfnu: [nI."fnu] PF adv. silently (derived from

fnu quiet)

19

nìfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr"] PF adv. as always (derived

from frakrr always)nìftär: [nI."ftæR] PF adv. to the left (derived

from ftär left)nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] PF adv. easily (derived from

ftue easy)nìftxan: [nI."ft'an] PF adv. so, to such an extent

(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)nìftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] PF adv. passionately,

with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-nate)

nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] PF adv. by whistling, ina whistling manner (derived from fwefwiwhistle)

nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] PF adv. in a manner (deri-ved from fya’o way)

nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] PF adv. like an adult,maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)

nìhawmpam: [nI."hawm.pam] PF adv. noisily(derived from hawmpam noise)

nìhawng: [nI."hawN] PF adv. too, excessively(derived from hawng overabundance)

nìhay: [nI."haj] Prr adv. next (derived from haynext)

nìhek: [nI."hEk^] PF adv. strangely, oddly (deri-ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, notmanner, adverbial)

nìhìpey: [nI."hI.pEj] PF adv. hesitantly (derivedfrom hìpey hesitate)

nìhoan: [nI."ho.an] PF adv. comfortably (deri-ved from hoan comfort)

nìhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] PF adv. widely, pervasively(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)

nìhol: [nI."hol] PF adv. few, not many (derivedfrom hol few)

nìhona: [nI."ho.na] PF adv. endearingly, sweetly(derived from hona endearing)

nìk’ärìp: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] PF adv. steadily (deri-ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let-ting it move’

nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] PF adv. slowly (derivedfrom kì’ong slow)

nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] PF adv. intelligently, in asmart way (derived from kanu smart)

nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft'o] PF adv. unfortunately,sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)

nìkelkin: [nI.kEl."kin] PF adv. unnecessarily(derived from kelkin unnecessary)

nìkemweypey: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. impa-tiently (derived from ke not and lemwey-pey patient)

nìklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] PF adv. firmly, steadfastly,faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go)lit.: ’without releasing it’

nìkmar: [nIk."maR] PF adv. in the right season,opportunely (derived from kìmar in season)

nìksman: [nIk."sman] PF adv. wonderfully (de-rived from kosman wonderful)

nìksran: [nIk."sRan] PF adv. in a mediocre man-ner (derived from kesran mediocre)

nìktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] PF adv. carefully,firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop)lit.: ’without letting it fall’

nìkx: [nIk'] PF n. gravelnìkxap: [nI."k'ap^] PF adv. threateningly (deri-

ved from kxap threat)nìkxem: [nI."k'Em] PF adv. vertically (derived

from kxem be vertical)nìlam: [nI."lam] PF adv. apparently (derived

from lam seem)nìlaw: [nI."law] PF adv. clearly (derived from

law clear)nìler: [nI."lER] PF adv. steadily (derived from ler

steady, smooth)nìli: [nI."li] PF adv. in advance (derived from li

already)nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. continuously,

incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from lukewithout and ftang stop)

nìltsan: [nIl.">tsan] PF adv. well (derived fromsìltsan good)

nìlun: [nI."lun] PF adv. of course, logically,following common sense

nìmal: [nI."mal] PF adv. trustingly, without he-sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)

nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] PF adv. weakly, loosely (de-rived from meyp weak)

nìmun: [nI."mun] PF adv. againnìmwey: [nIm."wEj] PF adv. calmly, peacefully

(derived from mawey calm)nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. patiently

(derived from maweypey be patient)nìn: [n·In] PF vtr. look atnìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] PF adv. like the Na’vi,

Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)nìnäk: [nI."næk^] PF adv. by drinking, in a liquid

way (derived from näk drink)

20

nìnän: [nI."næn] PF adv. less (derived from nändecrease)

nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] PF adv. decreasingly, lessand less (derived from nän decrease)

nìngay: [nI."Naj] PF adv. truly (derived fromngay true)

nìngong: [nI."NoN] PF adv. lethargically, lazily(derived from ngong lazy)

nìno: [nI."no] PF adv. in detail, expansively, tho-roughly

nìnrra: [nI."nr".a] PF adv. proudly, with pride (de-

rived from nrra pride)nìnu: [nI."nu] PF adv. failingly, falteringly, in

vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or ex-pected end (derived from nui fail, falter)

nìolo’: [nI.o."loP] PF adv. (together) as membersof a clan (derived from olo’ clan)

nìprrte’: [nI."pr".tEP] PF adv. pleasurably, gladly,

with pleasure (derived from prrte’ pleasurab-le)

nìpxay: [nI."p'aj] PF adv. many, manily (deri-ved from pxay many)

nìpxi: [nI."p'i] PF adv. especially, pointedly, un-ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)

nìpxim: [nI."p'im] PF adv. erectly, rightly (deri-ved from pxim erect, upright)

nìran: [nI."Ran] PF adv. basically, fundamentally,in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac-ter or nature)

nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] PF adv. wish (contrary tofact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti-ve) (derived from rangal wish)

nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] PF adv. in imagination,by imagination (derived from ronsrelngopimagine)

nìsìlpey: [nI.sIl."pej] PF adv. hopefully (derivedfrom sìlpey hope)

nìskien: [nI."ski.En] PF adv. to the right (deri-ved from skien right)

nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] PF adv. by swimming (deri-ved from slele swim)

nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] PF adv. originally, at first(derived from sngä’i begin)

nìsngum: [nI."sNum] PF adv. worryingly, fretful-ly (derived from sngum worry)

nìso’ha: [nI."soP.ha] PF adv. enthusiastically(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)

nìsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] PF adv. (together) as mem-bers of a family (derived from soaia family)

nìsteng: [nI."stEN] PF adv. similarly (derivedfrom steng similar)

nìsti: [nI."sti] PF adv. angrily (derived from stibe angry)

nìsung: [nI."suN] PF adv. besides, additionally,furthermore (derived from sung add)

nìswey: [nI."swEj] PF adv. optimally, best (deri-ved from swey best)

nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] PF adv. by chance or coin-cidence (derived from syayvi luck)

nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] PF adv. lastly (derived fromsyen last)

nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] PF adv. tightly, in an iron grip(derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’

nìtam: [nI."tam] PF adv. enough (derived fromtam suffice)

nìteng: [nI."tEN] PF adv. too, also, as well, likewi-se (derived from teng same, equal)

nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] PF adv. as, same way as(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-me way as (conj.))

nìtkan: [nIt."kan] PF adv. purposefully, delibera-tely (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose)

nìtkanluke: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] PF adv. accidental-ly, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-sefully, deliberately and luke- without)

nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr".tr"] PF adv. on a daily basis, regu-

larly (derived from trr day)nìtsim: [nI.">tsim] PF adv. originally, in an origi-

nal way, with originality (derived from tsimsource)

nìtsìsyì: [nI.">tsI.syI] PF adv. by whispering, in awhisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)

nìtsleng: [nI.">tslEN] PF adv. falsely (derivedfrom tsleng false)

nìtson: [nI.">tson] PF adv. dutifully, as an obliga-tion (derived from tson duty, obligation)

nìtsyìl: [nI.">tsjIl] PF adv. by climbing (derivedfrom tsyìl climb)

nìtut: [nI."tut^] PF adv. continually (derivedfrom tut continuation marker)

nìtxan: [nI."t'an] PF adv. much (abstract), very(derived from txan much)

nìtxay: [nI."t'aj] PF adv. horizontally (derivedfrom txay be horizontal)

nìtxi: [nI."t'i] PF adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way(derived from txi hurry)

nìtxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] PF adv. unhurriedly, lei-surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without)

21

nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] PF adv. by the way,incidentally (derived from vingkap occur toone, pop into one’s mind)

nìwan: [nI."wan] PF adv. secretly, in hiding, byhiding (derived from wan hide)

nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] PF adv. meaningfully, sig-nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-nificance)

nìwä: [nI."wæ] PF adv. on the contrary, conver-sely

nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] PF adv. disagreeably, be-grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)

nìwin: [nI."win] PF adv. fast, quickly (derivedfrom win fast)

nìwok: [nI."wok^] PF adv. loudly (derived fromwok loud)

nìwotx: [nI."wot'] PF adv. all (of), in toto, com-pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)

nìyawr: [nI."jawR] PF adv. correctly, rightly (de-rived from eyawr correct, right)

nìyewla: [nI."jEw.la] PF adv. in a disappointingfashion, in a way failing to meet expectations(derived from yewla disappointment)

nìyey: [nI."jEj] PF adv. directly, straight to thepoint (derived from yey straight)

nìyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] PF adv. straight ahead, ina straight line (derived from yeyfya straightline)

nìyll: [nI."jl"] PF adv. communally, in a communal

manner (derived from yll communal)nìyo’: [nI."joP^] PF adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-

rived from yo’ be perfect)nìyol: [nI."jol] PF adv. briefly, shortly (of time)

(derived from yol short (of time))

nìyrr: [nI."jr"] PF adv. naturally, without tam-

pering with or changing the nature (derivedfrom yrr natural)

nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] PF adv. safely (deri-ved from «awn» passive participle infix andzong save)

nìzen: [nI."zEn] PF adv. necessarily (derivedfrom zene must)

nokx: [n·ok'] PF vtr. give birth tonong: [n·oN] PF vtr. follow, proceed afternopx: [n·op'] PF vtr. put away, storenrr: [n·r

"] PF vin. glow, be luminous

nrra: ["nr".a] PF n. pride, feeling of pride

nuä+: ["nu.æ] PF adp. beyondnui: ["n·u.·i] PF vin. fail, falter, go astray, not ob-

tain expected or desired resultnulkrr: [nul."kr

"] PF adv. longer (time) (derived

from krr time)nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] PF vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-

ved from new want)nume: ["n·u.m·E] PF vin. learnnumeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] PF n. student (derived

from nume learn)numtseng: ["num.

>tsEN] PF n. school (c.w. from

nume learn and tseng place)numtsengvi: ["num.

>tsEN.vi] PF n. classroom, di-

vision of a school (derived from numtsengschool)

numultxa: [nu.mul."t'a] PF n. class (for instruc-tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-ting)

numultxatu: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] PF n. classmate,member of a class (derived from numultxaclass (for instruction))

nutx: [nut'] PF adj. thick

Ng

nga: [Na] PF pn. younga’: [NaP] PF vtr. containngam: [Nam] PF n. echongampam: ["Nam.pam] PF n. rhyme (c.w. from

ngam echo and pam sound)ngampam si: ["Nam.pam s·i] PF vin. rhyme (de-

rived from ngampam rhyme)ngatsyìp: ["Na.>tsjIp^] PF pn. little you, you little

(derived from nga you)ngawng: [NawN] PF n. wormngay: [Naj] PF adj. true

ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] PF intj. sorry, my apologi-es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)

ngä’än: [N·æ."P·æn] PF vin. suffer mentally oremotionally, be miserable

ngäng: [NæN] PF n. stomach

ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] PF adj. difficult, hard

ngenga: [NE."Na] PF pn. you (honorific form) (de-rived from nga you)

ngep: [NEp^] PF n. navel

22

nget: [NEt^] PF adj. smell of decaying wood andleaves, dank (non-animal decay)

ngeyn: [NEjn] PF adj. tiredngian: [Ni."an] PF,SW adv. howeverngim: [Nim] PF adj. long (physical length)ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] PF n. length (derived

from ngim long and pup short)ngip: [Nip^] PF n. space, open or borderless areangoa: ["No.a] PF n. mudngong: [NoN] PF adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient

energy, lazy

ngop: [N·op^] PF vtr. createngopyu: ["Nop.ju] PF n. creator (derived from

ngop create)ngrr: [Nr

"] PF n. root

ngrrpongu: [Nr".po.Nu] PF n. grassroots move-

ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party)ngul: [Nul] PF adj. grey, drabngulpin: ["Nul.pin] PF n. grey (derived from

ngul grey, drab)nguway: ["Nu.waj] PF n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-

rived from way song)

O

oe: ["o.E] PF pn. I, meoeng: ["wEN] PF pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-

sive), you and I (derived from oe I)oetsyìp: ["wE.

>tsjIp^] PF pn. little me, little I (de-

rived from oe I)oeyk: [o."Ejk^] PF n. causeoeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] PF vtr. explain (why) (ii)

(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)ohakx: [o."hak'] PF adj. hungryohe: ["o.hE] PF pn. I (deferential or ceremonial

form)oìsss: [o."Isss] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’oìsss si: [o."Isss s·i] PF vin. hiss (derived from

oìsss angry snarl)

okup: ["o.kup^] PF n. milkolo’: [o."loP] PF n. clanolo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader

(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)omum: [·o."m·um] PF vtr. know (stress moves

to first syllable with infixation)onlor: [on."loR] PF adj. good-smelling (c.w. from

ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)ontsang: ["on.>tsaN] PF n. nose ring (c.w. from

ontu nose and tsang piercing)ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. noseonvä’: [on."væP] PF adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from

ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the senses)

P

pa’o: ["pa.Po] PF n. sidepak: [pak^] PF part. disparagementpam: [pam] PF n. soundpamrel: [pam."REl] PF n. writing (c.w. from

pam sound and rel image)pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] PF n. spelling (deri-

ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] PF vin. write (derived

from pamrel writing)pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] PF n. writer (deri-

ved from pamrel writing)pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] PF n. letter (phonetic

symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)pamtseo: ["pam.

>tsE.o] PF n. music (c.w. from

pam sound and tseo art)pamtseongopyu: [pam.

>tsE.o."Nop.ju] PF n. mu-

sic creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo mu-sic and ngopyu creator) eg. James Horner

pamtseo si: ["pam.>tsE.o "s·i] PF vin. play music

(with fa for instrument played) (derived frompamtseo music)

pamtseotu: ["pam.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. musician (de-

rived from pamtseo music)pamuvan: ["pam.u.van] PF n. sound play (c.w.

from pam sound and uvan game)pan: [pan] PF n. third, one thirdpaskalin: [pa.ska."lin] PF n. sweet berry (term of

endearment) (derived from pasuk berry and(a)kalin sweet)

pasuk: ["pa.suk^] PF n. berrypate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrivepawk: [pawk^] PF n. horn, wind instrumentpawm: [p·awm] PF v. askpay: [paj] PF n. water, liquidpayfya: ["paj.fja] PF n. stream (c.w. from pay

water and fya’o way)

23

payìva: ["paj.I.va] PF n. drop of water (derivedfrom pay water and ìlva drop)

paynga’: ["paj.NaP] PF adj. moist, humid, damp(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)

payoang: [paj."o.aN] PF n. fish (c.w. from paywater and ioang animal)

paysena: ["paj.sE.na] PF n. water container (c.w.from pay water and sähena container)

paysmung: ["paJ.smuN] PF n. water carrier (c.w.from pay water and smung transportationdevice)

paytxew: [paj."t'Ew] PF n. shoreline, water’sedge (c.w. from pay water and txew edge)

pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] PF vin. arrivepängkxo: [p·æN."k'·o] PF vin. chat, converse,

have a conversationpängkxoyu: [pæN."k'o.ju] PF n. chatter, conver-

ser (derived from pängkxo chat)pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn]

PF n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatterand lekoren lawlike)

pänu: ["pæ.nu] PF n. promisepänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] PF vtr. promise (a thing

to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise andtìng give)

–pe+: [pE] PF affix inter. markerpe’un: ["p·E.P·un] PF vtr. decidepefnel: [pE."fnEl] PF inter. which kind variant of

fnepepefya: [pE."fja] PF inter. how variant of fyapepefyinep’ang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] PF inter. how

complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree ofcomplexity) variant of fyinep’angpe

pehem: [pE."hEm] PF inter. what (action) vari-ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed)

pehrr: [pE."hr"] PF inter. when variant of krrpe

(c.w. from krr time)pekxinum: [pE."k'in.um] PF inter. how tight,

loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness,looseness)

pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter. what (word,utterance) variant of lì’upe

pelun: [pE."lun] PF inter. why variant of lumpepeng: [p·EN] PF vtr. tellpenghrr: [p·EN."hr

"] PF vin. warn (c.w. from

peng tell and hrrap danger)peseng: [pE."sEN] PF inter. where variant of

tsengpe

peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] PF inter. what width,how wide? (derived from snep narrow) vari-ant of slosneppe

pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] PF inter. what tem-perature? (derived from somwew tempera-ture)

pesu: [pE."su] PF inter. who variant of tupepeu: [pE."u] PF inter. what (thing) variant of

’upepewn: [pEwn] PF n. neckpey: [p·Ej] PF vin. wait, wait forpiak: [pi."ak^] PF adj. open, clear (for cloudless

skies)piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] PF vin. open (derived from

piak open)pil: [pil] PF n. facial stripepizayu: ["pi.za.ju] PF n. ancestorpìmtxan: [pIm."t'an] PF inter. how much vari-

ant of hìmtxampepìsaw: [pI."saw] PF adj. clumsy, accident-pronepìwopx: [pI."wop'] PF n. cloudpìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop'.

