navi dictionary
TRANSCRIPT
NA’VI - ENGLISH DICTIONARY v. 12.313
Compiled by Mark Miller (Markì) and Corey Scheideman (Tirea Aean)www.LearnNavi.org
Last updated: October 2nd, 2011
This is the definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer forJames Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintainedthroughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loanwords from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the officialcorpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situatedafter it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»onare the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots toshow infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or theirtransitivity is unable to be deduced. Known modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syn-tax are marked with vim, vtrm, or vm, depending upon transitivity according to the previousnote. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic wordsare not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic as added, the root willbe assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorphs, where specified, are subjectonly to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several usefulappendices that hold further information.
Abbreviations:
– = morpheme boundary+ = leniting morpheme boundary« » = infix morphemeadj. = adjectiveadp. = adpositionadv. = adverbconj. = conjunctionc.w. = compound worddem. = demonstrativeintj. = interjectioninter. = interrogativen. = nounnfp. = not for people
num. = numberofp. = only for peoplepart. = particleph. = phrasepn. = pronounprop. n. = proper nounv. = verbsvin. = stative intransitive verbvtr. = transitive verbvin. = intransitive verbvm. = modal verbvim. = intransitive modal verbvtrm. = transitive modal verb
1
An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are pro-vided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in Estonian,German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations inother languages available.
Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript afterthe IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictiona-ry was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in earlyMarch, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been addedas it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer hassolicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the LexicalExpansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the can-non lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductiveaffixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modifiedsemantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:
• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer• M = The Movie• JC = James Cameron• G = the Avatar Games• ASG = The Survival Guide• PND = Pandorapedia.com
The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words whichare illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up manywords, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errorsmade during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved seve-ral constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL forRichard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skx-awng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.
Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables alwaysuse a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is norule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [>tsun] or [>tsUn],but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI
ˆ], [aI
ˆ], [EU
ˆ], and [aU
ˆ].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split inaccordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers canbe difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.
This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,let us know here or by email to [email protected], and we will correct them. As for versionnumber, we’ll change the first digit when there is a big change. We’ll update .0x0 when wemake a significant, but not large change. Finally, We’ll edit the .00x number when we’ve madetiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for explanation.
2
We would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumentalin the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First, thanks to Dr. Paul Frommer for hismonumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer fororiginally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied signifi-cant time and skills to put this dictionary into an online database to help other translators andto make the process of updating this dictionary much easier. Finally, thanks to everyone in thecommunity on the Learn Na’vi web site who are helping Na’vi to bloom!
- Mark Miller (Markì), et alia
3
This page intentionally left blank.
4
P
’a’aw: ["Pa.Paw] PF adj. a few, several (Usedwith countable nouns in the singular form)
’akra: ["Pak.ra] PF n. soil (fertile)’aku: ["P·a.k·u] PF vtr. remove, take away, take off’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] PF n. collar / choker’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] PF vtr. touch’ango: ["Pa.No] PF adj. soft (of a sound)’are: ["Pa.RE] PF n. poncho, cape, shawl’aw: [Paw] PF num. one’awkx: [Pawk’] PF n. cliff’awlie: [Paw."li.E] PF adv. once (in the past)’awlo: ["Paw.lo] PF adv. once’awm: [Pawm] PF n. camp’awnìm: [P·"aw.nIm] PF vtr. avoid (c.w. from
’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)’awpo: ["Paw.po] PF pn. one individual’awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] PF adv. together (c.w.
from ’aw one and teng same, equal)’awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."j·Em] PF vtr. join two
things together (ii) (c.w. from ’awsiteng to-gether and yem put)
’awve: ["Paw.vE] PF adj. first (ordinal) (derivedfrom ’aw one)
’ä’: [PæP] PF intj. oops!’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] PF adj. complete’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. move’e’al: ["PE.Pal] PF adj. worst’efu: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. feel, sense, perceive’eko: ["P·E.k·o] PF vtr. attack’ekong: ["PE.koN] PF n. beat (rhythmic)’em: [P·Em] PF vtr. cook’emyu: ["PEm.ju] PF n. cook, cooker (derived
from ’em cook)’en: [PEn] PF n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
tuition’engeng: ["PEN.EN] PF adj. level’en si: ["PEn "s·i] PF vin. make an informed guess
(derived from ’en guess)’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] PF adj. ceremonious’etnaw: ["PEt.naw] PF n. shoulder’evan: ["PE.van] PF n. boy (colloquial) (derived
from ’evengan boy)’eve: ["PE.vE] PF n. girl (colloquial) (derived
from ’evenge girl)’eveng: ["PE.vEN] PF n. child
’evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] PF n. boy (derived from’eveng child)
’evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] PF n. girl (derived from’eveng child)
’evi: ["PE.vi] PF n. kid (affectionate form of’eveng child)
’ewan: ["PE.wan] PF adj. young’ewll: ["PE.wl
"] PF n. plant
’eylan: ["PEj.lan] PF n. friend’eyng: [P·EjN] PF v. answer, respond’eyt: [PEjt^] PF n. the symbol 8 (not the value
eight)’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] PF vin. end, conclude’ia: ["P·i.·a] PF vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)’it: [Pit^] PF n. bit, a small amount’itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,PF n. son’ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,PF n. daughter’itetsyìp: ["Pi.tE.