>tsjIp] PF n. nebula (de-

rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’pllhrr: [p·l

"."hr

"] PF vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe

speak and hrrap danger)pllngay: [p·l

"."Naj] PF vin. admit (derived from

plltxe speak and ngay true)plltxe: [p·l

"."t'·E] PF v. speak

plltxeyu: [pl"."t'E.ju] PF n. speaker (derived

from plltxe speak)po: [po] PF pn. he, shepoan: [po."an] PF pn. he (no plural form: use

(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)poe: [po."E] PF pn. she (no plural form: use

(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)polpxay: [pol."p'aj] PF inter. how many (c.w.

from holpxay number and pe how)pom: [p·om] PF vtr. kisspongu: ["po.Nu] PF n. a group or party of people

(derived from po he/she) ofp.prrku: ["pr

".ku] PF n. womb (c.w. from prrnen

baby and kelku home)prrkxentrrkrr: [pr

".k'En.tr

".kr"] Skxawng n. day ti-

me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’viidiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxenersmoke, trr day and krr time)

prrnen: ["pr".nEn] PF n. infant, baby

prrnesyul: ["pr".nE.sjul] PF n. bud (c.w. from

prrnen baby and syulang flower)

24

prrsmung: ["pr".smuN] PF n. baby carrier (c.w.

from prrnen baby and smung transportationdevice)

prrte’: ["pr".tEP] PF adj. pleasurable (of an activi-

ty)prrwll: ["pr

".wl

"] Prr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen

baby and ’ewll plant)

pukap: ["pu.kap^] PF num. sixpum: [pum] PF pn. one (place-holder pronoun

referring to a previously mentioned nounor pronoun)

pup: [pup^] PF adj. short (physical length)puve: ["pu.vE] PF adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived

from pukap six)

Px

pxan: [p'an] PF adj. worthypxasìk: ["p'a.sIk^] PF intj. screw that!, no way!

(vulgar)pxasul: ["p'a.sul] PF adj. fresh, appealing as foodpxaw–: [p'aw] PF adp. aroundpxawngip: ["p'aw.Nip^] PF n. environment (c.w.

from pxaw around and ngip space)pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] PF n. perimeter, circumfe-

rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around andpa’o side)

pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] PF n. armband (c.w.from pxaw around and pxun arm)

pxay: [p'aj] PF adj. many (used with singularor plural noun forms)

pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] PF adj. colorful, multico-lored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and’opin color)

pxek: [p'·Ek^] PF vtr. kick, shovepxel–: [p'El] PF adp. like, aspxelo: ["p'E.lo] PF adv. thrice, three times (deri-

ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)pxen: [p'En] PF n. functional clothing (item of)pxesrram: [p'E.sr

"."am] PF n., adv. three days ago

(derived from trr day)pxesrray: [p'E.sr

"."aj] PF n., adv. three days from

now (derived from trr day)pxey: [p'Ej] PF num. three

pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] PF adj. third (ordinal) (deri-ved from pxey three)

pxi: [p'i] PF adj. sharp (as a point)pxim: [p'im] PF adj. erect, uprightpximaw–: [p'i."maw] PF adp. right after (c.w.

from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)pxiset: [p'i."sEt^] PF adv. right now (c.w. from

set now and pxi sharp)pxisre+: [p'i."sRE] PF adp. right before (c.w. from

sre before (time) and pxi sharp)pxiswawam: [p'i.swaw."am] PF adv. just a mo-

ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –ampast)

pxiswaway: [p'i.swaw."aj] PF adv. in just a se-cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment anday future marker)

pxiye’rìn: [p'i."jEP.RIn] PF adv. immediately (notas soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soonand pxi sharp)

pxìm: [p'Im] PF adv. oftenpxìmun’i: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] PF vtr. divide, cut into

parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)pxor: [p'·oR] PF vin. explodepxorpam: ["p'oR.pam] PF n. ejective consonant

(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)pxun: [p'un] PF n. armpxuntil: ["p'un.til] PF n. elbow (c.w. from pxun

arm and til joint)

R

ral: [Ral] PF n. meaning

ralnga’: ["Ral.NaP] PF adj. meaningful, instructi-ve, something from which a lesson can be lear-ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain)

ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] PF vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.from ral meaning and peng tell)

ram: [Ram] PF n. mountain

ramtsyìp: ["Ram.>tsjIp^] PF n. hill (derived from

ram mountain)

ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] PF n. well

ran: [Ran] PF n. intrinsic character or nature, es-sence, constititution; basic nature of somethingresulting from the totality of its properties; of-ten best translated as personality

rangal: ["R·a.N·al] PF vin. wish

25

raspu’: [Ra."spuP] PF n. leggings (used in war)rawke: ["Raw.kE] PF intj. alarm cry, call to defen-

serawm: [Rawm] PF n. lightning (general term)rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] PF n. thunder and

lightning (derived from rawm lightning and’rrpxom thunder)

rawn: [R·awn] PF vtr. replace, substituterawng: [rawN] PF n. entrance, doorwayrä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] PF part. do not (for negative impe-

ratives, commands only)räptum: [ræp."tum] PF adj. coarse, vulgar, soci-

ally unacceptablere’o: ["RE.Po] PF n. headrel: [REl] PF n. image, picturerel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] PF n. movie, film,

video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)reltseo: ["REl.>tsE.o] PF n. visual art (c.w. from

rel image and tseo art)reltseotu: ["REl.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. artist (visual)

(derived from reltseo visual art)reng: [REN] PF adj. shallow (physically) nfp.rengop: ["rE.N·op^] PF vtr. design (finer detail)

(c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)renten: ["REn.tEn] PF n. goggles, (made from in-

sect wings, carved from wood, etc)renu: ["RE.nu] PF n. patternrenulke: ["RE.nul.kE] PF adj. irregular, random

(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-hout)

rewon: ["RE.won] PF n. morningrey: [R·Ej] PF vin. liverey’eng: [REj."PEN] PF n. the Balance of Life (de-

rived from rey live)reyfya: ["REj.fja] PF n. way of living, culture (c.w.

from rey live and fya’o path, way)reykol: [REj."kol] PF vtr. play music, make to sing

(poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk»causitive infix)

reym: [REjm] PF n. dry landreypay: ["REj.paj] PF n. blood (c.w. from rey live

and pay water)rikx: [R·ik'] PF vin. move, shift positionrim: [Rim] PF adj. yellow

rimpin: ["Rim.pin] PF n. yellow (derived fromrim yellow)

rina’: [Ri."naP] PF n. seed (derived from atoki-rina’ seeds of the great tree)

ripx: [R·ip'] PF vtr. piercerì’ìr: ["RI.PIR] PF n. reflectionrì’ìr si: ["RIP.IR s·i] PF vin. reflect, imitate (deri-

ved from rì’ìr reflection)rìk: [RIk^] PF n. leafrìkean: ["RI.kE.an] PF adj. leaf green (c.w. from

rìk leaf and ean green)rìn: [RIn] PF n. woodro+: [Ro] PF adp. at (locative)ro’a: ["R·o.P·a] PF vin. be impressive, inspire awe

or respectrofa–: ["Ro.fa] PF adp. beside, alongsiderol: [R·ol] PF v. singrolun: [Ro."lun] PF intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!rong: [RoN] PF n. tunnelronguway: [R·o."Nu.waj] PF vin. howl (derived

from rol sing and nguway howl)ronguwayyu: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] PF n. howler (de-

rived from ronguway howl)ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] PF n. mindronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] PF n. something imagined

(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] PF vtr. imagi-

ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, relpicture, ngop create, casual pronunciation["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )

ropx: [Rop'] PF n. hole (going clear through anobject)

rou: ["R·o.·u] PF vin. be, or get drunk (exampleuse: rou fa pxir)

rum: [Rum] PF n. ballrun: [R·un] PF vtr. find, discoverrurur: [Ru."RuR] PF n. water that is aeriated whi-

le flowing among the rocks of a very graduallysloping stream (countable)

rusey: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n. alive, living, livingthing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)

rutxe: [Ru."t'E] PF intj. please

26

S

sa: [s·a] PF vin. rise to a challengesa’ewrang: [sa."PEw.RaN] PF n. mother loom, gi-

ant loom (derived from sa’nok mother and’ewrang loom)

sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] PF n. mother (fromsa’atenuk C)

sa’nu: ["saP.nu] PF n. mum, mommy (affectiona-te form of sa’nok mother)

sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.>tsjIp^] PF n. little mommy(used for young girls) (derived from sa’numommy)

sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] PF n. parent or set of parents(derived from sa’nok mother and sempulfather)

saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening crysalew: [s·a."l·Ew] PF v. proceed, gosalewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] PF n. direction, course

(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)san: [san] PF adv. saying, quotesang: [saN] PF adj. warmsar: [s·aR] PF vtr. usesat: [sat^] PF pn. that (lenited form of tsat)satu’li: [sa."tuP.li] PF n. heritage (Note: Also

name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora)sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,

urghsaylahe: [saj."la.hE] PF adv. ’et cetera’ (derived

from sì alahe and others) (contraction)sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] PF adj. handsome, good looking

ofp. (male)sä’anla: [sæ."Pan.la] PF n. yearning (derived

from ’anla yearn for)sä’eoio: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] PF n. ceremony, ritual, rite

(derived from ’eoio ceremonious)sä’eoio si: [sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] PF vin. take part in

a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived fromsä’eoio ceremony)

sä’ipu: [sæ."Pi.pu] PF n. something humorous(derived from ’ipu humorous)

sä’o: ["sæ.Po] PF n. tool, utensilsäfe’ul: [sæ."fE.Pul] PF n. worsening (specific in-

stance) (derived from fe’ul worsen)säflä: [sæ."flæ] PF n. success (an instance of suc-

ceeding) (derived from flä succeed)säfmi: [sæ."fmi] PF n. attempt (derived from

fmi try, attempt)

säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP] PF n. requirement, demand(derived from fngo’ require)

säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] PF n. idea (derived from fpìlthink)

säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] PF n. speech, oration(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)

säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] PF n. handle (derived fromfyep hold in the hand)

sähena: [sæ."hE.na] PF n. container, vessel, car-rier (derived from hena carry)

säkanom: [sæ."ka.nom] PF n. something acqui-red, an acquisition, a possession (derived fromkanom acquire)

sälang: [sæ."laN] PF n. an exploration or investi-gation (derived from lang investigate, explo-re)

sälatem: [sæ."la.tEm] PF n. change (instanceof), edit, modification (derived from latemchange)

sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] PF n. defeat, an instan-ce of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat)

säleymfe’: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] PF n. complaint (deri-ved from leymfe’ complain)

säleymkem: [sæ.lEjm."kEm] PF n. protest, in-stance of protesting (derived from leymkemprotest)

sämok: [sæ."mok^] PF n. a suggestion (derivedfrom mok suggest)

sämunge: [sæ."mu.NE] PF n. transportation toolor device (derived from munge take, bring)Note: In compounds, the ä and e drop, yi-elding –smung

sämyam: [sæm."yam] PF n. hug, embrace (deri-ved from meyam hug)

sängä’än: [sæ.Næ."Pæn] PF n. bout of suffering;episode of depression (derived from ngä’änsuffer mentally or emotionally)

sängop: [sæ."Nop^] PF n. creation (derived fromngop create)

sänrr: [sæ."nr"] PF n. glow, an instance of glowing;

light source, lamp (derived from nrr glow)sänui: [sæ."nu.i] PF n. failure (particular instance

of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter)sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] PF n. teaching, instruction

(derived from nume learn)sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] PF n. lesson (derived

from sänume teaching)

27

säomum: [sæ."o.mum] PF n. (piece of) informa-tion (derived from omum know)

säpenghrr: [sæ.pEN."hr"] PF n. warning (derived

from penghrr warn)säpllhrr: [sæ.pl

"."hr

"] PF n. warning (derived

from pllhrr warn)säplltxe: [sæ.pl

"."t'E] PF n. statement (derived

from plltxe speak)säplltxevi: [sæ.pl

"."t'E.vi] PF n. comment (deri-

ved from säplltxe statement)säpom: [sæ."pom] PF n. kiss (derived from

pom kiss)särawn: [sæ."Rawn] PF n. replacement, substitu-

te, something that replaces something else (de-rived from rawn replace)

särengop: [sæ."rE.Nop^] PF n. design (a par-ticular instance of designing) (derived fromrengop design)

säro’a: [sæ."Ro.Pa] PF n. feat, accomplishment,great deed

säro’a si: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] PF vin. do great deeds(derived from säro’a great deed)

säseyto: [sæ.sEj."to] PF n. butchering tool (deri-ved from seyto ‘butcher (in the sense of sepa-rating or processing the carcass of a dead ani-mal))

säsìlpey: [sæ.sIl."pEj] PF n. hope (particular in-stance) (derived from sìlpey hope)

säspxin: [sæ."sp'in] PF n. disease, sickness, ill-ness (derived from spxin sick)

säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp'in.>tsjIp^] PF n. minor ail-

ment (derived from säspxin illness)säsrätx: [sæ."sRæt'] PF n. annoyance (derived

from srätx annoy)säsrìn: [sæ."sRIn] PF n. lent or borrowed thing

(derived from srìn temporarily transfer fromone to another)

sästarsìm: [sæ."staR.sIm] PF n. collection (puttogether intentionally by a person) (derivedfrom starsìm gather, collect)

säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] PF n. hobby, pleasure-yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy(positive sense))

säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] PF n. trap (derived fromsyep trap)

sätare: [sæ."ta.RE] PF n. connection, relationship(derived from tare connect, relate to)

sätaron: [sæ."ta.Ron] PF n. hunt (derived fromtaron hunt)

sätsan’ul: [sæ.">tsan.Pul] PF n. improvement

(specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul im-prove)

sätsìsyì: [sæ.">tsI.syI] PF n. whisper (derived

from tsìsyì whisper)sätswayon: [sæ."

>tswaj.on] PF n. flight (an in-

stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)sätsyìl: [sæ."

>tsjIl] PF n. climbing event, a climb

(derived from tsyìl climb)sävll: [sæ."vl

"] PF n. sign, indication, signal (de-

rived from vll indicate, point at)säwäsul: [sæ."wæ.sul] PF n. a competition (deri-

ved from wäsul compete)säwäsultsyìp: [sæ."wæ.sul.

>tsjIp^] PF n. a con-

test (derived from säwäsul a competition)säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] PF n. point of contention,

source of argument, thing disputed (derivedfrom wäte argue)

säwìngay: [sæ.wI."Naj] PF n. proof (particularinstance) (derived from wìngay proof )

säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t'u] PF n. a showing, an ex-hibition (derived from wìntxu show)

säyäkx: [sæ."Jæk'] PF n. snub (derived fromyäkx not notice, ignore, snub)

säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,PF n. face lead, rein(derived from za’ärìp pull)

se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] PF n. an individual tall, thin wa-terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or offof a floating mountain (countable)

sekrr: ["sE.kr"] PF n. present (c.w. from set now

and krr time)sempu: ["sEm.pu] PF n. daddy (affectionate

form of sempul father)sempul: ["sEm.pul] PF n. fatherset: [sEt^] PF adv. nowsevin: [sE."vin] PF adj. pretty ofp. (female)sey: [sEj] PF n. cup or bowl minimally modified

from naturally occuring resourcesseykxel: [sEj."k'El] PF adj. strong (emotionally,

spiritually, not physical), confidentseyn: [sEjn] PF n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or

device to facilitate sitting (derived from sä’otool and heyn sit)

seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lipseysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl.">tsan] PF intj. well do-

ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-plished well)

seyto: [s·Ej."to] PF vtr. butcher (in the sense ofseparating or processing the carcass of a dead

28

animal)si: [s·i] PF auxiliary verb, postpositional non-

bound verb do, make deriving affixsim: [s·im] PF svin. be nearsì: [sI] PF conj. and (connects two things, can

be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)sìk: [sIk^] PF adv. unquotesìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] PF vin. hope (with tsnì for thing

hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.from sìltsan good and pey wait)

sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] PF adj. clever, smart(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsemmind)

sìltsan: [sIl.">tsan] PF adj. good (of its kind), welldone

sìn–: [sIn] PF adp. on, ontoska’a: [sk·a."P·a] PF vtr. destroyskepek: ["skE.pEk^] PF adj. formalskiempa: ["ski.Em.pa] PF n. right side (c.w.

from skien right and pa’o side)skien: ["ski.En] PF adj. right (not left)sko+: [sko] PF adp. something as, in the capacity

of, or in the role of, something elseskxakep: ["sk'a.kEp^] PF adj., adv. probable, pro-

bablyskxawng: [sk'awN] PF n. moron, idiotskxir: [sk'iR] PF n. woundskxir si: ["sk'iR "s·i] PF vin. wound (derived

from skxir wound)skxirtsyìp: ["sk'iR.>tsjIp^] PF n. cut, bruise, minor

wound (derived from skxir wound)skxom: [sk'om] PF n. chance, opportunitysla’tsu: ["sl·aP.>ts·u] PF vtr. describeslan: [sl·an] PF vtr. support (emotional, social or

personal support) ofp.slantire: [slan.ti."RE] PF n. inspiration (c.w. from

slan support and tirea spirit)slantire si: [slan.ti."RE s·i] PF vin. inspire (deri-

ved from slantire inspiration)slayk: [sl·aJk^] PF vtr. brush, combslä: [slæ] PF conj. butsläkop: ["slæ.kop^] PF adv. but also (c.w. from

slä but and kop also)slär: [slæR] PF n. caveslele: ["sl·E.l·E] PF vin. swimsleyku: [slEj."k·u] PF vtr. produce (derived from

slu become and «eyk» causative infix)sloa: ["slo.a] PF adj. widesloan: [sl·o."·an] PF vtr. pour

slosnep: [slo."snEp^] PF n. width (derived fromsnep narrow)

slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] PF inter. what width,how wide? (derived from snep narrow) va-riant of peslosnep

slu: [sl·u] PF vin. become (noun predicate withne in ambiguous constructions)

slukx: [sluk'] PF n. horn of an animalsmar: [smaR] PF n. prey, hunted thingsmon: [sm·on] PF vin. be familiar, be known

(with dative)sna’o: ["sna.Po] PF n. set, group, pile, clump,

stand nfp.snafpìlfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] PF n. philosophy (c.w.

from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’

snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t'a] PF n. course (asa collection of classes) (derived from numul-txa class (for instruction))

snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] PF n. alphabet(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-bol))

snatanhì: [sna.tan."hI] PF n. constellation (c.w.from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’aclump of stars’

snatanhìtsyìp: [sna.tan."hI.>tsjIp] PF n. starcluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tan-hì(tsyìp) star)

snatxärem: [sna."t'æ.REm] PF n. skeleton (c.w.from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’setof bones’

snayì: [sna."jI] PF n. staircase, series of step-likelevels (derived from yì level, step)

snaytu: ["snaj.tu] PF n. loser (derived fromsnaytx lose)

snaytx: [sn·ajt'] PF vtr. losesnäm: [sn·æm] PF vin. rot, decay, degrade over

timesnep: [snEp^] PF adj. narrowsnew: [sn·Ew] PF vtr. constrict, tightensnewsye: ["snEw.sjE] PF adj. weird, spooky (c.w.

from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre-ath)

sneyä: [snE."jæ] PF pn. his own, her own, its own(derived from sno his self, her self, its self )

sngap: [sN·ap^] PF vtr. stingsngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] PF vim. begin, startsngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr

"] PF n. beginning, starting

time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)

29

sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.PI.>tsEN] PF n. beginning,

starting position, initial location (c.w. fromsngä’i start and tseng place)

sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] PF n. beginner (derivedfrom sngä’i begin)

sngel: [sNEl] PF n. garbage, trash, rubbishsngeltseng: ["sNEl.>tsEN] PF n. rubbish place, gar-

bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage andtseng place)

sngum: [sNum] PF n. worrysngum si: [sNum s·i] PF vin. worry (derived

from sngum worry)sngumtsim: ["sNum.

>tsim] PF n. worrisome mat-

ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worryand tsim source)

sngunga’: ["sNu.NaP] PF adj. worrisome,troubling (derived from sngum worry)

sno: [sno] PF pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex-ive, genitive form sneyä)

snokfyan: ["snok.fjan] PF n. personal belongingsrack (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its selfand kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)

snolup: ["sno.lup^] PF n. personal style or aest-hetic, presence (c.w. from sno self and luprastyle)

snomo: ["sno.mo] PF n. private space that one canretreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self andmo space)

snonivi: ["sno.ni.vi] PF n. single-person ham-mock (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi slee-ping hammock)

snonrra: [sno."nr".a] PF n. self-pride (negative

connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self andnrra pride)

snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refersto a ’dim’ person)

so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] PF vtr. be enthusiastic about,show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:Being enthusiastic is always transitive inNa’vi -PF)

so’yu: ["so.ju] PF n. colloquial form of txan-so’hayu (fan, enthusiast)

soaia: [so."a.i.a] PF n. family (irregular genitiveform soaiä)

sok: [sok^] PF adj. recentsom: [som] PF adj. hotsomwew: [som."wEw] PF n. temperature (deri-

ved from som hot and wew cold)

somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] PF inter. what tem-perature? (more common) (derived fromsomwew temperature)

sop: [s·op^] PF vin. travelsopyu: ["sop.ju] PF n. traveller (derived from

sop travel)sosul: [so."sul] PF adj. pleasant smell of nearby

running water, rain, moist vegetationspaw: [sp·aw] PF vtr. believespä: [sp·æ] PF v. jumpspäpeng: [spæ."p·EN] PF vin. restore oneself (me-

taphorically) (derived from speng restore)spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] PF vtr. capturespe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] PF n. captive (derived

from spe’e capture)speng: [sp·EN] PF vtr. restorespono: ["spo.no] PF n. islandspule: ["sp·u.l·E] PF vtr. propelspulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] PF n. telephone (deri-

ved from spule propel and mokri voice)spulyaney: [spul.ja."nEj] PF n. canoe paddle

(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)spuwin: ["spu.win] PF adj. old, former nfp.spxam: [sp'am] PF n. mushroom, fungusspxin: [sp'in] PF adj. sicksrak(e): ["sRak(E)] PF part. inter. marker for yes

or no questionssran: [sRan] PF part., intj. yes (colloquial)srane: ["sRa.nE] PF part., intj. yessraw: [sRaw] PF adj. painfulsrä: [sRæ] PF n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a

loomsrätx: [sR·æt'] PF vtr. annoy, bothersre+: [sRE] PF adp. before (time)sre’: [sREP] PF n. toothsrefey: [sRE."f·Ej] PF vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from

sre+ before and pey wait)srefpìl: [sRE."fp·Il] PF vtr. assume (derived from

sre+ before and fpìl think)srefwa: ["sRE.fwa] PF conj. before (derived from

sre+ before and fwa that)srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr

"] PF n. the time before

noon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrr mid-day)

srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t'on] PF n. before mid-night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxonmidnight)

srekrr: [sRE."kr"] PF adv. before, already, ahead of

time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)

30

srer: [sR·ER] PF vin. appear, materialize, come intoview

srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] PF vtr. prophetize, prophe-size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ beforeand tse’a see)

sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr"."PoN] PF n. before dawn (c.w.

from sre before and trr’ong dawn)sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] PF n. dusk, evening

before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txon-’ong night-fall)

srew: [sR·Ew] PF vin. dancesrey: [sREj] PF n. versionsrìn: [sR·In] PF vtr. transfer from one to another

(rarely used without prefix)srok: [sRok^] PF n. bead (decorative)sru’: [sR·uP] PF vtr. crush, tramplesrung: [sRuN] PF n. help, assistancesrunga’: ["sRu.NaP] PF adj. helpful (derived

from srung help) nfp.srung si: ["sRuN "s·i] PF vin. help (derived from

srung help)srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] PF n. assistant, helper

(derived from srung help)srungtsyìp: ["sRuN.>tsjIp^] PF n. helpful hint, tip

(derived from srung help)starlì’u: ["staR.lI.Pu] PF n. adposition (c.w. from

sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word)starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] PF vtr. gather, collectstawm: [st·awm] PF vtr. hearstawmtswo: ["stawm.

>tswo] PF n. (sense of) hea-

ring (derived from stawm hear)stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] PF vtr. catchsteftxaw: [st·E."ft'·aw] PF vtr. examine, checksteng: [stEN] PF adj. similarsteyki: [stEj."k·i] PF vtr. anger, make someone an-

gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»causative infix)

sti: [st·i] PF vin. anger (intransitive), be angrystiwi: ["sti.wi] PF n. mischiefstiwinga’: ["sti.wi.NaP] PF adj. mischievous (c.w.

from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain)stiwi si: ["sti.wi s·i] PF vin. be naughty, do mis-

chief (derived from stiwi mischief )stiwisiyu: ["sti.wi.si.Ju] PF n. mischief-maker

(derived from stiwi mischief )sto: [st·o] PF vtrm. refuse (to do something)stum: [stum] PF adv. almoststxeli: ["st'E.li] PF n. gift

stxenu: ["st'E.nu] PF n. offer (c.w. from stxeligift and lonu release)

stxenutìng: ["st'E,nu,t·IN] PF vtr. offer (derivedfrom stxenu offer, n.)

stxong: [st'oN] PF adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-nown

sulìn: ["s·u.l·In] PF svin. be busy (positive sense),be engrossed in something one finds especiallypleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn bebusy)

sum: [sum] PF n. shell (from the ocean)sumsey: ["sum.sEj] PF n. drinking vessel made

of shell (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup orbowl minimally modified from naturally occur-ring resources)

sung: [s·uN] PF vtr. addsunu: ["s·u.n·u] PF vin. be pleasing or likeable,

bring enjoymentsur: [suR] PF n. taste, flavorsusyang: [su."sjaN] PF adj. fragile, delicatesutx: [s·ut'] PF vtr. track, followswaw: [swaw] PF n. momentswawtsyìp: ["swaw.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little moment,

second (derived from swaw moment)swaynivi: ["swaj,ni,vi] PF n. family hammock

(c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleepinghammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway

swek: [swEk^] PF n. bar, rod, poleswey: [swEj] PF adj. bestsweylu: ["swEj.l·u] PF v. should (derived from

swey best and lu is)swirä: [swi."Ræ] PF n. creatureswizaw: [swi."zaw] PF n. arrowswizawsena: [swi."zaw.sE.na] PF n. quiver (at-

tached to ikran’s saddle) (c.w. from swizawarrow and sähena carrier)

swoa: ["swo.a] PF n. intoxicating beverage, or“spirits”

swoasey: ["swo.a.sEj] PF n. kava bowl (construc-ted from seed pods, used for drinking intoxica-ting beverages), hand-sized (c.w. from swoaintoxicating beverage or “sprits" and sey cupor bowl minimally modified from naturally oc-curring resources)

swoasey ayll: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl"] PF n. large soci-

al kava bowl (c.w. from swoasey kava bowl(constructed from seed pods, used for drinkingintoxicating beverages) and yll communal)

swok: [swok^] PF adj. sacred

31

swotu: ["swo.tu] PF n. sacred placesyam: [sj·am] PF vtr. to smell (intentionally)syanan: ["sja.nan] PF n. a single drop or series of

smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially alonga stream or series of pools (countable)

syaw: [sj·aw] PF vin. callsyay: [sjaj] PF n. fatesyayvi: ["sjaj.vi] PF n. luck, chance (derived

from syay fate)syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] PF adj. bittersye’otxang: ["sjE.Po.t'aN] PF n. wind instrument

(c.w. from syeha breath and ’otxang musicalinstrument)

syeha: ["sjE.ha] PF n. breathsyeha si: ["sjE.ha s·i] PF vin. breathe (derived

from syeha breath)syen: [sjEn] PF adj. last, finalsyep: [sj·Ep^] PF vtr. trapsyeprel: [sjEp."REl] PF n. camera (c.w. from syep

trap and rel image)syewe: ["sJE.wE] PF n. fat (substance in meat)syewenga’: ["sJE.wE.NaP] PF adj. fatty (c.w.

from syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’

contain)syo: [sjo] PF adj. light (physical weight),

lightweightsyokup: [sJo."kup^] PF n. weight (physical) (de-

rived from syo light and ku’up heavy)syon: [sjon] PF n. feature, trait, attribute, charac-

teristic, point, aspect, facet, propertysyonlì’u: ["sjon.lI.Pu] PF n. adjective (c.w. from

syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’uword)

syor: [sj·oR] PF vin. relax, chill outsyulang: ["sju.laN] PF n. flowersyura: [sju."Ra] PF n. energy (physical or spiritu-

al)syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,PF n. bioluminescence

(c.w. from syura energy and atan light)syusmung: ["sju.smuN] PF n. food tray (c.w.

from syuve food and smung transportationdevice)

syuve: ["sju.vE] PF n. food (collective noun, can-not be pluralised)

syuvekel: ["sju.vE.kEl] PF n. famine (derivedfrom syuve food)

T

ta–: [ta] PF adp. from (locative), from (temporalsense with other time words)

ta’em: [ta."PEm] PF adv. from aboveta’leng: ["taP.lEN] PF n. skinta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] PF adj. skin blue

(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] PF adp. from up among (c.w.

from ta from and fkip– up among)tafral: [ta."fRal] PF adv. therefore, because of thattakip–: [ta."kip^] PF adp. from among (c.w. from

ta from and kip– among)takrra: [ta."kr

".a] PF conj. since (temporal) vari-

ant of akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta from)taksyokx: [t·ak."syok'] PF vin. clap hands (deri-

ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand)takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. strike, beat, slaptalun–: [ta."lun] PF adp. because of, due totalun(a): [ta."lun(a)] PF conj. because, from the

reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)tam: [t·am] PF vin., intj. that will suffice, that

will do, OKtam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,

there there

tangek: ["ta.NEk^] PF n. trunk (of a tree)tanhì: [tan."hI] PF n. star, bioluminescent freckletanleng: ["tan.lEN] PF n. bark (of a tree) (deri-

ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’lengskin)

tare: ["t·a.R·E] PF vtr. connect, relate to, have a re-lationship with

tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] PF n. predator animal(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)

taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,PF vtr. hunttaronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,PF n. hunter (c.w. from

taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.>tsjIp^] PF n. little hun-

ter (derived from taronyu hunter)tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] PF vtr. lose track, lose aware-

ness of somethingtatlam: [tat."lam] PF adv. apparently (derived

from lam seem)taw: [taw] PF n. skytaweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] PF conj. because, based

on the causetawng: [t·awN] PF vin. duck, dive

32

tawsyuratan: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] PF,LN n. au-rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan(bio)luminescence)

täftxu: [t·æ."ft'·u] PF vtr. weavetäftxuyu: [tæ."ft'u.ju] PF n. weaver (derived

from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)tätxaw: [t·æ."t'·aw] PF vin. returnte: [tE] JC part. used in full namestekre: ["tEk.RE] PF n. skulltel: [t·El] PF vtr. receivetelem: [tE."lEm] PF n. cordtem: [t·Em] PF vin. shoottemrey: [tEm."REj] PF n. survival (derived from

emrey survive)teng: [tEN] PF adj. same, equaltengfya: ["tEN.fja] PF conj. as, same way as (situ-

ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equaland fya’o path)

tengkrr: [tEN."kr"] PF conj. while, same time as

(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)teri–: [tE."Ri] PF adp. about, concerningterkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] PF vin. dieteswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] PF vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.

from tìng give)tete: ["tE.tE] PF adj. dull (as a blade)tewng: [tEwN] PF n. loinclothtewti: ["tEw.ti] PF intj. wow, expression of surpri-

se and pleasureteya: [tE."ja] PF adj. fullteya si: [tE."ja "s·i] PF vin. fill (with dative of

thing filled) (derived from teya full)teynga: ["tEjN.a] PF n. that answer (contraction

of tì’eyng a)teyngla: ["tEjN.la] PF n. that answer (agentive)

(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] PF n. that answer (patientive)

(contraction of tì’eyng–it a)teyr: [tEjR] PF adj. whiteteyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] PF n. white (derived from

teyr white)tiam: ["t·i.·am] PF vtr. counttil: [til] PF n. joint, hingetilì’u: ["ti.lI.Pu] PF n. conjunction (c.w. from til

joint, hinge and lì’u word)tinan: ["ti.nan] PF n. reading (derived from in-

an read)tirea: [ti."RE.a] PF n. spirittireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.�fja.Po] PF n. spirit path (c.w.

from tirea spirit and fya’o path)

tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.�o.aN] PF n. spirit animal(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)

tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.�k'·o] PF v. commu-ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)

tiretu: [ti."RE.tu] PF n. shaman (derived from ti-rea spirit and tute person)

tì’al: [tI.".Pal] PF n. wastefulness (derived from’al waste)

tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] PF n. camping (derivedfrom ’awm camp)

tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] PF vin. camp (derivedfrom ’awm camp)

tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] PF n. individuality (nega-tive connotation), selfishness (derived from’awpo one individual)

tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] PF n. feeling (derived from’efu feel)

tì’em: [tI."PEm] PF n. the art of cooking (derivedfrom ’em cook)

tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] PF n. friendship (derivedfrom ’eylan friend)

tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] PF n. answer, response (deri-ved from ’eyng answer)

tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] PF n. ending, conclusion (deri-ved from ’i’a end)

tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] PF adv. until the end(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)

tì’iluke: [tIP."i.lu.kE] PF adj. endless, never-ending (in a temporal sense) (c.w. from tì’i’aending, conclusion and luke without)

tì’ipu: [tI."Pi.pu] PF n. humor (derived from’ipu humorous)

tì’o’: [tI."PoP] PF n. fun, excitement (derivedfrom ’o’ exciting)

tì’ong: [tI."PoN] PF n. blooming, unfolding (deri-ved from ’ong bloom)

tì’ul: [tI."Pul] PF n. increasetìeyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,PF n. leadership (deri-

ved from eyktan leader)tìfe’ul: [tI."fE.Pul] PF n. worsening (in the general

or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen)tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] PF n. state, condition,

situation (derived from fkeytok exist)tìflä: [tI."flæ] PF n. success (in general) (derived

from flä succeed)tìflänga’: [tI."flæ.Na] PF adj. successful (c.w.

from tìflä success and nga’ contain)tìflrr: [tI."flr

"] PF n. gentleness, tenderness (deri-

ved from flrr gentle)

33

tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] PF n. test (derived fromfmetok test)

tìfmi: [tI."fmi] PF n. attempt (derived from fmiattempt)

tìfnu: [tI."fnu] PF n. quiet, silence (derived fromfnu quiet)

tìfnunga’: [tI."fnu.NaP] PF adj. quiet (derivedfrom fnu quiet) nfp.

tìftang: [tI."ftaN] PF n. stopping, the glottal stop(derived from ftang stop)

tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] PF vin. stop (someone orsomething) (derived from tìftang stopping)

tìftia: [tI.fti".a] PF n. study (derived from ftiastudy)

tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] PF n. science,the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-tia study and kifkey world)

tìftiatu: [tI.fti".a.tu] PF n. researcher (derivedfrom tìftia study)

tìftiatu kifkeyä: [tI.fti"a.tu k��."fkEJ.Jæ] PF n.scientist (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher andkifkey world)

tìftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] PF n. passion (derivedfrom ftxavang passionate)

tìftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] PF n. choice (derived from ftx-ey choose)

tìftxulì’u: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] PF n. speech-making,public speaking (derived from ftxulì’u orate,give speech)

tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] PF n. guidance(derived from fyawìntxu guide)

tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] PF n. ripeness, maturity, fullfruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)

tìhawl: [tI."hawl] PF n. preparations, plan (deri-ved from hawl prepare)

tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] PF n. protection (derivedfrom hawnu protect, shelter)

tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] PF vin. protect (de-rived from tìhawnu protection)

tìhìpey: [ti."hI.pEj] PF n. hesitation (derivedfrom hìpey hesitate)

tìhona: [tI."ho.na] PF n. cuteness, adorableness(derived from hona endearing)

tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] PF n. free time, the absence of bu-siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)

tìkakpam: [tI.kak."pam] PF n. deafness (deri-ved from kakpam deaf )

tìkakrel: [tI.kak."REl] PF n. blindness (derivedfrom kakrel blind)

tìkan: [tI."kan] PF n. aim, goal, purpose, target(derived from kan aim)

tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] PF n. work (derivedfrom kem action, deed)

tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] PF vin. work(derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] PF n. project, pie-ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)

tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] PF n. intelligence (derivedfrom kanu smart)

tìkawng: [tI."kawN] PF n. evil (derived fromkawng bad)

tìkeftxo: [tI.kE."ft'o] PF n. sadness (derivedfrom keftxo unhappy)

tìkeftxonga’: [tI.kE."ft'o.NaP] PF adj. sad (deri-ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.

tìkelu: [tI."kE.lu] PF n. lack (derived from kenot and lu be)

tìkemwiä: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] PF n. unfairness, in-justice (derived from kemwiä improper, un-fair, wrong, unjustified)

tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] PF n. example (derivedfrom kenong model)

tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] PF n. difference (c.w. fromke not and teng same)

tìkin: [tI."kin] PF n. need (derived from kinneed)

tìktseri: [tIk.">tsE.Ri] PF n. unawareness, lack ofnotice (derived from tseri note, notice)

tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] PF n. teaching (the act) (de-rived from kar teach)

tìkxey: [tI."k'Ej] PF n. incorrectness, mistakeness(derived from kxeyey mistake)

tìkxey si: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] PF vin. mess up, foul, dowrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)

tìkxìm: [tI."k'Im] PF n. commanding, ordering,assigning tasks (derived from kxìm com-mand, order, assign tasks)

tìkxìm si: [tI."k'Im s·i] PF vin. be above someo-ne in a heirarchy, be someone’s superior (deri-ved from tìkxìm commanding, ordering, as-signing tasks)

tìkxuke: [tI."k'u.kE] PF n. safety (derived fromkxuke safe)

tìlam: [tI."lam] PF n. appearance (derived fromlam seem)

tìlang: [tI."laN] PF n. exploration (derived fromlang investigate, explore)

34

tìlatem: [tI."la.tEm] PF n. change (abstract con-cept) (derived from latem change)

tìlen: [tI."lEn] Prr n. event, happening (derivedfrom len happen)

tìleym: [tI."lEjm] PF n. call (derived from leymcall, cry out, exclaim)

tìleymfe’: [tI.lEjm."fEP] PF n. complaining (deri-ved from leymfe’ complain)

tìleymkem: [tI.lEjm."kEm] PF n. protesting, pro-test (abstract concept) (derived from leym-kem protest)

tìlor: [tI."loR] PF n. beauty (derived from lorbeautiful)

tìm: [tIm] PF adj. lowtìmal: [tI."mal] PF n. trustworthiness (derived

from mal trustworthy)tìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] PF n. harmony (general

sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)tìmeyp: [tI."mEjp] PF n. weakness (derived

from meyp weak)tìmll’an: [tI.ml

"."Pan] PF n. acceptance (derived

from mll’an accept)tìmok: [tI."mok^] PF n. abstract idea of a sugges-

tion (derived from mok suggest)tìmungwrr: [tI.muN."wr

"] PF n. exception (deri-

ved from mungwrr except)tìmungwrr si: [tI.muN."wr

"s·i] PF vin. make an

exception (derived from tìmungwrr excep-tion)

tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t'a] PF n. mating, marriage(derived from muntxa mated)

tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] PF n. patience (deri-ved from maweypey be patient)

tìmwiä: [tIm."wi.æ] PF n. fairness, justice (deri-ved from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)

tìmyì: ["tIm.jI] PF n. low level (c.w. from tìm lowand yì level)

tìn: [tIn] PF n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-ved from ’ìn be busy)

tìnawri: [tI."naw.Ri] PF n. talent (derived fromnawri talented)

tìnew: [tI."nEw] PF n. desire (derived from newwant)

tìng: [t·IN] PF vtr. givetìngay: [tI."Naj] PF n. truth (derived from ngay

true)tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] PF n. difficulty, problem

(derived from ngäzìk difficult)

tìng ftxì: [t·IN ft'I] PF vin. taste (derived fromtìng give and ftxi tongue)

tìng lawr: [t·IN lawR] PF vin. sing wordlessly, gi-ve out a tune or melody (derived from tìnggive and lawr melody)

tìng mikyun: ["t·IN "mik.jun] PF vin. listen (de-rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)

tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] PF vin. look (derivedfrom tìng give and nari eye)

tìngong: [tI."NoN] PF n. lethargy, laziness (deri-ved from ngong lazy)

tìng ontu: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,PF vin. smell (deri-ved from tìng give and ontu nose)

tìngop: [tI."Nop^] PF n. abstract idea of a creation(derived from ngop create)

tìng tseng: ["t·IN ">tsEN] PF vin. back down, gi-

ve ground (derived from tìng give and tsengground)

tìng zekwä: ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] PF vin. touch (inten-tionally) (derived from tìng give and zekwäfinger)

tìno: [tI."no] PF n. thoroughness, attention to de-tail

tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] PF n. curiosity (derivedfrom newomum be curious)

tìnui: [tI."nu.i] PF n. failure (abstract concept)(derived from nui fail, falter)

tìnvi: ["tIn.vi] PF n. task, errand, step (in an in-struction)

tìnvi si: ["tIn.vi s·i] PF vin. perform a task, runan errand (derived from tìnvi task, errand)

tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] PF n. explanation (de-rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)

tìohakx: [tI.o."hak'] PF n. hunger (derived fromohakx hungry)

tìomum: [tI."o.mum] PF n. knowledge (derivedfrom omum know)

tìpawm: [tI."pawm] PF n. question (derivedfrom pawm ask)

tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] PF n. arrival (derivedfrom pähem arrive)

tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k'o] PF n. conversation, di-scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)

tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k'o.>tsjIp^] PF n. little

conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-versation)

tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] PF n. decision (derivedfrom pe’un decide)

35

tìprrte’: [tI."pr".tEP] PF n. pleasure (derived

from prrte’ pleasurable)tìpsaw: [tIp."saw] PF n. clumsiness (derived

from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone)tìralpeng: [tI.Ral."pEN] PF n. translation, inter-

pretation (derived from ral meaning andpeng tell)

tìran: [t·I."R·an] PF vin. walktìrawn: [tI."Rawn] PF n. replacement, the act of

replacing (derived from rawn replace)tìrengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] PF n. design (the act or art

of designing (derived from rengop design)tìrey: [tI."REj] PF n. life (derived from rey live)tìrol: [tI."Rol] PF n. song (vocal) (derived from

rol sing)tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] PF n. imagination (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] PF n. destruction (derived

from ska’a destroy)tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.>tsu] PF n. description (derived

from sla’tsu describe)tìslan: [tI."slan] PF n. support (emotional, social

or personal support) (derived from slan sup-port) ofp.

tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] PF n. loss (derived fromsnaytx lose)

tìso’ha: [tI."soP.ha] PF n. enthusiasm, having agood attitude (derived from so’ha be enthusi-astic about)

tìsom: [tI."som] PF n. heat (derived from somhot)

tìsop: [tI."sop^] PF n. journey (derived from soptravel)

tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] PF n. capture (derived fromspe’e capture)

tìspxin: [tI."sp'in] PF n. the state of being ill, sick-ness (derived from spxin sick)

tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] PF n. pain (derived from srawpainful)

tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] PF vtr. hurt (so-meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw painand s«eyk»i make (causative))

tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] PF vin. hurt, be painful(derived from tìsraw pain)

tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] PF n. prophecy (derivedfrom srese’a prophetize)

tìsteftxaw: [tI.stE."ft'aw] PF n. examination (de-rived from steftxaw examine)

tìsti: [tI."sti] PF n. anger (derived from sti beangry)

tìsung: [tI."suN] LN n. addition, post script (deri-ved from sung add)

tìsyor: [tI."sjor] PF n. relaxation (derived fromsyor relax)

tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] PF n. hunting (derived fromtaron hunt)

tìterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] PF n. death (in abstractsense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is in-evitable."

tìtsan’ul: [tI.">tsan.Pul] PF n. improvement (inthe general or abstract sense) (derived fromtsan’ul improve)

tìtseri: [tI.">tsE.Ri] PF n. awareness, notice (deri-ved from tseri note, notice)

tìtslam: [tI.">tslam] PF n. understanding, intelli-gence (derived from tslam understand)

tìtstew: [tI.">tstEw] PF n. courage, braverytìtstewnga’: [tI.">tstEw.NaP] PF adj. courageous,

brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)

tìtstunwi: [tI.">tstun.wi] PF n. kindness (derivedfrom tstunwi kind)

tìtstunwinga’: [tI."stun.wi.NaP] PF adj. kind(c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con-tain) (nfp.)