>tsjIp^] PF n. little daughter (term
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter)’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] PF vin. remain, stay’ìheyu: [PI."hE.ju] PF n. spiral’ìn: [P·In] PF vin. be busy, be occupied’o’: [PoP] PF adj. bringing fun, exciting’ok: [Pok^] PF n. remembrance’okrol: [Pok."Rol] PF n. history (ancient) (deri-
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)’okvur: [Pok."vuR] PF n. history (non-ancient)
(derived from ’ok remembrance and vur sto-ry)
’om: [Pom] PF adj. violet, purple, magenta’ompin: ["Pom.pin] PF n. violet, purple, magenta
(derived from ’om purple)’ong: [P·oN] PF v. unfold, blossom’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok’] PF vin. be born (c.w. from
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)’opin: ["Po.pin] PF n. color, colour’ora: ["Po.Ra] PF n. lake’otxang: [Po"t’aN] PF n. musical instrument (ge-
neric term)’u: [Pu] PF n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)’uo: ["Pu.o] PF pn. something’upe: ["Pu.pE] PF inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
’u thing and pe inter. marker)’upxare: [Pu."p’a.RE] PF n. message
5
A
a: [a] PF sbd. which, that–a–: [a] PF affix adjectival attribution and
subordination markerakrrmaw: [a."kr
".maw] PF conj. after (temporal)
allomorph of mawkrra (c.w. from krr timeand maw after)
akrrta: [a."kr".ta] PF conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of takrra (c.w. from krr time and tafrom)
alaksi: [a."lak.si] PF adj. readyalìm: [a."lIm] PF adv. far away, at a distance (de-
rived from lìm far, be far)alo: ["a.lo] PF n. time, turn, instance, one of a
number of repeated or recurring actionsalu: ["a.lu] PF conj. that is, in other words (deri-
ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used foradpositions)
alunta: [a."lun.ta] PF conj. because, from the rea-son
am’a: [am."Pa] PF n. doubtapxa: [a."p’a] PF adj. largeasim: [a."sim] PF adv. nearby, at close range (de-
rived from sim near, be near)atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
atanvi: [a."tan.vi] PF n. ray (derived from atanlight)
atxkxe: [at’."k’E] PF n. landatxkxerel: [at’."k’E.REl] PF n. map (c.w. from
atxkxe land and rel picture)au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternationaungia: [a."u.Ni.a] PF n. sign, omenawnga: [aw."Na] PF pn. we (derived from ayo-
eng we)ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] PF pn. they (derived
from po he, she)aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] PF pn. to the others (contrac-
tion of ay+lahe–ru)aynga: [aj."Na] PF pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
from nga you)ayoe: [aj."o.E] PF pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from oe I)ayoeng: [aj."wEN] PF pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-es)
ayu: [a."ju] PF n. things (derived from ’u thing)(never plural u)
Ä
äie: [æ."i.E] PF n. vision (spiritual)äo–: ["æ.o] PF adp. belowätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] PF n. request
ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE "s·i] PF vin. request (withtsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxälerequest)
E
eampin: ["E.am.pin] PF n. blue, green (derivedfrom ean blue, green)
ean: ["E.an] PF adj. blue, greenekxan: [E."k’an] PF n. barricade, obstructioneltu: ["El.tu] PF n. braineltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] Prr n. computer
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)eltur tìtxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t’En s·i] PF vin. be
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-rbrain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)
eltu si: ["El.tu s·i] PF vin. pay attention, quit goo-fing off (derived from eltu brain)
emrey: [Em."R··Ej] PF vin. survive
emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] PF vtr. pass (a test), over-come (c.w. from za’u come)
eo–: ["E.o] PF adp. before, in front of (place)
etrìp: ["Et.RIp^] PF adj. favourable, favorable,auspicious
eyawr: [E."jawR] PF adj. correct, right
eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,PF vtr. lead
eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived fromeyk lead)
6
F
fa–: [fa] PF adp. with, by means offahew: [fa."hEw] PF n. smellfay+: [faj] PF prefix these (c.w. from fì this and
ay+ plural)fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] PF n. these words (contrac-
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)fäpa: ["fæ.pa] PF n. topfe’: [fEP] PF adj. badfekem: ["fE.kEm] PF n. accident (c.w. from fe’
bad and kem action)few–: [fEw] PF adp. across, aiming for the oppo-
site side offewi: ["f·E.w·i] PF vtr. chasefewtusok: ["fEw.
>tsok^] PF adj. opposite, on the
opposite side (derived from few– across)fì–: [fI] PF prefix thisfì’u: [fI."Pu] PF pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u
thing)fìfya: [fI."fja] PF adv. this way, like this (derived
from fya’o path)fìkem: [fI."kEm] PF pn. this (action) (derived
from kem action, deed)fìpo: ["fI.po] PF pn. this one (person or thing)
(derived from po he, she)fìtrr: [fI."tr
"] PF adv. today (derived from trr day)
fìtseng(e): [fI.">tsEN(E)] PF adv. here, this place(derived from tseng place)
fìtxan: [fI."t’an] PF adv. so, to such an extent (de-rived from txan great, much)
fìtxon: [fI."t’on] PF adv. tonight (derived fromtxon night)
fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] PF v. peelfkay: [fkaj] PF adj. hatefulfkew: [fkEw] PF adj. mightyfkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] PF vin. exist (derived
from kifkeyti tok be in the world)fkip–: [fkip^] PF adp. up amongfko: [fko] PF pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
specified agent)fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] PF v. itchfkxen: [fk’En] PF n. vegetable (food)fkxile: ["fk’i.lE] PF n. bib necklaceflä: [fl·æ] PF vin. succeedflew: [flEw] PF n. throatfmal: [fm·al] PF vtr. sustainfmawn: [fmawn] PF n. news, something to report
fmawnta: [fmawnta] PF n. that news (contrac-tion of fmawn–it a)
fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] PF v. testfmi: [fm·i] PF vtrm. try, attempt (with the
subjunctive)fnan: [fn·an] PF vtr. be good atfnawe’: [fna."wEP] PF adj. cowardlyfnawe’tu: [fna."wEP.tu] PF n. coward (derived
from fnawe’ cowardly)fne–: [fnE] PF prefix kind, type (derived from
fnel kind, type)fnel: [fnEl] PF n. kind, typefnepe: ["fnE.pE] PF inter. which kind allomorph
of pefnelfngap: [fNap^] PF n. metalfnu: [fn·u] PF v. quiet, be quietfo: [fo] PF pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she)fpak: [fp·ak^] PF v. hold off, suspend actionfpe’: [fp·EP^] PF vtr. sendfpeio: [fpE."i.o] PF n. challenge (ceremonial)fpi+: [fpi] PF adp. for the sake of, for the benefit
offpìl: [fp·Il] PF vtr. thinkfpìlfya: ["fpIl.fja] PF n. thought pattern, way of
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path)fpom: [fpom] PF n. well-being, peace, happinessfpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] PF n. health (physical)
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] PF v. enterfra’u: ["fRa.Pu] PF pn. everything (derived from
’u thing)frakrr: ["fRa.kr
"] PF adv. always, all the time (de-
rived from krr time)fralo: ["fRa.lo] PF adv. every time, every instance,
each time (derived from alo time)frapo: ["fRa.po] PF pn. everyone (derived from
po he/she)frato: ["fRa.to] PF part. superlative marker than
all (behaves like an adp.)fratrr: [fRa."tr
"] PF adv. daily, every day (derived
from trr day)fratseng: ["fRa.
>tsEN] PF adv. everywhere (deri-
ved from tseng place)fratxon: [fRa."t’on] PF adv. every night (derived
from txon night)
7
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] PF intj. all is well, everythingis fine or OK (derived from fra’u everythingand zo be well)
frìp: [fR·Ip^] PF vtr. bitefrrfen: ["f·r
".f·En] PF vtr. visit
frrtu: ["fr".tu] PF n. guest, visitor
ftang: [ft·aN] PF vim. stopftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr
"] PF n. past (c.w.