tìtsunslu: [tI.">tsun.slu] PF n. possibility (deri-ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

tìtsyär: [tI.">tsjæR] PF n. rejection (derived fromtsyär reject)

tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] PF n. hunting (derivedfrom taron hunt)

tìtxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] PF n. greed (derivedfrom txanew greedy)

tìtxen: [tI."t'En] PF n. awakeness, the state of wa-king (derived from txen awake)

tìtxen si: [tI."t'En s·i] PF vin. to wake, to waken,wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness)

tìtxula: [tI."t'u.la] PF n. construction, construc-ted thing (derived from txula build)

tìtxur: [tI."t'uR] PF n. strength, power (derivedfrom txur strong)

tìtxurnga’: [tI."t'uR. NaP] PF adj. powerful (deri-ved from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.

tìvawm: [tI."vawm] PF n. darkness (derivedfrom vawm dark)

tìväng: [tI."væN] PF n. thirst (derived fromväng thirsty)

36

tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] PF n. hatred (derived fromve’kì hate)

tìwan: [tI."wan] PF n. obfuscation, cover up (de-rived from wan hide)

tìwäsul: [tI."wæ.sul] PF n. competition (derivedfrom wäsul compete)

tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] PF n. dispute, argument (de-rived from wäte argue)

tìwew: [tI."wEw] PF n. coldness, cold (derivedfrom wew cold)

tìwìngay: [tI.wI."Naj] PF n. proof, proving (ab-stract) (derived from wìngay prove)

tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] PF n. fighting (derivedfrom wem fight)

tìyawn: [tI."jawn] PF n. love (derived fromyawne beloved)

tìyawr: [tI."jawR] PF n. correctness (derivedfrom eyawr correct)

tìyäkx: [tI."Jæk'] PF n. lack of notice, snubbing(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)

tìyo’: [tI."yoP^] PF n. perfection (derived fromyo’ be perfect)

tìyora’: [tI.jo"RaP] PF n. victory, a win (derivedfrom yora’ win)

tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] PF n. eating (the act) (de-rived from yom eat)

to: [to] PF part. comparative marker than (be-haves like an adp.)

tok: [t·ok^] PF vtr. be at, occupy a spacetokx: [tok'] PF n. bodytolel: [to."lEl] PF intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-

derstand! (synonym: tslolam)toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] PF vtr. shoottompa: ["tom.pa] PF n. raintompakel: ["tom.pa,kel] PF n. drought (derived

from tompa rain)tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] PF n. drizzle (de-

rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] PF n. sleet (derived

from tompa rain and herwì snow)tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] PF n. raindrop (derived

from tompa rain and ìlva drop)tor: [toR] PF adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived

from toruk last shadow)toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-

der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and maktoride)

trr: [tr"] PF n. day

trr’awve: [tr"."Paw.vE] PF n. Sunday (c.w. from

trr day and ’awve first)

trr’ong: [tr"."PoN] PF n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from

trr day and ’ong unfold)trr’ongmaw: [tr

"."PoN.maw] PF n. dawn after

sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-ter)

trram: [tr"."am] PF adv. yesterday (derived from

trr day and ham previous)trray: [tr

"."aj] PF adv. tomorrow (derived from

trr day and hay next)trrkive: [tr

"."ki.vE] PF n. Saturday (c.w. from trr

day and kive seventh)trrmrrve: [tr

"."mr

".vE] PF n. Thursday (c.w. from

trr day and mrrve fifth)trrmuve: [tr

"."mu.vE] PF n. Monday (c.w. from

trr day and muve second)trrpeve: [tr

"."pE.vE] PF inter. which day (derived

from trr day and –pe interrogative markerand –ve ordinal number marker)

trrpuve: [tr"."pu.vE] PF n. Friday (c.w. from trr

day and puve sixth)trrpxeyve: [tr

"."p'Ej.vE] PF n. Tuesday (c.w. from

trr day and pxeyve third)trrtsìve: [tr

".">tsI.vE] PF n. Wednesday (c.w. from

trr day and tsìve fourth)trrtxon: [tr

".t'on] PF n. the day and night cycle of

Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)tukru: [tuk."Ru] PF n. speartul: [t·ul] PF vin. runtumpin: ["tum.pin] PF n. red, orange (derived

from tun red, orange)tun: [tun] PF adj. red, orangetung: [t·uN] PF vtr. allowtungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] PF vtr. drop (c.w. from

tung allow and zup fall)tup: [tup^] PF conj. instead of, rather thantupe: ["tu.pE] PF inter. who variant of pesutut: [tut^] PF part. continuation markertuté: [tu."tE] PF n. female (person) (derived from

tute person)tutan: [tu."tan] PF n. male (person) (derived

from tute person)tute: ["tu.tE] PF n. persontuteo: ["tu.tE.o] PF pn. somebody, someone (de-

rived from tute person)tutsena: ["tut.sE.na] PF n. stretcher (c.w. from

tute person and sähena carrier)tuvom: [tu."vom] PF adj. greatest of all, excee-

dingly greattuvon: ["t·u.v·on] PF v. lean

37

Ts

tsa’u: [">tsa.Pu] PF dem. that (thing) (c.w. fromtsa that and ’u thing)

tsafya: [>tsa."fja] PF adv. that way, like that (c.w.from tsa- that and fya’o way)

tsa-hey: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warningor frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’

tsaheyl si: [>tsa."hEjl "s·i] PF vin. bond with,establish a neural connection (derived fromtsaheylu bond)

tsaheylu: [>tsa."hEj.lu] JC,PF n. bond (neural con-nection)

tsakem: [">tsa.kEm] or [>tsa."kEm] PF dem. that

(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-tion)

tsakrr: [>tsa."kr"] PF adv. then, at that time, that

time (derived from tsa- that and krr time)tsakrrvay: [>tsa."kr

".vaj] PF adv. until then, in the

meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then and vay upto)

tsal: [>tsal] PF pn. that, it (transitive subject)tsalsungay: [>tsal.su."Naj] PF adv. nevertheless,

even sotsam: [>tsam] PF n. wartsamopin: [">tsa.mo.pin] PF n. warpaint (c.w.

from tsam war and ’opin color)tsampongu: [">tsam.po.Nu] PF n. war party (c.w.

from tsam war and pongu party)tsamsä’o: [">tsam.sæ.Po] PF n. weapon of war

(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool)tsamsiyu: [">tsam.si.ju] PF n. warrior (derived

from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)tsan’ul: [">tsan.P·ul] PF vin. improve, get better

(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)tsang: [>tsaN] PF n. a piercingtsankum: [">tsan.kum] PF n. advantage, benefit,

upside, gain (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, getbetter and kum result)

tsankumnga’: [">tsan.kum.NaP] PF adj. advanta-geous (derived from tsankum advantage, be-nefit, upside, gain)

tsap’alute: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE] PF n. apologytsap’alute si: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] PF vin. apologi-

se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-gy)

tsapo: [">tsa.po] PF pn. that one (for people only)(c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)

tsaria: [">tsa.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. fromtsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)

tsat: [>tsat^] PF pn. that, it (as object)tsata: [">tsa.ta] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from

tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)tsatseng: [>tsa.">tsEN] or ["

>tsa.

>tsEN] PF dem., n.

there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tsengplace)

tsatu: [">tsa.tu] PF dem. that person (c.w. fromtsa that and tute person)

tsaw: [>tsaw] PF dem., pn. that, it (as intransitivesubject)

tsawa: [">tsa.wa] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. fromtsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)

tsawke: [">tsaw.kE] PF n. suntsawl: [>tsawl] PF adj. big (in size), tall ofp.tsawlhì’: [>tsawl."hIP] PF n. size (c.w. from tsawl

big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))tsawl slu: [">tsawl "sl·u] PF vin. grow (c.w. from

tsawl big and slu become)tsawlultxa: [>tsawl.ul."t'a] PF n. large gathering,

conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me-eting)

tsawsngem: [>tsaw."sNEm] PF adj. muscular (de-rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle)

tsä’: [>ts·æP] PF v. squirttse: [>tsE] PF part. well (conversation starter)tse’a: [>ts·E."P·a] PF vtr. see (physical sense)tse’atswo: [>tsE."Pa.>tswo] PF n. (sense of) sight,

vision (derived from tse’a see)tseltsul: [">tsEl.>tsul] PF n. whitewater rapids

(countable, but only rarely)tsenga: [">tsE.Na] PF conj. where, place where (de-

rived from tseng place)tseng(e): [">tsEN(E)] PF n. placetsengo: [">tsE.No] PF pn. somewhere (derived

from tseng place)tsengpe: [">tsEN.pE] PF inter. where variant of

pesengtseo: [">tsE.o] PF n. arttseotu: [">tsE.o.tu] PF n. artist (generic term) (de-

rived from tseo art)tseri: [">ts·E.R·i] PF vtr. note, noticetsewtx: [>tsEwt'] PF adj. dirtytsim: [>tsim] PF n. sourcetsin: [>tsin] PF n. nail, clawtsìk: [>tsIk] PF adv. suddenly, without warning

38

tsìlpey: [>tsIl."pEj] PF n. hope (abstract concept)(derived from sìlpey hope)

tsìltsan: [>tsIl.">tsan] PF n. good (abstract concept),goodness (derived from sìltsan good)

tsìng: [>tsIN] PF num. fourtsìsyì: [">ts·I.sy·I] PF vin. whispertsìve: [">tsI.vE] PF adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived

from tsìng four)tskalep: [">tska.lEp^] PF n. crossbowtsko: [>tsko] PF n. bow (weapon)tsko swizaw: [">tsko swi."zaw] PF n. bow and ar-

row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)tskxaytsyìp: [">tsk'aj.>tsjIp^] PF n. hail (derived

from tskxepay ice)tskxe: [>tsk'E] PF n. rock, stonetskxekeng: [">tsk'E.kEN] PF n. training, exercisetskxekeng si: [">tsk'E.kEN "s·i] PF vin. exercise,

train (derived from tskxekeng training)tskxepay: [">tsk'E.paj] PF n. ice (derived from

tskxe stone and pay water)tskxevi: [">tsk'E.vi] PF n. pebble, small stone po-

lished smooth by natural forces (derived fromtskxe rock, stone)

tslam: [>tsl·am] PF vtr. understandtsleng: [>tslEN] PF adj. falsetslolam: [>tslo."lam] PF intj. get it, I understand

(derived from tslam understand and «ol»perfective aspect infix)

tsmi: [>tsmi] PF n. nectartsmisnrr: [">tsmi.snr

"] PF n. bladder lantern, nec-

tar lantern (c.w. from tsmi nectar and nrrglow)

tsmìm: [>tsmIm] PF n. track, trace (of animal orperson)

tsmuk: [>tsmuk^] PF n. siblingtsmukan: [">tsmu.kan] PF n. brother (derived

from tsmuk sibling)tsmuke: [">tsmu.kE] PF n. sister (derived from

tsmuk sibling)tsmuktu: [">tsmuk.tu] PF n. sibling (derived

from tsmuk sibling)tsngal: [>tsNal] PF n. cuptsngan: [>tsNan] PF n. meattsngawpay: [">tsNaw.paj] PF n. tears (c.w. from

tsngawvìk cry and pay water)tsngawpayvi: [">tsNaw.paj.vi] PF n. teardrop

(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water,with partitive marker)

tsngawvìk: [">tsN·aw.v·Ik^] PF vin. cry, weep

tsngem: [>tsNEm] PF n. muscletsnì: [>tsnI] PF sbd. that (function word) (with

subjunctive verb in dependant clause)tson: [>tson] PF n. obligation, duty, imposed requi-

rementtsong: [>tsoN] PF n. valleytsongropx: [">tsoN.Rop'] PF n. hole, cavity, exca-

vation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w.from tsong valley and ropx hole)

tsongtsyìp: [">tsoN.>tsjIp] PF n. dimple (derivedfrom tsong valley)

tsonta: [">tson.ta] PF conj. to (with kxìm) (deri-ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi-rement) (contraction of tsonit a)

tsopì: [">tso.pI] PF n. lungtspang: [>tsp·aN] PF vtr. killtsranten: [">tsR·an.t·En] PF vin. matter, be of im-

portancetsray: [>tsRaj] PF n. villagetsre’i: [">tsR·E.P·i] PF vtr. throwtsrul: [>tsRul] PF n. nest; protected area serving as

the home of Pandoran faunatstal: [>tstal] PF n. knifetstalsena: [">tstal.sE.na] PF n. knife sheath (c.w.

from tstal knife and sähena carrier)tstew: [>tstEw] PF adj. brave ofp.tstu: [>tstu] PF adj. closed, shut, overcast (for

cloudy skies)tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, thoughtful,

consideratetstu si: [">tstu "s·i] PF vin. close (derived from

tstu closed)tstxo: [>tst'o] PF n. nametstxolì’u: [">tst'o.lI.Pu] PF n. noun (c.w. from

tstxo name and lì’u word)tstxolì’ukìngvi: [>tst'o."lIP.u.k��N.vi] PF n. noun

phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central word isa noun) (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and kìngthread)

tsu’o: [">tsu.Po] PF n. abilitytsuksìm: [">tsuk.sIm] PF n. chintsuktswa’: [>tsuk.">tswaP] PF adj. forgettable (de-

rived from tswa’ forget)tsukx: [>ts·uk'] PF vtr. stabtsukyom: [>tsuk."jom] PF adj. edible (derived

from yom eat)tsulfä: [>tsul."fæ] PF n. masterytsulfä si: [>tsul."fæ "s·i] PF vin. master (derived

from tsulfä mastery)

39

tsulfätu: [>tsul."fæ.tu] PF n. master of an art,craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfämastery)

tsulfätunay: [>tsul.fæ.tu."naj] PF n. near-master(derived from tsulfätu master)

tsun: [>ts·un] PF vim. can, be abletsunslu: [">ts·un.sl·u] PF vin. may, be possible

(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)tsurokx: [>ts·u."R·ok'] PF vin. resttswa’: [>tsw·aP] PF vtr. forgettswayon: [">tsw·aj.·on] PF vin. flytswin: [>tswin] PF n. queue, braidtswintsyìp: [">tswin.

>tsjIp^] PF n. little queue (de-

rived from tswin queue)tswìk: [>tsw·Ik] PF vtr. sucktswìk kxenerit: [>tsw·��k k'E.nER.��t] PF,D vin.

smoke (lit. to suck smoke) (c.w. from tswìk

suck and kxener smoke)tsyafe: [">tsja.fE] PF adj. mild, moderate, comfor-

tabletsyal: [>tsjal] PF n. wingtsyär: [>tsj·æR] PF vtr. rejecttsyey: [>tsjEj] PF n. snack, light mealtsyeym: [>tsjEjm] PF n. treasure; something rare

and of great valuetsyeytsyìp: [">tsjEj.>tsjIp^] PF n. tiny bite (deri-

ved from tsyey snack, light meal)tsyìl: [>tsj·Il] PF vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire

body up)tsyo: [>tsjo] PF n. flourtsyokx: [>tsjok'] PF n. handtsyosyu: [">tsjo.sju] PF n. food made from flour

(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

Tx

txa’: [t'aP] PF adj. hardtxal: [t'al] PF n. back (of the body)txampay: [t'am."paj] PF n. sea, ocean (c.w. from

txan much and pay water)txampxì: [t'am."p'I] PF n. majority, most, large

part (derived from txan much)txan: [t'an] PF adj. muchtxanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] PF adj. bright, vivid (c.w.

from txan much and atan light)txanew: ["t'a.nEw] PF adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-

an much and new want)txanfwerwì: [t'an."fwER.wI] PF n. blizzard (de-

rived from txan much and hufwe+herwìwind+snow)

txankrr: [t'aN."kr"] PF adv. for a long time (c.w.

from txan much and krr time)txanlal: ["t'an.lal] PF adj. ancient, very old (c.w.

from txan much and lal old)txanlokxe: [t'an.lo."k'E] PF n. clan or tribal do-

main, country (c.w. from txan; olo’ great; tri-be, clan and atxkxe land)

txanro’a: [t'an."R·o.P·a] PF vin. be famous (c.w.from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re-spect)

txanso’hayu: [t'an."soP.ha.ju] PF n. fan, ent-husiast (c.w. from txan much and so’ha beenthusiastic about)

txantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] PF n. rainstorm, hea-vy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa

rain)txantsan: ["t'an.>tsan] PF adj. excellenttxantslusam: ["t'an.>tslu.sam] PF adj. wise (c.w.

from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)txantstew: ["t'an.>tstEw] PF n. hero (c.w. from

txan much and tstew brave)txantur: ["t'an.tuR] PF adj. powerful (c.w. from

txan much and txur strong) ofp.txantxew: [t'an."t'Ew] PF n. maximum (c.w.

from txan much and txew limit, border, end)txantxewvay: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] PF adv. maximal-

ly (derived from txantxew maximum)txanwawe: [t'an.wa."wE] PF adj. personally me-

aningful, significant (c.w. from txan muchand wawe significance)

txanwetseng: [t'an."wE.>tsEN] PF n. personally

significant or beloved place, heimat (ger.) (deri-ved from txanwawe(a) personally meaning-ful, significant and tseng place)

txasom: ["t'a.som] PF adj. very hot (derivedfrom txan much and som hot)

txatx: [t'at'] PF n. bubbletxawew: ["t'a.wEw] PF adj. very cold (derived

from txan much and wew cold)txay: [t'·aj] PF vin. be horizontal, lie flattxayo: ["t'a.jo] PF n. field, open terrain, plaintxärem: ["t'æ.REm] PF n. bonetxe’lan: [t'EP."lan] PF n. heart

40

txekxumpay: [t'E."k'um.paJ] PF n. magma, la-va (derived from txep fire and kxumpayviscous liquid)

txele: ["t'E.lE] PF n. matter (subject)txen: [t'En] PF adj. awaketxep: [t'Ep^] PF n. firetxepìva: ["t'E.pI.va] PF n. ash, cinder (derived

from txep fire and ìlva flake)txepram: [t'Ep."Ram] PF n. volcano (c.w. from

txep fire and ram mountain)txeptseng: ["t'Ep.>tsEN] PF n. place where a fire

is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fireand tseng place)

txeptsyìp: ["t'Ep.>tsjIp^] PF n. dear or cute littlefire (derived from txep fire)

txepvi: ["t'Ep.vi] PF n. spark (derived from txepfire)

txew: [t'Ew] PF n. edge, brink, limit, border, endtxewk: [t'Ewk^] PF n. club (weapon)txewluke: ["t'Ew.lu.kE] PF adj. endless, bound-

less, without limit (c.w. from txew limit, bor-der and luke without)

txewm: [t'Ewm] PF adj. scary, frighteningtxewnga’: ["t'Ew.NaP] PF adj. having a limit, not

without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limitand nga’ contain)

txey: [t'·Ej] PF v. halttxi: [t'i] PF n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzytxin: [t'in] PF adj. main, primarytxintìn: ["t'in.tIn] PF n. occupation, primary role

in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-ty that keeps one busy)

txintseng: ["t'in.>tseN] PF n. base of operations(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla-ce)

txìm: [t'Im] PF n. butt, rear end, asstxìng: [t'·IN] PF vtr. leave, abandontxo: [t'o] PF conj. iftxoa: ["t'o.a] PF n. forgivenesstxokefyaw: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] PF conj. if not, or else,

otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if notone path)

txon: [t'on] PF n. nighttxon’ong: [t'on."PoN] PF,Prr n. night-fall, sun-

set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

txon’ongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] PF n. twilight,the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-on’ong sunset and maw after)

txonam: [t'o."nam] PF adv. last night (derivedfrom txon night and ham previous)

txonay: [t'o."naj] PF adv. tomorrow night (deri-ved from txon night and hay next)

txonkrr: ["t'on.kr"] PF adv. at night (c.w. from

txon night and krr time)txopu: ["t'o.pu] PF n. feartxopu si: ["t'o.pu "s·i] PF vin. be afraid (derived

from txopu fear)txopu sleyku: ["t'o.pu slEj."k·u] PF vtr. frighten

(derived from txopu fear and sleykuproduce)

txukx: [t'uk'] PF adj. deep (physically)txula: ["t'·u.l·a] PF vtr. build, constructtxum: [t'um] PF n. poisontxumnga’: ["t'um.NaP] PF adj. poisonous (deri-

ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)txur: [t'uR] PF adj. strong (physically)txurtel: ["t'uR.tel] PF n. rope (c.w. from txur

strong and telem cord)

U

ue’: [·u·"EP] PF vtr., vin. vomit, vomit upuk: [uk^] PF n. shadow (derived from toruk last

shadow)ukxo: [u."k'o] PF adj. dryulte: ["ul.tE] PF conj. and (clausal conjunction)ultxa: [ul."t'a] PF n. meetingultxarun: [ul."t'a.R·un] PF vtr. encounter, meet

by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting andrun find)

ultxa si: [ul."t'a "s·i] PF vin. meet with someoneintentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-

txa meeting)

ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] PF n. meeting participant(derived from ultxa meeting)

um: [um] PF adj. loose

unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream

unil si: ["u.nil s·i] PF vin. dream (derived fromunil dream)

uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,PF n. ava-tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyudreamwalker and tokx body)

41

uniltìrantokxolo’: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP] PF

n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from unil-tìrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’clan)

uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] PF n. dreamwalker(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)

uniltsa: ["u.nIl.>ts·a] PF vtr. dream of, dreamabout (derived from unil dream and tse’asee)

unyor: [un."joR] PF adj. sweetly aromatic (a flo-wery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may alsorefer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking)

uo–: ["u.o] PF adp. behinduran: ["u.Ran] PF n. boat

utral: ["ut.Ral] PF n. treeutraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.>tsjIp^] PF n. bush (derived

from utral tree)utu: ["u.tu] PF n. forest canopyutumauti: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] PF n. banana fruit

(c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit.canopy fruit)

uvan: [u."van] PF n. gameuvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok'] PF n. physical or

athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan gameand letokx physical)

uvan si: [u."van "s·i] PF vin. play (a game) (deri-ved from uvan game)

V

var: [v·aR] PF vim. to persist in a state, to conti-nue to perform an action

vawm: [vawm] PF adj. darkvawmpin: ["vawm.pin] PF n. dark color (deri-

ved from vawm dark)vawt: [vawt^] PF adj. solid, not hollowvay–: [vaj] PF adp. up tovaykrr: [vaj."kr

"] PF conj. until (c.w. from vay–

up to and krr time)vä’: [væP] PF adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-

meväng: [væN] PF adj. thirstyväpam: ["væ.pam] PF n. noise. ugly or unplea-

sant sound, screech (derived from vä unplea-sant to the senses and pam sound)

ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] PF vtr. hateve’o: ["vE.Po] PF n. order (as opposed to disorder

or chaos), organizationvefya: ["vE.fja] PF n. system, process, procedure,

approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organizationand fya’o way, manner)

velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] PF vin. give up, surrender, con-cede defeat

velke: ["vEl.ke] PF adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani-zed, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organi-zation and luke without)

venga’: ["vE.NaP] PF adj. organized, “on top ofthings” (c.w. from ve’o order, organizationand nga’ contain)

venu: ["vE.nu] PF n. footvenzek: ["vEn.zEk^] PF n. toe (c.w. from venu

foot and zekwä finger)

vewng: [v·EwN] PF vtr. look after, take care of, beresponsible for

vey: [vEj] PF n. food made from animal origin,flesh

vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] PF vtr. put in order, orga-nize (derived from vezo be in order)

vezo: [vE."z·o] PF vin. be in order, be organized(c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it shouldbe)

vin: [v·in] PF vtr. request, ask forvingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] PF vtr. occur to one, pop

into one’s mindvirä: [v·i."R·æ] PF v. spread, proliferatevitra: [vit."Ra] PF n. soulvll: [v·l

"] PF vin., vtr. indicate, point at

vol: [vol] PF num. eightvolve: ["vol.vE] PF adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived

from vol eight)vonvä’: [von."væP] PF n. butthole, asshole, dick-

head (vulgar) (c.w. from vitra soul and onvä’bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)

vospxì: [vo."sp'I] PF n. month (derived fromvosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)

vospxìam: [vo.sp'I."am] PF n. last month (deri-ved from vospxì month)

vospxìay: [vo.sp'I."aj] PF n. next month (deri-ved from vospxì month)

vrrìn: ["v·r".·In] PF svin. be busy (negative sen-

se): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activi-ty that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìnbe busy)

vrrtep: ["vr".tEp^] PF n. demon

42

vul: [vul] PF n. branch (of a tree)vur: [vuR] PF n. storyvurvi: ["vuR.vi] PF n. summary, synopsis (deri-

ved from vur story)

vurway: ["vuR.waj] PF n. story poem, narrativepoem (c.w. from vur story and way song)

W

walak: ["wa.lak^] PF adj. energetic, activewan: [w·an] PF vtr. hidewawe: [wa."wE] PF n. meaning, importance, sig-

nificanceway: [waj] PF n. song (ancient, ceremonial)way a plltxe: [waj a pl

".t'E] PF ph. spoken poem

(as a melodic recital) (derived from way sing(ceremonial register))

way a rol: [waj a Rol] PF ph. sung poem (deri-ved from way sing (ceremonial register))

wayä aylì’u: [waj.æ ajlI.Pu] PF ph. words of apoem or lyrics of a song (derived from waysing (ceremonial register))

way si: ["waj "s·i] PF vin. sing (derived fromway song)

waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] PF n. song cord (c.w.from way song and telem cord)

wä+: [wæ] PF adp. against (as in: fight against)wäsul: ["wæ.s·ul] PF vin. competewäte: [wæ."t·E] PF vtr. argue, disputewätu: ["wæ.tu] PF n. opponent (derived from

wä- against)wätx: [w·æt'] PF vtr. be bad atwe’ay: ["wE.Paj] PF adj. sourwem: [w·Em] PF vin. fightwempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. squad, milita-

ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and

pongu group)weopx: [wE."op'] PF n. wave (of water)wew: [wEw] PF adj. coldweyn: [w·Ejn] PF vtr. draw, illustratewin: [win] PF adj. fastwin säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] PF vin. hurry (c.w. from

win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))win si: ["win "s·i] PF vin. rush something, make

something fast (derived from win fast)wip: [wip^] PF adj. saltywiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or

frustration, ’damn!’wìngay: [w·I."Naj] PF vtr. prove (derived from

wìntxu show and ngay true)wìntxu: [w·In."t'·u] PF vtr. showwo: [w·o] PF vtr. reach forwok: [wok^] PF adj. loudwokau: [wok."a.u] JC,PF n. pendulum drum

(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)wotx: [wot'] PF n. totality, wholewrrpa: ["wr

".pa] PF n., adv. outside

wrrza’u: [wr"."z·a.Pu] PF vin. come out, emerge

(derived from wrrpa outside and za’u come)wum: [wum] PF adv. approximately, roughlywur: [wuR] PF adj. cool, chillywutso: ["wu.

>tso] PF n. dinner, served meal

Y

ya: [ja] PF n. air

yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] PF n. weather (derivedfrom fkeytok exist)

yak: [jak^] PF n. fork, branch, point of divergence

yak si: [j·ak^ s·i] PF vin. diverge, change direc-tion, go astray (derived from yak point of di-vergence)

yaney: [ja."nEj] PF n. canoe

yapay: ["ja.paj] PF n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. fromya air and pay water)

yawne: ["jaw.nE] PF adj. beloved

yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] PF n. loved one (derivedfrom yawne beloved)

yawntu: ["jawn.tu] PF n. loved one (derivedfrom yawne beloved)

yawntutsyìp: ["yawn.tu.>tsjIp] PF n. darling,

little loved one (derived from yawntu lovedone)

yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] PF n. broken heart,broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne belovedand yewla disappointment)

yawo: [ja."w·o] PF vin. take off, launch (c.w.from ya air and wo reach for)

43

yayayr: [ja."jajR] PF n. confusionyayayrnga’: [ja."jajR.NaP] PF adj. confusing (de-

rived from yayayr confusion)yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.>tsim] PF n. something con-

fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayrconfusion and tsim source)

yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] PF adj. foolish, ignorantyayo: ["ja.jo] PF n. bird (c.w. from ya air and

ioang animal)yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.>tsRul] PF n. bird’s nest (c.w.

from yayo bird and tsrul nest)yäkx: [J·æk'] PF vtr. not notice, ignore, snubyän: [j·æn] PF vtr. fasten, tie downye: [jE] PF adj. satisfied, content, satiated, fullye’krr: ["jEP.kr

"] PF adv. early (derived from

ye’rìn soon and krr time)ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] PF adv. soonyehakx: ["jE.hak'] PF adj. satisfied from hunger,

full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)yem: [j·Em] PF vtr. put, placeyemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] PF n. dipping, immersion

(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-ter)

yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] PF vin. dip intoliquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)

yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok'] PF vtr. put on (clot-hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-kx body)

yengwal: [jEN."wal] PF n. sorrowyeväng: ["jE.væN] PF adj. satisfied from thirst by

drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived fromye satisfied and väng thirsty)

yewla: ["jEw.la] PF n. disappointment, emotionallet-down, failed expectation

yey: [jEj] PF adj. straightyeyfya: ["jEj.fja] PF n. straight line (derived

from yey straight and fya’o path)

yì: [jI] PF n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can al-so be used metaphorically to refer to the le-vel of anything scalable - anything that canhave levels or degrees, highs and lows, wa-ter level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)

yìm: [j·Im] PF vtr. bindyll: [jl

"] PF adj. communal

ylltxep: ["jl".t'Ep^] PF n. communal fire or fire pit

(c.w. from yll communal and txep fire)yo: [jo] PF n. surfaceyo’: [j·oP^] PF svin. be perfect, flawlessyo’ko: ["joP.ko] PF n. circle (derived from yo’

perfect and ko’on ring)yo’kofya: ["joP.ko.fja] PF n. cycle (c.w. from

yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way)yoa–: ["jo.a] PF adp. in exchange foryol: [jol] PF adj. short (of time)yom: [j·om] PF vtr. eatyomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] PF vin. feed (with dative ob-

ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)yomyo: ["jom.jo] PF n. plate, (for food) (c.w.

from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))

yomyo lerìk: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] PF n. leaf plate(c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìkleafy)

yora’: [j·o."R·aP] PF vtr. winyora’tu: [jo."RaP.tu] PF n. winner (derived from

yora’ win)yrr: [jr

"] PF adj. wild, natural (something in its

original, unmodified, untampered-with naturalstate)

yrrap: ["jr".ap^] PF n. storm (derived from ya air

and hrrap danger)yuey: ["ju.Ej] PF adj. beautiful (inner beauty)

ofp.yune: ["j·u.n·E] PF vtr. listen to (intentionally)yur: [j·uR] PF vtr. wash

Z

za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. pull (derivedfrom ’ärìp move)

za’u: ["z·a.P·u] PF vin. comezam: [zam] PF num. sixty fourzamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] PF vtr. bring (derived

from munge bring)zapxì: [za."p'I] PF n. front (part or section) (deri-

ved from hapxì part)

zare’: [za."REP] PF n. forehead, brow (c.w. fromzapxì front and re’o head)

zasrìn: [za."sR·In] PF vtr. borrow (derived fromsrìn temporarily transfer from one to another)

zawng: [z·awN] PF vin. screamzawprrte’: [z·aw."pr

".tEP] PF vin. be enjoyable

(derived from za’u come and prrte’ pleasu-rable)

44

zawr: [zawr] PF n. animal callzäfi: ["zæ.fi] PF adj. modified, interfered with, no

longer in a natural statezekwä: ["zEk.wæ] PF n. fingerzel: [zEl] PF adv. then (counterfactual use)zene: ["z·E.n·E] PF vim. mustzenke: ["z·EN.kE] PF vim. must not (ii) (c.w.

from zene must and ke not)zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] PF vtr. rememberzeswa: ["zE.swa] PF n. grasszeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] PF n. blade of grass (deri-

ved from zeswa grass)zet: [z·Et^] PF vtr. treat (emotionally), display an

attitude towardszey: [zEj] PF adj. special, distinctzeyko: [zEj."k·o] PF vtr. heal, fix (derived from

zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)zir: [ziR] PF n. touch, feel, texturezìm: [z·Im] PF vtr. feel (not intentionally)zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] PF n. newcomer, some-

one who has just arrived on the scenezìmtswo: ["zIm.