from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participleform) and krr time)
ftär: [ftæR] PF adj. left (not right)fte: [ftE] PF conj. so that, in order to (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)fteke: ["ftE.kE] PF conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-ctive verb in dependant clause)
ftem: [ft·Em] PF vtr. pass by (something)ftia: [ft·i.·"a] PF vtr. studyftu–: [ftu] PF adp. from (direction)ftue: ["ftu.E] PF adj. easy, simpleftxavang: ["ft’a.vaN] PF adj. passionateftxey: [ft’·Ej] PF vtr. chooseftxey: [ft’Ej] PF conj. whether, orftxì: [ft’I] PF n. tongueftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] PF adj. delicious, good tasting
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP] PF adj. bad tasting (c.w. from
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)
ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] PF n. celebration, happy occa-sion
ftxozä si: [ft’o."zæ s·i] PF v. celebrate (derivedfrom ftxozä celebration)
fu: [fu] PF conj. orfuke: [fu."kE] PF conj. or not (c.w. from fu or
and ke not)fula: ["fu.la] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul
this (agentive) and a subordinator)furia: ["fu.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
fì’uri this (topical) and a subordinator)futa: ["fu.ta] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t
this (patientive) and a subordinator)fwa: [fwa] PF pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause
marker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and asubordinator)
fwefwi: ["fw·E.fw·i] PF vin. whistlefwel: [fwEl] PF adj. brokenfwew: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. look for, seek, searchfya’o: ["fja.Po] PF n. path, way, mannerfyape: ["fja.pE] PF inter. how allomorph of pe-
fyafyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] PF vin. guide (with
dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o pathand wìntxu show)
fyeyn: [fjEjn] PF adj. ripe, mature, adultfyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] PF n. adult person (derived
from fyeyn ripe, mature)
H
ha: [ha] PF adv. so, in that caseha’ngir: [haP."NiR] PF n. afternoonhahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] PF vin. sleepham: [ham] PF adj. previoushamalo: [ha."ma.lo] PF adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time)hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] PF vin. laughhapxì: [ha."p’I] PF n. parthapxìtu: [ha."p’I.tu] PF n. member (derived
from hapxì part)hasey: [ha."sEj] PF adj. done, finishedhasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] PF v. accomplish, bring to
a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi-nished)
hawl: [h·awl] PF v. preparehawng: [hawN] PF n. overabundancehawngkrr: ["hawN.kr
"] PF adv. late (c.w. from
hawng overabundance and krr time)
hawntsyokx: [hawn.">tsjok’] PF n. glove (c.w.
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] PF vtr. protect, shelterhawnven: [hawn."vEn] PF n. shoe (c.w. from
hawnu protect and venu foot)hawre’: [haw."REP] PF n. hat (c.w. from hawnu
protect and re’o head)hawtsyìp: ["haw.
>tsjIp^] PF n. nap (derived from
hahaw sleep)hay: [haj] PF adj. nexthayalo: [ha."ja.lo] PF adv. next time (c.w. from
hay next and alo time)hek: [h·Ek^] PF vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
expectedhermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] PF n. snow flurry (deri-
ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)hertxayo: ["hER.t’a.jo] PF n. snow field (derived
from herwì snow and txayo field)
8
herwì: ["hER.wI] PF n. snowherwìva: ["hER.wI.va] PF n. snowflake (derived
from herwì snow and ìlva flake)hewne: ["hEw.nE] PF adj. soft (of an object)heyn: [h·Ejn] PF vin. sithiyìk: ["hi.jIk^] PF adj. funny, strangehì’ang: ["hI.PaN] PF n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)hì’i: ["hI.Pi] PF adj. small, little (in size)hìkrr: ["hI.kr
"] PF n. second, very short time (c.w.
from hì’i little, small and krr time)hìm: [hIm] PF adj. small (in quantity)hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’am.pE] PF inter. how much
allomorph of pìmtxanhìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] PF n. amount (c.w. from
hìm small and txan much)
hìno: [hI."no] PF adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-cate (of things)
hìtxoa: [hI."t’o.a] PF intj. excuse me (derivedfrom hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)
hol: [hol] PF adj. fewholpxay: [hol."p’aj] PF n. number (c.w. from
hol few and pxay many)holpxaype: [hol."p’aj.pE] PF inter. how many
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)hrrap: ["hr
".ap^] PF n. danger
hu–: [hu] PF adp. with (accompaniment)hufwa: [hu."fwa] PF conj. althoughhufwe: [hu."fwE] PF n. windhufwetsyìp: [hu."fwE.
>tsjIp^] PF n. zephyr (deri-
ved from hufwe wind)hultstxem: [h·ul."
>tst’·Em] PF vtr. hinder
hum: [h·um] PF v. leave, depart
I
i’en: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument
inan: [·i."n·an] PF vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gainknowledge from sensory input (stress movesto first syllable with infixation)
io–: ["i.o] PF adp. above
ioang: [i."o.aN] PF n. animal, beast
ioi: [i."o.i] PF n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel(item of)
ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] PF vin. adorn (derived from ioiadornment)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanksirayo si: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] PF vin. thank, give thanks
(derived from irayo thanks)
Ì
ìì: [I:] PF filler um, erìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, followingìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry
ìlva: ["Il.va] PF n. flake, drop, chipìpxa: [I."p’a] RL,PF n. fern
K
ka–: [ka] PF adp. across, covering thoroughlykakrel: [kak."REl] PF adj. blind (derived from
rel image, picture)kalin: [ka."lin] PF adj. sweetkaltxì: [kal."t’I] PF intj. hellokaltxì si: [kal."t’I "s·i] PF vin. say hello, greet (de-
rived from kaltxì hello)kam–: [kam] PF adp. agokame: ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. see, see into, understand,
know (spiritual sense)kan: [k·an] PF vm. aimkan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] PF vtr. focus on, specialize in,
be particularly interested in (derived from ’ìnbe busy)
kangay: [ka."Naj] PF adj. valid (cognate withngay true)
kanu: ["ka.nu] PF adj. smart, intelligent (for aperson)
kar: [k·aR] PF vtr. teachkaryu: ["kaR.ju] PF n. teacher (derived from kar
teach)kato: ["ka.to] PF n. rhythmkavuk: [ka."vuk^] PF n. treacherykavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] PF vin. betray (derived
from kavuk treachery)kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] PF adv. at all, not at all (see
ke...kaw’it not...at all) (c.w. from ke ’aw notone and ’it bit)
9
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr"] PF adv. never (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and krr time)kawng: [kawN] PF adj. bad, evilkawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] PF vtr. exploitkawtseng: ["kaw.
>tsEN] PF adv. nowhere (c.w.
from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)kawtu: ["kaw.tu] PF pn. no-one (c.w. from ke
’aw not one and tute person)kay–: [kaj] PF adp. from now (in the future)kaym: [kajm] PF n. evening (before twilight), late
afternoonkä: [k·æ] PF vin. gokä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. push (c.w. from
kä go and ’ärìp move)kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] PF v. ride out (c.w.
from kä go and makto ride)käpxì: [kæ."p’I] PF n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from kä go and hapxì part)käsatseng: [kæ."sa.
>tsEN] PF adv. out there (c.w.
from kä go and tseng place)käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] PF vin. spend time with, hang
out withke: [kE] PF adv. notke’aw: [kE."Paw] PF adj. divided, torn apart,
strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)ke’u: ["kE.Pu] PF pn., adv. not a thing, nothing at
all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and ’u thing)kea: ["kE.a] PF adj. no (before a noun)keftxo: [kE."ft’o] PF adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
’How sad!’kefyak: [kE."fjak^] PF,Prr part. isn’t it?, right?
(c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-tion marker)
kehe: ["kE.hE] PF part., intj. nokekem: ["kE.kEm] PF pn., adv. no action or acti-
vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok’] PF adj. unhealt-
hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)kelku: ["kEl.ku] PF n. home, housekelku si: ["kEl.ku "s·i] PF vin. live, dwell (deri-
ved from kelku home)keltsun: [kEl."
>tsun] PF adj. impossible (c.w.
from ke not and tsun be able)kem: [kEm] PF n. thing (action), deedkemlì’u: ["kEm.lI.Pu] PF n. verb (c.w. from kem
action and lì’u word)kemlì’uvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. infix (derived
from kemlì’u verb)
kempe: ["kEm.pE] PF inter. what (action) allo-morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action,deed)
kem si: ["kEm "s·i] PF vin. do (derived fromkem action, deed)
keng: [kEN] PF adv. even, so much askenong: ["k·E.n·oN] or ["kE.n·oN] PF v. model, re-
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not andnong follow)
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] PF adj. dead (c.w. from kenot and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))
keteng: ["kE.tEN] PF adj. different (c.w. from kenot and teng same, equal)
ketsuktswa’: [kE.>tsuk."
>tswaP^] PF adj. unforget-
table (derived from tswa’ forget)ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] PF n. alienkew: [kEw] PF num. zerokewong: ["kE.woN] PF adj. alienkey: [kEj] PF n. facekeyawr: [kE."jawR] PF adj. incorrect, not right
(c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)keye’ung: [kE."jE.PuN] PF n. insanitykeyrel: ["kEy.REl] n. facial expression (c.w. from
key face and rel image)ki: [ki] PF conj. but rather, but insteadkifkey: [ki."fkEj] PF n. world (physical, solid)kilvan: [kil."van] PF n. riverkin: [k·in] PF vtr. needkinam: [ki."nam] PF n. legkinamtil: [ki."nam.til] PF n. knee (c.w. from ki-
nam leg and til joint)kinä: ["ki.næ] PF num. sevenkintrr: ["kin.tr
"] PF n. week (derived from kinä
seven and trr day)kintrram: ["kin.tr
"am] PF n. last week (derived
from kintrr week)kintrray: ["kin.tr
"aj] PF n. next week (derived
from kintrr week)kip–: [kip^] PF adp. amongkive: ["ki.vE] PF adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
from kinä seven)kì’ong: [kI."PoN] PF adj. slowkìm: [k·Im] PF v. spinkìng: [kIN] PF n. threadkìte’e: [kI.tE."PE] PF n. servicekìte’e si: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] PF vin. serve (derived
from kìte’e service)kllfro’: [kl
"."fR·oP] PF vin. be responsible
kllkä: [kl"."k·æ] PF v. descend (c.w. from kä go)
10
kllkulat: [kl"."k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. dig up
kllkxem: [kl"."k’·Em] PF v. stand
kllpa: ["kl".pa] PF n. bottom
kllpxìltu: [kl"."p’Il.tu] PF n. territory
kllte: ["kl".tE] PF n. ground
klltseng: ["kl".>tsEN] PF n. position (derived from
tseng place)kllvawm: ["kl
".vawm] PF adj. brown (c.w. from
kllte ground and vawm dark)ko: [ko] PF part. solicit agreementkoak: ["ko.ak^] PF adj. old, aged (for living
things)koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] PF n. old man (derived
from koak old, aged)
koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] PF n. old woman (derivedfrom koak old, aged)
koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] PF n. old person (derivedfrom koak old, aged)
kop: [kop^] PF adv. too, alsokoren: [ko."REn] PF n. rule, guidelinekosman: [ko."sman] PF adj. wonderful, terrific,
fantastickrr: [kr
"] PF n. time
krrnekx: [kr"."n·Ek’] PF v. take/consume time (ii)
(c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)krrpe: ["kr
".pE] PF inter. when allomorph of pe-
hrr (c.w. from krr time)ku’up: ["ku.Pup^] PF adj. heavy (physical weight)kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] PF vtr. drive out
Kx
kxa: [k’a] PF n. mouthkxam: [k’am] PF n. middle, midpointkxamlä–: ["k’am.læ] PF adp. through (via the
middle of) (derived from kxam middle)kxamtrr: ["k’am.tr
"] PF n. mid-day, noon (c.w.
from kxam middle and trr day)kxamtrrmaw: ["k’am.tr
".maw] PF n. the time
immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w.from kxamtrr noon and maw after)
kxamtseng: ["k’am.>tsEN] PF n. center, place in
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tsengplace)
kxamtxomaw: ["k’am.t’o.maw] PF n. after mid-night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight andmaw after)
kxamtxon: ["k’am.t’on] PF n. midnight (c.w.from kxam middle and txon night)
kxangangang: ["k’aN.aN.aN] PF intj. boom (ono-matopoeic)
kxanì: ["k’a.nI] PF adj. forbiddenkxawm: [k’awm] PF adv. perhaps, maybekxayl: [k’ajl] PF adj. highkxener: ["k’E.nER] PF n. smokekxetse: ["k’E.
>tsE] PF n. tail
kxeyey: ["k’E.jEj] PF n. error, mistakekxitx: [k’it’] PF n. deathkxll: [k’l
"] PF n. charge, running attack
kxll si: ["k’l"
"s·i] PF vin. charge (derived fromkxll charge)
kxu: [k’u] PF n. harmkxuke: ["k’u.kE] PF adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
harm and ke not)kxutu: ["k’u.tu] PF n. enemy (derived from kxu
harm)
L
lahe: ["la.hE] PF adj. other, elselam: [l·am] PF vin. seem, appearlapo: ["la.po] PF pn. other one (person or thing)
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)laro: ["la.Ro] PF adj. cleanlatem: ["l·a.t·Em] PF vin. change (l«eyk»atem
vtr. change)latsi: [l·a."