>tswo] PF n. (sense of) touch (de-

rived from zìm touch)

zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr"] PF n. season (derived from

zìsìt year and krr time)zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] PF n. yearzìsìtay: ["zI.sIt.aj] PF n. next year (derived from

zìsìt year)zìsìtsaltrr: [zI.sIt."sal.tr

"] PF n. (yearly) anniver-

sary (c.w. from zìsìt year, salew go and trrday)

zìtsaltrr: [zI.">tsal.tr"] PF n. colloquial form of

zìsìtsaltrr (yearly anniversary)zo: [z·o] PF svin. be well, be intact, be as it should

be, work correctly or as nature intendedzong: [z·oN] PF vtr. save, defendzongtseng: ["zoN.>tsEN] PF n. safe place, refuge

(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)zoplo: [zop."lo] PF n. offence, insultzoslu: ["zo.sl·u] PF vin. heal, become well, get fix-

ed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)zum: [zum] PF n. object, thing (physical or tan-

gible)zun: [zun] PF conj. if (counterfactual use)zup: [z·up^] PF vin. fallzusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr

"] PF n. future (c.w. from

z«us»a’u coming and krr time)

ä

äie: [æ."i.E] PF n. vision (spiritual)äo–: ["æ.o] PF adp. under, belowätxäle: [æ."t'æ.lE] PF n. request

ätxäle si: [æ."t'æ.lE "s·i] PF vin. request (withtsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxälerequest)

ì

ìì: [I:] PF intj. um, erìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, following,

according to

ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cryìlva: ["Il.va] PF n. flake, drop, chipìpxa: [I."p'a] RL,PF n. fern

45

A The Number System

The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in theirsingular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underliningindicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial numberreference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.

Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced agrammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states thatin referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “Youtwo are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 390 1 2 3 4

0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 635 6 7

0 mrrvol puvol kivol1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

Ordinal NumbersNumber + -ve

0 – 8 volve1 ’awve 9 volawve2 muve 10 vomuve3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve4 tsìve 12 vosìve5 mrrve 13 vomrrve6 puve 14 vofuve7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096

1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

46

Example Numberzamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxontrr’ong dawn

trr’ongmaw after dawnrewon morning

srekamtrr before noonkxamtrr noon

kxamtrrmaw after noonha’ngir early afternoonkaym late afternoon

sreton’ong before nightfalltxon’ong nightfall

txon’ongmaw after nightfalltxon night

srekamtxon before midnightkxamtxon midnight

kxamtxomaw after midnighttxon night

sresrr’ong before dawntrr’ong dawn

Days of the Terrestrial WeekSunday trr’awveMonday trrmuveTuesday trrpxeyve

Wednesday trrtsìveThursday trrmrrve

Friday trrpuveSaturday trrkive

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] PF n. English language (loa-ned from Eng. English)

’Rrta: ["Pr".ta] PF,Prr prop.n. Earth (loaned

from Eng. Earth)

Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] PF prop.n. Europe (loanedfrom Greek Europe)

ewro: ["Ew.Ro] PF n. euro (loaned from Eng. eu-ro)

hametsì: [ha.mE.>tsI] PF n. leavened bread (loa-

ned from Hebrew chametz)

Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:l"i] M n. moron, toruk mak-

toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-mally allowable under Na’vi phonotacticrules)

kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] PF n. gunship (loaned fromEng. gunship)

lì’upuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] PF n. dictionary (loanedfrom Na’vi / Eng. word book)

LosÄntsyelesì: [los."an>tsJE.lE.sI] PF pn. LosAngeles (loaned from Eng. Los Angeles)

matsa: [ma.>tsa] PF n. matsa, crackers (loaned

from Hebrew matsa)nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] PF adv. French (loaned

from French Français)nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] PF adv. German (loa-

ned from German Deutsche)nìTsyungwen: [nI.">tsjuN.wEn] PF adv. Zhong-

wen (loaned from Mandarin ChineseZhongwen)

47

Pari: [pa.Ri] PF prop.n. Paris (loaned fromFrench Paris)

paynäpll: ["paj.næ.pl"] PF n. pineapple (loaned

from Eng. pineapple)päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] PF n. basketball (loa-

ned from Eng. basketball)pätsì: ["pæ.

>tsI] PF n. badge (loaned from Eng.

badge)pìlok: [pI."lok^] PF n. blog (loaned from Eng.

blog)postì: ["po.stI] PF n. (forum/blog) post (loaned

from Eng. post)puk: [puk^] PF n. book (loaned from Eng. book)puktsyìp: ["puk.>tsjIp^] PF n. pamphlet, booklet

(derived from puk book)pxir: [p'iR] PF n. beer (loaned from German bi-

er)skxaypxe: ["sk'aj.p'E] PF n. Skype (loaned from

English Skype)Sweriye: [swERijE] PF prop.n. Sweden (loaned

from Swedish Sverige)tawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] PF n. sky-ship (loaned from

Eng. ship)tìreyn: [+tI."REjn] PF n. train (loaned from Eng.

train)

Toitslan: ["to.i.>tslan] PF prop.n. Germany (loa-ned from German Deutschland)

Toitsye: ["to.i.>tsjE] PF adj. German (language)(loaned from German Deutsch)

toktor: ["tok.toR] PF n. doctor (loaned fromEng. doctor)

tsyänel: [>tsjæ.nEl] PF n. TV channel (loanedfrom Eng. channel)

tsyìräfì: [>tsjI.Ræ.fI] PF n. giraffe (loaned fromEng. giraffe)

tsyoklìt: [">tsjok.lIt^] PF n. chocolate (loanedfrom Eng. chocolate)

txolar: ["t'o.lar] PF n. dollar (loaned from Eng.dollar)

wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web,www) (loaned from Eng. web)

weptseng: ["wEp.>tsEN] LN n. website (loaned

from Eng. / Na’vi web place)wou: ["w·o.·u] PF svin. be amazing, fascinating

(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)Yeysu: [jEj.su] PF prop.n. Jesus (loaned from

Italian Jesu)Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] PF prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned

from Eng. U.S.A.)

48

D Na’vi Proper Nouns

Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’viAmhul: [am."hul] PF prop.n. female Na’viAnurai: ["a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan nameAonung: [a.o."nuN] PF prop.n. male Na’vi of the

Metkayina ClanAteyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo

(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itanson)

Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’viayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] PF prop.n.

the Floating Mountains (c.w. from rammountain and lìng hover)

ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra souland ramunong well)

Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] PF prop.n. male Na’viEntu: ["En.tu] PF prop.n. male Na’viEytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of

the OmatikayaEywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-

rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL

Eywa’eveng: [�Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,PF prop.n.Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)

Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway toHeaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi

Ìstaw: [I."staw] PF prop.n. male Na’viKamun: ["ka.mun] PF prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-

tionate form Kamtsyìp)Kekunan: ["kE.ku.nan] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na-

meKelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] PF prop.n. Hometree (c.w.

from kelku home and utral tree)Li’ona: [lI.Po.na] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan nameLo’ak: ["loP.ak^] PF prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s se-

cond born sonLo’akur: [lo.Pa."kuR] PF,CdS prop.n. Toruk Mak-

to Amulet (c.w. from lo’a totem and kurhang)

Metkayina: [mEt.ka."ji.na] JC,PF prop.n. ReefPeople Clan

Mo’ara: [mo."Pa.Ra] PF prop.n. a valley on Pan-dora (Note: Also the name of the DisneyPandora location)

Mo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-tikaya (also pronounced Moat)

Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter ofMo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’itedaughter)

Na’vi: ["naP.vi] PF prop.n. the People, indige-nous Pandoran sentient race

Naranawm: [naR.a."nawm] JC,PF prop.n. Poly-phemus (derived from nari eye and anawmgreat; lit. great eye)

Nawmtoruktek: [nawm."to.Ruk.tEk^] PF,CdS

prop.n. Toruk Makto Totem (c.w. from nawmToruk great Toruk and tekre skull)

Neteyam: [nE."tEj.am] PF prop.n. Jake and Ney-tiri’s first born son

Newey: [nE."wEj] PF prop.n. female Na’viNeytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the

Omatikaya ClanNinat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the

Omatikaya ClanOmatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue

Flute Clan (Note: common misspelling asOmaticaya, sourced by the ASG)

Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. male Na’viPeyral: [pEj."Ral] PF prop.n. female Na’vi of the

Omatikaya ClanPongu Pongu: ["po.Nu "po.Nu] D prop.n. party

party (irregular use) (derived from pongu agroup or party of people) (Note: Name of barat Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar)

Ralu: ["Ra.lu] PF prop.n. male Na’viRini: ["Ri.ni] PF prop.n. female Na’viRonal: ["Ro.nal] PF prop. n. Female Na’vi of the

Metkayina ClanRongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan nameRotxo: ["ro.t'o] PF prop.n. male Na’vi of the Met-

kayina ClanSatu’li: [sa"tuP.li] PF,D prop.n. Canteen in the

Valley of Mo’ara (Note: From Disney’s Pan-dora - The World of Avatar)

Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s bansheeSilwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sisterSorewn: [so."REwn] PF prop.n. female Na’viSwotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] PF prop.n. sacred river

(derived from swotu sacred place)Swotu Wayä: ["swo.tu "waJ.æ] PF,D prop.n.

sacred place of song (Note: From Disney’sPandora - The World of Avatar)

49

Tawkami: [taw."ka.mi] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na-me (c.w. from taw sky and kame see)

Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] PF prop.n. Sky-person,human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)

Tipani: ["ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan nameTonowari: [to.no."wa.Ri] JC,PF prop.n. male

Na’vi of the Metkayina ClanTsahìk: [">tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high

priestess, interpreterTsenu: [">tsE.nu] PF prop.n. female Na’viTsireya: [>tsi."rEj.a] PF prop.n. female of the Met-

kayina ClanTskaha: [">tska.ha] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan nameTsu’tey: [>tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-

tikaya ClanTsumongwi: [>tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original

name for the Omatikaya

Tuke: ["tu.kE] PF prop.n. female Na’viTuktirey: [tuk."ti.Rej] PF prop.n. Jake and Ney-

tiri’s daughterTxärpawk: ["t'æR.pawk^] PF,CdS prop.n. Palu-

lukan Bone Horn (c.w. from txärem bone andpawk horn, wind instrument)

Txewì: ["t'E.wI] PF prop.n. male Na’viTxilte: ["t'il.tE] PF prop.n. female Na’viUniltaron: [�u.nil."ta.Ron] PF prop.n. Dream

Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,PF

prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral treeand mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)

Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] PF prop.n. male Na’viVitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] PF prop.n. Tree of

Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

50

E Flora and Fauna

Flora

’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] PF n. leaf pitcher plant(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)

’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] PF n. pitcher plant’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl

"] PF n. thorny paw, cactus

(derived from ’ewll plant)anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] PF n. fibonacci, blue spiral

plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr

"] PF n. delta tree (c.w. from

apxa large and ngrr root)atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre-

at treeawaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] PF n. banshee of paradiseeanean: ["E.an."E.an] PF n. cheadle, herbaceous

plant (c.w. from ean blue)eyaye: [E."ja.jE] PF n. warbonnetfkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl

"] PF n. itch plant (c.w.

from fkxake itch and ’ewll plant)flefle: ["flE.flE] PF n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic

plantfngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl

"] PF n. metal-

following plant (c.w. from fngap metal andsutx follow)

fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl"] PF n. mantis orchid (c.w.

from fwäkì mantis and ’ewll plant)hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl

"] PF n. puffer plant

kllpxiwll: [kl"."p'i.wl

"] PF n. lionberry (c.w. from

kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] PF n. cillaphant (derived

from kxayl high)loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] PF n. helicoradian, beautiful

spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-ral)

mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner, twisted lily (deri-ved from mìn turn)

mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] PF n. roosterhead plantpa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl

"] PF n. direhorse pitcher plant

(c.w. from pa’li direhorse and ’ewll plant)pamtseowll: ["pam.

>tsE.o.wl

"] PF n. cat ear, mu-

sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewllplant)

paywll: ["paj.wl"] PF n. water plant, dapophet

(c.w. from pay water and ’ewll plant)penghrrap: [pEN."hr

".ap^] PF n. binary sunshine,

fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrapdanger)

pxayzekwä: [p'aj."zEk.wæ] PF n. spiny whips(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)

pxiut: ["p'i.ut^] PF n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.from pxi sharp and utral tree)

pxiwll: ["p'i.wl"] PF n. hermit bud plant (c.w.

from pxi sharp and ’ewll plant)pxorna’: ["p'oR.naP] PF n. episoth, exploding seed

(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)pxorna’lor: ["p'oR.naP."loR] PF n. sari, beautiful

exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-ploding seed and lor beautiful)

rawp: [Rawp^] PF n. bladder polyprumut: ["Rum.ut^] PF n. ball tree (c.w. from rum

ball and utral tree)seze: ["sE.zE] PF,ZS n. blue flowersmaoe: [sma."o.E] PF n. phalanxia, heavily thor-

ned plantsngukx: [sNuk'] PF n. grub plantsomtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] PF n. popsicle, hot beauty

(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] PF n. hyneman, person

trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] PF n. sky tree (c.w. from taw

sky and utral tree)tawtsngal: ["taw.