>ts·i] LA v. keep up with someone
law: [law] PF adj. clear, certainlawk: [l·awk^] PF vtr. discourse on, talk about,
say something concerning
lawr: [lawr] PF n. melodylaw si: ["law "s·i] PF vin. make clear (derived
from law clear)layompin: [la."jom.pin] PF n. black (derived
from layon black)layon: [la."jon] PF adj. blackle–: [lE] PF adjective deriving affixle’aw: [lE."Paw] PF adj. onlyle’en: [lE."PEn] PF adj. speculative, intuitive (of
an action, not a person) (derived from ’enguess)
11
lefkrr: [lE.f"kr"] PF adj. current (derived from
fìkrr this time)lefngap: [lE."fNap^] PF adj. metallic (derived
from fngap metal)lefpom: [lE."fpom] PF adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
ous (not for people), pleasant (derived fromfpom happiness, peace)
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok’] PF adj. healthy (de-rived from fpomtokx health)
lehawng: [lE."hawN] PF adj. excessive (derivedfrom hawng overabundance)
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr"] PF adj. late (derived
from hawngkrr late)lehrrap: [lE."hr
".ap^] PF adj. dangerous (derived
from hrrap danger)lek: [l·Ek^] PF v. heed, obeylekin: [lE."kin] PF adj. necessary (derived from
kin need)lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] PF adj. lawlike (derived
from koren rule)lekye’ung: [lEk."jE.PuN] PF adj. insane, crazy
(derived from keye’ung insanity)lelì’fya: [lE."lIP.fja] PF adj. concerning language,
regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan-guage)
lemrey: [lEm."REj] PF adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-rived from emrey survive)
lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. patient (de-rived from maweypey be patient)
len: [l·En] PF vin. happen, occurleNa’vi: [lE."naP.vi] PF adj. having to do with the
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe-ople)
leno: [lE."no] PF adj. thorough, detail-orientated(of a person)
lenomum: [lE."no.mum] PF adj. curious (deri-ved from newomum be curious)
lepwopx: [lEp."wop’] PF adj. cloudy (derivedfrom pìwopx cloud)
lerìk: [lE."RIk^] PF adj. leafy (derived from rìkleaf )
leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] PF adj. imaginary (deri-ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
lertu: ["lER.tu] PF n. colleaguelesar: [lE."saR] PF adj. useful (derived from sar
use)leskxir: [le"sk’iR] PF adj. wounded (derived
from skxir wound)
letam: [lE."tam] PF adj. sufficient (derived fromtam suffice)
letokx: [lE."tok’] PF adj. bodily, physical (deri-ved from tokx body)
letrr: [lE."tr"] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
letrrtrr: [lE."tr".tr
"] PF adj. ordinary (derived
from trr day)letsranten: [lE.">tsRan.tEn] PF adj. important
(derived from tsranten matter)letsunslu: [lE.">tsun.slu] PF adj. possible (deri-
ved from tsunslu may, be possible)letwan: [lEt."wan] PF adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a
person) (derived from tute person and wanhide)
lew: [lEw] PF n. cover, lidlewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] PF adj. disagreeable, argu-
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäteargue)
lew si: ["lEw "s·i] PF vin. cover (derived fromlew cover)
leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] PF adj. foggy, misty (deri-ved from yapay fog)
leye’krr: [lE."jEP.kr"] PF adj. early (derived from
ye’krr early)leyn: [l·Ejn] PF vtr. repeat, do againli: [li] PF adv. alreadylisre+: ["li.sRE] PF adp. by, before, up to but not
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)lì’fya: ["lIP.fja] PF n. language (c.w. from lì’u
word and fya’o way)lì’fyaolo’: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] PF n. language group,
language users (c.w. from lì’fya language andolo’ clan)
lì’fyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] PF n. expression, bit of lan-guage (derived from lì’fya language)
lì’u: ["lI.Pu] PF n. wordlì’upam: ["lI.Pu.pam] PF n. accent, pronuncia-
tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)lì’upe: [lI."Pu.pE] PF inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of pelì’ulìm: [l·Im] PF svin. far, be farlìng: [l·IN] PF vin. float in the air, hoverlok: [l·ok^] PF v. approachlok–: [l·ok^] PF adp. close tolom: [lom] PF adj. missing, missed (as an absent
person who is longed for)lomtu: ["lom.tu] PF n. missed person (derived
from lom missing, missed)lonu: [l·o."n·u] PF vtr. release, let go
12
lor: [loR] PF adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses(for things or parts of a person)
lrrtok: ["lr".tok^] PF n. smile
lrrtok si: ["lr".tok^ "s·i] PF vin. smile (derived
from lrrtok smile)lu: [l·u] PF vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-session with dative of possessor)
luke–: ["lu.kE] PF adp. without
lukpen: [luk."pEn] PF adj. without clothing, na-ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing(plural))
lumpe: ["lum.pE] PF inter. why allomorph ofpelun
lun: [lun] PF n. reason
M
ma: [ma] PF part. O (vocative marker)makto: ["m·ak.t·o] PF vtr. ridemasat: ["ma.sat] PF n. breastplate (armor)maw–: [maw] PF adp. after (time)mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calmmaweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] PF svin. be patient
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)mawkrr: ["maw.kr
"] PF adv. after, afterwards
(c.w. from maw after and krr time)mawkrra: [maw."kr
".a] PF conj. after (temporal)
allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr timeand maw after)
mawl: [mawl] PF n. halfmay’: [majP] PF vtrm. try, sample, evaluate,
check out, test-drivemäkxu: [m··æ."k’u] PF vtr. interrupt, throw out
of harmonious balance (derived from kxuharm)
me’em: [mE."PEm] PF adj. harmoniousmefo: ["mE.fo] PF pn. they, those two (derived
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)mekre: ["mEk.RE] PF n. suppliesmelo: ["mE.lo] PF adv. twice (derived from me+
dual marker and alo time)menari: [mE."na.Ri] PF n. eyes (two) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye)meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] PF n. harmo-
ny, living at one with naturemeuia: [mE."u.i.a] PF n. honor (honour)meuianga’: [mE."u.i.a.NaP^] PF adj. honourable,
honorably (derived from meuia honour, ho-nor and nga’ contain)
meyp: [mEjp^] PF adj. weakmi: [mi] PF adv. yet, still, as beforemiktsang: ["mik.
>tsaN] PF n. earring (c.w. from
mikyun ear and tsang piercing)mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. earmip: [mip^] PF adj. new
mì+: [mI] PF adp. in, onmìfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] PF n., adv. insidemìftxele: [mI."ft’E.lE] PF adv. in this regard, re-
lated to this mattermìkam–: [mI."kam] PF adp. betweenmìn: [m·In] PF vin. turn, spinmìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner (derived from
mìn turn)mìso: [mI."so] PF adv. away (position) (derived
from mì in)mll’an: [m·l
"."P·an] PF vtr. accept
mllte: [m·l"."t·E] PF v. agree
moe: ["mo.E] PF pn. we two, us two (exclusive)(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mok: [m·ok^] PF vtr. suggestmokri: ["mok.Ri] PF n. voicemowan: [mo."wan] PF adj. pleasing, enjoyable
(physically, sexually)mrr: [mr
"] PF num. five
mrrtrr: ["mr".tr
"] PF n. five day work week (deri-
ved from mrr five and trr day)mrrve: ["mr
".vE] PF adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr five)muiä: [mu."i.æ] PF adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
edmun’i: [m·un."P·i] PF v. cutmune: ["mu.nE] PF num. twomunge: ["m·u.N·E] PF vtr. take, bringmungwrr–: [muN."wr
"] PF adp. except
muntrr: ["mun.tr"] PF n. weekend (derived from
mune two and trr day)muntrram: ["mun.tr
"am] PF n. last weekend (de-
rived from muntrr weekend)muntrray: ["mun.tr
".aj] PF n. next weekend (de-
rived from muntrr weekend)muntxa: [mun."t’a] PF adj. mated, marriedmuntxa si: [mun."t’a "s·i] PF vin. mate (with so-
meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)
13
muntxatan: [mun."t’a.tan] PF n. husband, malespouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxate: [mun."t’a.tE] PF n. wife, femalespouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxatu: [mun."t’a.tu] PF n. spouse (derivedfrom muntxa mated)
muve: ["mu.vE] PF adj. second (ordinal) (deri-ved from mune two)
muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t’·u] PF vtr. introduce,present (derived from wìntxu show)
N
na–: [na] PF adp. like, asna’rìng: ["naP.RIN] PF n. forestnaer: [na."ER] PF n. drink, something able to be
drunknafì’u: [na.fI."Pu] PF adj. such (c.w. from na as
and fì’u this)nang: [naN] PF part. surprise, exclamation, en-
couragement (mirative)nari: ["na.Ri] PF n. eyenari si: ["na.Ri s·i] PF vin. watch out, be careful
(derived from nari eye)natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] PF conj. for example,
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke-nong example)
nawm: [nawm] PF adj. great, noblenawmtu: ["nawm.tu] PF n. great person (deri-
ved from nawm great)nayn: [najn] PF n. the symbol 9 (not the value
nine)näk: [n·æk^] PF vtr. drinkne–: [nE] PF adp. to, towards (direction)ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] PF adv. back (direction)nefä: [nE."fæ] PF adv. up (direction)nekll: [nE."kl
"] PF adv. down (direction)
nekx: [n·Ek’] PF vtr. burn, consumenemfa–: ["nEm.fa] PF adp. into, inside (c.w.