>tsNal] PF n. panopyra, sky cup

(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl

"] PF n. spartan, pro-

tection plant (c.w. from tìhawnu protectionand ’ewll plant)

tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl"] PF n. geode, rain plant

(c.w. from tompa rain and ’ewll plant)torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp'am] PF n. octoshroom,

great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from torukgreat leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)

tsawlapxangrr: [">tsawl.a.p'a.Nr"] PF n. unidelta

tree, lit. tall large root (c.w. from tsawl bigand ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)

tstxa’a: [">tst'a.Pa] PF n. canalydtsyorina’wll: [>tsjo.Ri."naP.wl

"] PF n. cycad, flour

seed plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewllplant)

txll’u: ["t'l".Pu] PF n. hookagourd

txumpaywll: ["t'um.paj.wl"] PF n. scorpion

thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txumpoison and paywll water plant)

51

txumtsä’wll: [t'um.">tsæP.wl

"] PF n. Baja tickler,

poison-squirting plant (c.w. from tsä’ squirtand ’ewll plant)

väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl"] PF n. Centipede, bad-smell

plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and fahewsmell)

värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] PF n. vein pod (c.w.from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)

vozampasukut: ["vo.zam.pa.suk.ut^] PF n.grinch tree, thousand berry tree (c.w. from vo-zam 512, equivalent in use to 1,000 and pa-suk ut(ral) berry tree)

yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] PF n. small ani-mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eatand hì’ang insect)

yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] PF n. chalice plant (c.w.from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna

’angtsìk: ["PaN.>tsIk^] PF n. hammerheadeltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] PF n. brainworm

(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)fkio: ["fki.o] PF n. tetrapteronfpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] PF n. medusafwampop: ["fwam.pop^] PF n. tapirusfwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] PF n. mantisikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. bansheeikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC,PF n. forest bansheeìlu: ["I.lu] PF,D n. large plesiosaur-like sea crea-

ture (from Disney’s Pandora Guide to theFlora and Fauna of the Valley of Mo’ara)

kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-nous arachnid

kenten: ["kEn.tEn] PF n. fan lizardlanay’ka: [la."najP.ka] PF,ASG n. slingermawup: ["ma.wup^] PF,CdS n. turtapedenantang: ["nan.taN] JC,PF n. viperwolf Canifer-

ratus costatus, striped armored wolf

nantangtsyìp: ["nan.taN.>tsJIp^] JC,PF n. dog(earth animal); lit. little nantang (derivedfrom nantang viperwolf )

pa’li: ["paP.li] PF n. direhorsepalulukan: [�pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-

loquial [pa."lu.kan])palulukantsyìp: [�pa.lu."lu.kan.>tsjIp^] JC,PF n.

cat (earth animal); lit. little palulukan (deri-ved from palulukan thanator) (colloquial[pa."lu.kan.>tsjIp^])

riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbatsyaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] PF n. prolemuristalioang: ["tal.�i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived

from ioang animal)teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larvatoruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-

dowtspìng: [>tspIN] PF,CdS n. austrapedeyerik: ["jE.Rik^] PF n. hexapedezize’: [zi."zEP] PF n. hellfire wasp

52

F Useful Phrases

These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phraseencapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. Forthis reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken fromDr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: [] PF ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak'] PF ph. be hungry’ivong nìk’ong: [] PF ph. slow is fine’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] PF ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] PF ph. How are things in your part of the world?ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t'æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì

smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release its prey”, it’s a foregone conclusionetrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] PF ph. good luckEywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] JC,PF ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with youfìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] PF ph. this is Ìstawfnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] PF ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking

a nap. Let her rest.ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] PF ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] PF ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not enough;

one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts.fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against

someone’s or something’s naturefyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] PF ph. what are you called, what is your namehayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] PF ph. next time from mehayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] PF ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)irayo: [i."Ra.jo] PF intj. thanks, thank youkaltxì: [kal."t'I] PF intj. hello (casual)kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] PF ph. say hello, Ìstawka wotx: [ka wot'] PF ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] PF ph. no need (for thanks)kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] PF ph. isn’t that so? right? no?ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] PF ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when

something that should have turned out well didn’t)kenten mì kumpay: ["kEn.tEn mI "k'um.paJ] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a fan lizard in gel”, a

sense of being in an environment where you’re prevented from acting naturally or doing what youwant to do

ke pxan: [kE p'an] PF ph. I’m not worthyke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] PF ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matterke tslolam: [] PF ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understandke zene win säpivi: [] PF ph. take your time, don’t rushkìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] PF intj. good-bye, see you again soonkrro krro: ["kr

".o "kr

".o] PF ph. at times, on occasion

kunsìpìri txana tìmeyp lu tsyal a mìn.: [] PF ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.

53

kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.>tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl"."t'E] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:

the tail and ears also speak; body language is importantloreyu ’awnampi: [lo."RE.Ju Pawn."ampi] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a touched helicoradian”, ex-

treme shynessma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] PF ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to

you) my sister, Neweymakto zong: ["mak.to zoN] PF ph. take care, travel safelyne kllte: ["nE "kl

".tE] PF ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)

nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] PF ph. tell me a bit more about yourselfnga läpivawk nìno ko: [] PF ph. tell me all about yourselfnga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] PF ph. who do you normally spend time with?ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] PF ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] PF ph. don’t worry, may your heart be

calmngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] PF ph. How are you? are you well?ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] PF ph. what is your primary role in society?ngaru oeyä lertut: [] PF ph. allow me to introduce my colleaguengaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru >

tsul."fæ] PF ph. to you the masteryngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] PF ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] PF ph. I love you, you are beloved to menga zola’u ftu peseng: [] PF ph. where did you come from?ngenga lu tupe: [] PF ph. who are you?ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k'E.

>tsE l·u "wE.Ru] JC,PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,

you’re going down!nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] PF ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the

leaders are the most beautifulnìprrte’: [nI."pr

".tEP] PF adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure

oe ’olongokx mì sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: [] PF ph. I was born in atown near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree

oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] PF ph. I give thanks to you, thank youoel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] PF ph. I see you, hello (familiar)oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] PF ph. I am 24 years oldoeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] PF ph. an honor to me, it was an honoroeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] PF ph. my name is Txewìoeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] PF ph. fills me with satisfaction, joyoeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] PF ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to meoe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] PF ph. I practice my hobby, which is archeryoeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] PF ph. my central role in society is to catch fishpefya nga fpìl: [] PF ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] PF ph. yours, I should thank yourutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] PF ph. please talk a little bit about yourselfrutxe liveyn: [] PF ph. could you repeat that please?rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] PF ph. Your attention, please, everyone!Sasya!: [sa."sJa] PF ph. I’ll rise to the challenge! I can do it!säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] PF ph. strong and happy!, congratulationsSiva ko!: [si."va ko] PF ph. Rise to the Challenge! Courage! You can do it!smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr

".tEP^] PF ph. nice to know you

Soleia!: [so.lE.i."a] PF ph. Congratulations! Nice going! You met the challenge! You did it!

54

srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] PF ph. are you good at Na’vi?srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] PF ph. do you know my friends Entu and

Kamun?srefereiey nìprrte’: [] PF ph. looking forward to itsrefwa sngap zize’: [] PF ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)stum ke: [stum kE] PF ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a

totally botched situation, chaostì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] PF ph. in my opiniontì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr

".æ] PF ph. forever, until the end of time

tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] PF ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] PF ph. what do you do in your free time?tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] PF ph. I was completely swamped at worktìkxey ngaru: [tI."k'Ej "Na.Ru] PF ph. you’re wrongtìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] PF ph. to my knowledgetìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] PF ph. you’re righttokx eo tokx: ["tok' "E.o "tok'] PF ph. face to face, in persontolätxaw nìprrte’: [tol."æ.t'aw nI"pr

"tEP] PF ph. welcome back

tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] PF ph. what does X mean?tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, that was kind of you to saytsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] PF ph. may I interrupt a moment?tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] PF ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that

further?Tsun pehem?: [>tsun pe.hem] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: What can one do?txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt cannot

sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you need todecide.

txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t'o kE nI."yoP>tsa."kr

"nI."yol] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you

can’t be flawless, at least be brief"txon lefpom: [t'on lE."fpom] PF ph. good night, peaceful nightX-(ì)ri peral: [] PF ph. what does X mean?X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] PF ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?Yewla!: ["jEw.la] PF conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] PF ph. share an interest in commonzola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr

".tEP] PF ph. come pleasurably, welcome

55

G The Alphabet

Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing andpronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet’ tìFtang k KeK s Säa A kx Kxekx t TeT

aw AW l LeL tx TxeTxay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsää Ä m MeM u Ue E n NeN v Vä

ew EW ng NgeNg w Wäey EY o O y Yäf Fä p PeP z Zäh Hä px PxePxi I r ReRì Ì rr ’Rr

56

H Inflections

Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.PAST), derived from am +ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.

aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.FUT.), derived from ay + ol:Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.

am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.PAST.), derived from am

+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.FUT.), derived from ay

+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.asy: [a.sj] PF future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.D.):

Oel tsp«asy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.ats: [a.>ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position

2 (INFR.): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)awn: [aw.n] PF passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P.PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.

I am a hunted person.ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I

will hunt the yerik.äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ.): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).

Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.

äp: [æ.p] PF reflexive verbal infix in position 0 (REFL.): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD.): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).er: [E.R] PF imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.eyk: [Ej.k] PF causative verbal infix in position 0 (CAUS.): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused him to

die.ilv: [il.v] PF present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.PER.SUBJ.): Oe new

tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.imv: [im.v] PF past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.SUBJ.): Oeyä swizaw nìngay

timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.irv: [iR.v] PF present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.IMPF.SUBJ.): Oe

new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ.): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You

want this thing: for me to fight.iyev: [i.jE.v] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.

I will see you.ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.REC.PAST.), derived

from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.IMM.FUT.), deri-

ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC.PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.REC.PAST.), derived

from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.IMM.FUT.),

derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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ìsy: [I.sj] PF immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.D.):Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.

ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.I will hunt the yerik soon.

ìyev: [I.jE.v] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.I will see you.

ol: [o.l] PF perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finishedaction).

us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A.PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am ahunting person.

uy: [u.j] PF honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON.): Na’viyä,l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] PF genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of yä)(GEN.): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.

–it: [it^] PF patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (va-riant of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.

–ìl: [Il] PF agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel(variant of l) (ERG.): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.

–ìri: [IRi] PF topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variantof ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.

–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.–r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si

intriguing–ri: [Ri] PF topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru

tìng. I give food to you.–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame.

I see you.–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.–ur: [uR] PF dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant

of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.–y: [j] PF genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN.): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.

Your toruk is good.–ya: [ja] PF,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of ä) (GEN.): Oel yeiom

Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: maylook like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect ofthe meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated theycan modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speechthat aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

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–a–: [a] PF (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aeantswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.

–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.ay+: [aj] PF (pro.) plural for nouns (PL.): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.–e: [E] PF feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.fay+: [faj] PF (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.fì–: [fI] PF (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] PF (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?

What’s the condition of the river today?fne–: [fnE] PF (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?fra–: [fRa] PF (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.fray+: [fRaj] PF (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of

these houses are beautiful.kaw–: [kaw] PF not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.–kel: [kEl] PF (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun

zene tute Kälìforniayä payit sivar nìnän. Because of the drought, Californians have to use lesswater.

–lo: [lo] PF multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU.): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.munsna–: [mun.sna] PF (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes–nay: [naj] PF (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down

in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .–o: [o] PF (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone

for years.pay+: [paj] PF (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?pxe+: [p'E] PF (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI.): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three

children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronounwhich often undergoes ellision)

sna–: [sna] PF prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groupsor sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.

tsa–: [>tsa] PF (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang.tsay+: [>tsaj] PF (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.–tsyìp: [>tsjIp^] PF (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.

Come here, little daughter.–ve: [vE] PF (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule

of living together.–vi: [vi] PF partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technicalspeak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they changethe part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.

ketsuk–: [kE.>tsuk^] PF (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamuketsuktswa’ The moment was unforgettable

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le–: [lE] PF adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.–nga’: [NaP^] PF adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for

adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriateadjective or relative clause)

sä–: [sæ] PF instrumental noun deriving affix Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I

home make in Hometree.)tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.tì– –us–: [tI us] PF (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching

is interesting.tsuk–: [>tsuk^] PF (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed); widely productive, can be attached to vir-

tually any transitive verb, although also useful on intransitive verbs; deriving affix Fìioanglu tsukyom. This animal is edible / can be eaten.

–tswo: [>tswo] PF (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to performthe action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatlyimpressed all the warriors.

–tu: [tu] PF person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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I Non-Frommerian Words

These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the ex-tant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spuri-ous inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. The wordsin this section were not run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consen-sus is that they should be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise notknow what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their useis highly discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.

’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-ni

ar’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plantBeyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-

or of the Tipanichan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]

ASG n. stone jarchey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from

P’ah s’ivil chey rack)Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-

briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradleseveryone

Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to allof us

Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personalname)

feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-ket

Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the TipaniGro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of cavesHukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the TipaniIkalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipaniiveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-

by slingk’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleepKaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains

of GoliathKoo Tsura: [ko: >

tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-lage

Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of theTipani

Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurailenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory

animal

Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiLungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the

Tipanim’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]

ASG n. shieldMalimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

mimalmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stoneMarali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipanimas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]

ASG mother loomMaweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male

Na’viMekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

paniMendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

panimeresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or

[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,bola, lit. nothing to see

mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] PND n. cookingpot

mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pitMukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-

kamina’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-

se lead, lit. face pullNaalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the TipaniNera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the

Tawkaminikt’chey: [niktP>tshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.

small bit of food, packed lunchnivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-

rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewyacradles everyone)

Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami

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Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder ofthe Tipani

Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkamiomati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue

fluteOnantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miOtamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the TipaniP’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-

nal belongings rackpxtxawng: [p't'awN] JC n. douchebagRai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the AnuraiRaltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the

TipaniSänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-

pani (derived from sänume teaching)Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-

kamishah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from

Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable underNa’vi phonotactic rules)

su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran

sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hul"Eh] ASG slee-

ping outside of the groupsumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plateSwawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipanit’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-

dulum drumTa’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,

rocky place on PandoraTan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the

Lì’ona

Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani villagetìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from

takuk strike, beat, slap)tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-

tern, from food hereTsa’law: [>tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-

miTsaro: [>tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTsmuke: [>tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani villagetxei: [t'E.i] G n. plainu’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendantU’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG

prop.n. a clanUkamtsu: [u.kam.

>tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-

paniulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariP

>tsEj

makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of thetree look to each other for strength, or manybranches together are strong

ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-si] ASG n. leaf plate

Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-lage

Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipaniutral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.

push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utumauti push fruit)

utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,push fruit

Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G

prop.n. Vaderas HollowVayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village

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J The Changelog

Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 13.63 - Added kxì from naviteri.org, February 28, 20187

• 13.62 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2017

• 13.61 - Added Kate Winslet’s character Ronal to the proper nouns section

• 13.6 - Added new vocabulary from the October naviteri.org posts, new character names,linguistic terms

• 13.51 - Added Swota Wayä to proper nouns, from Disney

• 13.5 - Added new vocabulary used in Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar

• 13.421 - Corrected inconsistencies in the source field.

• 13.42 - Minor typo corrections and fixed IPA for LosÄntsyelesì. Also added tìng ontuand tìng ftxi since they didn’t make it into the dictionary the first time, for some bizarrereason.

• 13.41 - Added mo’ara from Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar

• 13.4 - Added new Avatar lead character name and clan, Tomowari and Metkayina

• 13.332 - Disambiguated the definition of takuk. Also changed fmetok to vtr. Getting moreprecise all the time!

• 13.331 - Disambiguated the definition of pongu.

• 13.33 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, February 28, 2017.

• 13.32 - Moved Na’vi clan names to Proper Nouns block.

• 13.31 - Fixed silly typos for pllhrr and säpllhrr. Thanks elf!

• 13.301 - Typo/format corrections for several words. No visible changes to the .pdf

• 13.3 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, December 31, 2016 and January 2, 2017.

• 13.294 - Corrected stress for nìolo’

• 13.293 - Corrected infix IPA for ue’

• 13.292 - zong changed to vtr. Thanks, Plumps!

• 13.291 - Various minor corrections suggested by Plumps and eejmensenikbenhet.

• 13.29 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, June 30, 2016. Some important new words inthis one.

• 13.284 - Corrected accent for lefpomtxok and kelfpomtokx Plumps. Wou!

• 13.283 - Corrected IPA for säplltxe and säplltxevi. Plumps again. ;)

• 13.282 - Added derivatives of nguway

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