from ne towards and mìfa inside)nemrey: [nEm."REj] PF adv.,intj. in a fashion as if
one’s life were at stake (derived from emreysurvive)
neto: [nE."to] PF adv. away (direction) (derivedfrom ne to)
netrìp: ["nEt.RIp^] PF adv. luckily, happilynew: [n·Ew] PF vtrm. wantnewomum: [n·Ew."o.mum] PF vin. be curious,
want to know (c.w. from new want andomum know)
neympin: ["nEjm.pin] PF n. light color (derivedfrom neyn light, shade of white)
neyn: [nEjn] PF adj. light colors, shades of white
niä: [n·i.·"æ] PF vtr. grabnikre: ["nik.RE] PF n. hairnikroi: [nik."Ro.i] PF n. hair adornment (c.w.
from nikre hair and ioi adornment)nim: [nim] PF adj. timid, shyninan: ["ni.nan] PF adv. by reading (derived
from inan read)nitram: [nit."Ram] PF adj. happy (of people)nì–: [nI] PF adverbial deriving affixnì’aw: [nI."Paw] PF adv. only (derived from ’aw
one)nì’awtu: [nI."Paw.tu] PF adv. alone (as one per-
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)nì’awve: [nI."Paw.vE] PF adv. first (derived
from ’awve first)nì’en: [nI."PEn] PF adv. making an informed
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’enguess)
nì’eng: [nI."PEN] PF adv. equally, on the same le-vel (derived from ’engeng level)
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] PF adv. ceremoniously (de-rived from ’eoio ceremonious)
nì’eveng: [nI."PE.vEN] PF adv. like a child, imma-turely (derived from ’eveng child)
nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] PF adv. back, in response, inanswer (derived from ’eyng answer)
nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] PF adv. finally, at long last (de-rived from ’i’a end)
nì’it: [nI."Pit^] PF adv. a bit, a small amount (ab-stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount)
nì’o’: [nI."PoP] PF adv. in a manner which is en-joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting)
nì’ul: [nI."Pul] PF adv. morenìawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] PF adv. as
you know, as is known (casual speech[naw."no.mum]) (derived from «awn» passi-ve participle infix and omum know)
nìayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] PF adv. like us, as we do(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-eng us (inclusive))
14
nìfe’: [nI."fEP] PF adv. badly (derived from fe’bad)
nìfkrr: [nI."fkr"] PF adv. lately, currently (deri-
ved from fìkrr this time)nìfrakrr: [nI."fra.kr
"] PF adv. as always (derived
from frakrr always)nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] PF adv. easily (derived from
ftue easy)nìftxan: [nI."ft’an] PF adv. so, to such an extent
(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)nìftxavang: [nI."ft’a.vaN] PF adv. passionately,
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-nate)
nìfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] PF adv. by whistling, ina whistling manner (derived from fwefwiwhistle)
nìfya’o: [nI."fja.Po] PF adv. in a manner (deri-ved from fya’o way)
nìfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] PF adv. like an adult,maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nìhawng: [nI."hawN] PF adv. too, excessively(derived from hawng overabundance)
nìhay: [nI."haj] Prr adv. next (derived from haynext)
nìhek: [nI."hEk^] PF adv. strangely, oddly (deri-ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, notmanner, adverbial)
nìhol: [nI."hol] PF adv. few, not many (derivedfrom hol few)
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] PF adv. slowly (derivedfrom kì’ong slow)
nìkanu: [nI."ka.nu] PF adv. intelligently, in asmart way (derived from kanu smart)
nìkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft’o] PF adv. unfortunately,sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nìksman: [nIk."sman] PF adv. wonderfully (de-rived from kosman wonderful)
nìlam: [nI."lam] PF adv. apparently (derivedfrom lam seem)
nìlaw: [nI."law] PF adv. clearly (derived fromlaw clear)
nìli: [nI."li] PF adv. in advance (derived from lialready)
nìlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. continuously,incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from lukewithout and ftang stop)
nìltsan: [nIl.">tsan] PF adv. well (derived from
sìltsan good)
nìlun: [nI."lun] PF adv. of course, logically,following common sense
nìmun: [nI."mun] PF adv. againnìmwey: [nIm."wEj] PF adv. calmly, peacefully
(derived from mawey calm)nìmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. patiently
(derived from maweypey be patient)nìn: [n·In] PF vtr. look atnìNa’vi: [nI."naP.vi] PF adv. like the Na’vi,
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)nìnäk: [nI."næk^] PF adv. by drinking, in a liquid
way (derived from näk drink)nìngay: [nI."Naj] PF adv. truly (derived from
ngay true)nìno: [nI."no] PF adv. in detail, expansively, tho-
roughlynìprrte’: [nI."pr
".tEP] PF adv. pleasurably, wel-
come (assumed zola’u), gladly, with pleasure(derived from prrte’ pleasurable)
nìpxay: [nI."p’aj] PF adv. many, manily (deri-ved from pxay many)
nìpxi: [nI."p’i] PF adv. especially, pointedly, un-ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp)
nìpxim: [nI."p’im] PF adv. erectly, rightly (deri-ved from pxim erect, upright)
nìrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] PF adv. wish (contrary tofact, with perfect or imperfective subjunctive)(derived from rangal wish)
nìronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] PF adv. in imagination,by imagination (derived from ronsrelngopimagine)
nìslele: [nI."slE.lE] PF adv. by swimming (deri-ved from slele swim)
nìsngum: [nIs."Num] PF adv. worryingly, fretful-ly (derived from sngum worry)
nìsteng: [nI."stEN] PF adv. similarly (derivedfrom steng similar)
nìsti: [nI."sti] PF adv. angrily (derived from stibe angry)
nìsung: [nI."suN] PF adv. besides, additionally,furthermore (derived from sung add)
nìswey: [nI."swEj] PF adv. optimally, best (deri-ved from swey best)
nìsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] PF adv. by chance or coin-cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] PF adv. lastly (derived fromsyen last)
nìtam: [nI."tam] PF adv. enough (after an adjecti-ve) (derived from tam suffice)
15
nìteng: [nI."tEN] PF adv. too, also, as well, likewi-se (derived from teng same, equal)
nìtengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] PF adv. as, same way as(similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-me way as (conj.))
nìtrrtrr: [nI."tr".tr
"] PF adv. on a daily basis, regu-
larly (derived from trr day)nìtsìsyì: [nI."
>tsI.syI] PF adv. by whispering, in a
whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)nìtut: [nI."tut^] PF adv. continually (derived
from tut continuation marker)nìtxan: [nI."t’an] PF adv. much (abstract), very
(derived from txan much)nìvingkap: [nI."viN.kap] PF adv. by the way, in-
cidentally (derived from vingkap occur toone, pop into one’s mind)
nìwan: [nI."wan] PF adv. secretly, in hiding, byhiding (derived from wan hide)
nìwawe: [nI.wa."wE] PF adv. meaningfully, sig-nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig-nificance)
nìwä: [nI."wæ] PF adv. on the contrary, conver-sely
nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] PF adv. disagreeably, be-grudgingly (derived from wäte argue)
nìwin: [nI."win] PF adv. fast (derived from winfast)
nìwok: [nI."wok^] PF adv. loudly (derived fromwok loud)
nìwotx: [nI."wot’] PF adv. all (of), in toto, com-pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole)
nìzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] PF adv. safely (deri-ved from «awn» passive participle infix andzong save)
nokx: [n·ok’] PF vtr. give birth tonong: [n·oN] PF v. follow, proceed afternulkrr: [nul."kr
"] PF adv. longer (time) (derived
from krr time)nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] PF v. prefer (ii) (derived
from new want)nume: ["n·u.m·E] PF v. learnnumeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] PF n. student (derived
from nume learn)numtseng: ["num.
>tsEN] PF n. school (c.w. from
nume learn and tseng place)numtsengvi: ["num.
>tsEN.vi] PF n. classroom, di-
vision of a school (derived from numtsengschool)
Ng
nga: [Na] PF pn. younga’: [NaP^] PF vtr. containngatsyìp: ["Na.
>tsjIp^] PF pn. little you, you little
(derived from nga you)ngawng: [NawN] PF n. wormngay: [Naj] PF adj. truengaytxoa: [Naj."t’o.a] PF intj. sorry, my apologi-
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)
ngäng: [NæN] PF n. stomachngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] PF adj. difficult, hardngenga: [NE."Na] PF pn. you (honorific (honouri-
fic) form) (derived from nga you)ngeyn: [NEjn] PF adj. tiredngian: [Ni."an] PF,SW adv. however
ngim: [Nim] PF adj. long (physical length)ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] PF n. length (derived
from ngim long and pup short)ngop: [N·op^] PF vtr. createngopyu: ["Nop.ju] PF n. creator (derived from
ngop create)ngrr: [Nr
"] PF n. root
ngrrpongu: [Nr".po.Nu] PF n. grassroots move-
ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party)ngul: [Nul] PF adj. grey, drabngulpin: ["Nul.pin] PF n. grey (derived from
ngul grey, drab)nguway: ["Nu.waj] PF n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
rived from way song)
16
O
oe: ["o.E] PF pn. I, meoeng: ["wEN] PF pn. we two, us two (dual inclu-
sive), you and I (derived from oe I)oetsyìp: ["wE.
>tsjIp^] PF pn. little me, little I (de-
rived from oe I)oeyk: [o."Ejk^] PF n. causeoeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] PF v. explain (why) (ii)
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)ohakx: [o."hak’] PF adj. hungryohe: ["o.hE] PF pn. I (deferential or ceremonial
form)
oìsss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’
olo’: [o."loP] PF n. clan
olo’eyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
omum: [·o."m·um] PF vtr. know (stress movesto first syllable with infixation)
ontsang: ["on.>tsaN] PF n. nose ring (c.w. from
ontu nose and tsang piercing)
ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose
P
pa’o: ["pa.Po] PF n. sidepak: [pak^] PF part. disparagementpam: [pam] PF n. soundpamrel: [pam."REl] PF n. writing (c.w. from
pam sound and rel image)pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] PF n. spelling (deri-
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] PF vin. write (derived
from pamrel writing)pamtseo: ["pam.
>tsE.o] PF n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art)pamtseo si: ["pam.
>tsE.o "s·i] PF vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived frompamtseo music)
pamtseotu: ["pam.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. musician (de-
rived from pamtseo music)pan: [pan] PF n. third, one thirdpate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. get to a place, arrivepawm: [p·awm] PF v. askpay: [paj] PF n. water, liquidpay+: [paj] PF prefix plural inter. marker
(from pe+ and ay+)payfya: ["paj.fja] PF n. stream (c.w. from pay
water and fya’o way)payìva: ["paj.I.va] PF n. drop of water (derived
from pay water and ìlva drop)paynga’: ["paj.NaP^] PF adj. moist, humid, damp
(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)payoang: [paj."o.aN] PF n. fish (c.w. from pay
water and ioang animal)pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] PF vin. arrivepängkxo: [p·æN."k’·o] PF vin. chat, converse, ha-
ve a conversation
pängkxoyu: [pæN."k’o.ju] PF n. chatter, conver-ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k’o.ju lE.ko."REn]PF n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatterand lekoren lawlike)
pänu: ["pæ.nu] PF n. promisepänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] PF vtr. promise (a thing
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise andtìng give)
–pe+: [pE] PF affix inter. markerpe’un: ["p·E.P·un] PF vtr. decidepefnel: [pE."fnEl] PF inter. which kind allo-
morph of fnepepefya: [pE."fja] PF inter. how allomorph of fy-
apepehem: [pE."hEm] PF inter. what (action) allo-
morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,deed)
pehrr: [pE."hr"] PF inter. when allomorph of krr-
pe (c.w. from krr time)pelì’u: [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter. what (word, utteran-
ce) allomorph of lì’upepelun: [pE."lun] PF inter. why allomorph of
lumpepeng: [p·EN] PF vtr. tellpeseng: [pE."sEN] PF inter. where allomorph of
tsengpepesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] PF inter. what tem-
perature? (derived from somwew tempera-ture)
pesu: [pE."su] PF inter. who allomorph of tupepeu: [pE."u] PF inter. what (thing) allomorph of
’upe
17
pewn: [pEwn] PF n. neckpey: [p·Ej] PF v. wait, wait forpiak: [pi."ak^] PF adj. open, clear (for cloudless
skies)piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] PF vin. open (derived from
piak open)pil: [pil] PF n. facial stripepizayu: ["pi.za.ju] PF n. ancestorpìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] PF inter. how much allo-
morph of hìmtxampepìwopx: [pI."wop’] PF n. cloudpllngay: [p·l
"."Naj] PF vin. admit
plltxe: [p·l"."t’·E] PF v. speak
po: [po] PF pn. he, shepoan: [po."an] PF pn. he (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)poe: [po."E] PF pn. she (no plural form: use
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)polpxay: [pol."p’aj] PF inter. how many (c.w.
from holpxay number and pe how)pom: [p·om] PF v. kiss
pongu: ["po.Nu] PF n. group of people, party (de-rived from po he/she)
prrkxentrrkrr: [pr".k’En.tr
".kr
"] Skxawng n. day ti-
me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Na’viidiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxenersmoke, trr day and krr time)
prrnen: ["pr".nEn] PF n. infant, baby
prrnesyul: ["pr".nE.sjul] PF n. bud (c.w. from
prrnen baby and syulang flower)prrte’: ["pr
".tEP] PF adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty)prrwll: ["pr
".wl
"] Prr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
baby and ’ewll plant)pukap: ["pu.kap^] PF num. sixpum: [pum] PF pn. one (place-holder pronoun
referring to a previously mentioned nounor pronoun)
pup: [pup^] PF adj. short (physical length)puve: ["pu.vE] PF adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
from pukap six)
Px
pxan: [p’an] PF adj. worthypxasìk: ["p’a.sIk^] PF intj. screw that!, no way!
(vulgar)pxasul: ["p’a.sul] PF adj. fresh, appealing as foodpxaw–: [p’aw] PF adp. aroundpxawpa: ["p’aw.pa] PF n. perimeter, circumfe-
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around andpa’o side)
pxawpxun: ["p’aw.p’un] PF n. armband (c.w.from pxaw around and pxun arm)
pxay: [p’aj] PF adj. many (used with singularor plural noun forms)
pxel–: [p’El] PF adp. like, aspxelo: ["p’E.lo] PF adv. thrice, three times (deri-
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)pxen: [p’En] PF n. functional clothing (item of)pxey: [p’Ej] PF num. threepxeyve: ["p’Ej.vE] PF adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
ved from pxey three)pxi: [p’i] PF adj. sharppxim: [p’im] PF adj. erect, upright
pximaw–: [p’i."maw] PF adp. right after (c.w.from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] PF adv. right now (c.w. fromset now and pxi sharp)
pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] PF adp. right before (c.w. fromsre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxiswawam: [p’i.swaw."am] PF adv. just a mo-ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –ampast)
pxiswaway: [p’i.swaw."aj] PF adv. in just a se-cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment anday future marker)
pxiye’rìn: [p’i."jEP.RIn] PF adv. immediately (notas soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soonand pxi sharp)
pxìm: [p’Im] PF adv. oftenpxor: [p’·oR] PF vin. explodepxorpam: ["p’oR.pam] PF n. ejective consonant
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)pxun: [p’un] PF n. armpxuntil: ["p’un.til] PF n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
arm and til joint)
18
R
ral: [Ral] PF n. meaningralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] PF vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w.
from ral meaning and peng tell)ram: [Ram] PF n. mountainramtsyìp: ["Ram.
>tsjIp^] PF n. hill (derived from
ram mountain)ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] PF n. wellrangal: ["R·a.N·al] PF v. wishraspu’: [Ra."spuP] PF n. leggings (used in war)rawke: ["Raw.kE] PF intj. alarm cry, call to defen-
serä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] PF part. do not (for negative impe-
ratives, commands only)re’o: ["RE.Po] PF n. headrel: [REl] PF n. image, picturereltseo: ["REl.>tsE.o] PF n. visual art (c.w. from
rel image and tseo art)reltseotu: ["REl.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. artist (derived
from reltseo art)reng: [REN] PF adj. shallow (physically)renten: ["REn.tEn] PF n. goggles, (made from in-
sect wings, carved from wood, etc)renu: ["RE.nu] PF n. patternrewon: ["RE.won] PF n. morningrey: [R·Ej] PF vin. liverey’eng: [REj."PEN] PF n. the Balance of Life (de-
rived from rey live)reypay: ["REj.paj] PF n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water)rikx: [R·ik’] PF vin. move, shift position
rim: [Rim] PF adj. yellowrimpin: ["Rim.pin] PF n. yellow (derived from
rim yellow)rina’: [Ri."naP] PF n. seed (derived from atoki-
rina’ seeds of the great tree)rì’ìr: ["rI.Ir] PF n. reflectionrì’ìr si: ["rI.Ir s·i] PF vin. reflect, imitate (derived
from rì’ìr reflection)rìk: [RIk^] PF n. leafrìkean: ["RI.kE.an] PF adj. leaf green (c.w. from
rìk leaf and ean green)ro+: [Ro] PF adp. at (locative)rofa–: ["Ro.fa] PF adp. beside, alongsiderol: [R·ol] PF v. sing (r«eyk»ol play music, make
to sing (poetic))rolun: [Ro."lun] PF intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] PF n. mindronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] PF n. something imagined
(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.N·op^] PF vtr. imagi-
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, relpicture, ngop create, casual pronunciation["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )
rum: [Rum] PF n. ballrun: [R·un] PF vtr. find, discoverrusey: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n. alive, living, living
thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)
rutxe: [Ru."t’E] PF intj. please
S
sa’nok: ["saP.nok^] PF n. mother (fromsa’atenuk C)
sa’nu: ["saP.nu] PF n. mum, mommy (affectiona-te form of sa’nok mother)
sa’nutsyìp: ["saP.nu.>tsjIp^] PF n. little mommy
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’numommy)
sa’sem: ["saP.sEm] PF n. parent or set of parents(derived from sa’nok mother and sempulfather)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening crysalew: [s·a."l·Ew] PF v. proceed, gosan: [san] PF adv. saying, quotesang: [saN] PF adj. warm
sar: [s·aR] PF vtr. use
sat: [sat^] PF pn. that (lenited form of tsat, irre-gularly lenited after ftu from)
sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,urgh
sayrìp: ["saj.RIp^] PF adj. handsome, good looking(normally used for men)
sä–: [sæ] PF prefix instrumental noun (c.w. fromsänume teaching and säspxin disease)
sä’o: ["sæ.Po] PF n. tool, utensil
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] PF n. idea
sänume: [sæ."nu.mE] PF n. teaching, instruction(derived from nume learn)
19
sänumvi: [sæ."num.vi] PF n. lesson (derivedfrom sänume teaching)
säomum: [sæ."o.mum] PF n. (piece of) informa-tion (derived from omum know)
säplltxe: [sæ.p·l"."t’·E] PF n. statement
säplltxevi: [sæ.p·l"."t’·E.vi] PF n. comment (deri-
ved from säplltxe statement)säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] PF n. disease, sickness, ill-
ness (derived from spxin sick)säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’in.
>tsjIp^] PF n. minor ail-
ment (derived from säspxin illness)säsrätx: [sæ."sræt’] PF n. annoyance (derived
from srätx annoy)säsulìn: [sæ."su.lIn] PF n. hobby, pleasure-
yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy(positive sense))
sätsìsyì: [sæ.">tsI.syI] PF n. whisper (derived
from tsìsyì whisper, v.)säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] PF n. point of contention,
source of argument, thing disputed (derivedfrom wäte argue)
säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,PF n. face lead, rein(derived from za’ärìp pull)
sekrr: ["sE.kr"] PF n. present (c.w. from set now
and krr time)sempu: ["sEm.pu] PF n. daddy (affectionate
form of sempul father)sempul: ["sEm.pul] PF n. fatherset: [sEt^] PF adv. nowsevin: [sE."vin] PF adj. pretty (primarily of fema-
les, for people only)seykxel: [sEj."k’El] PF adj. strong (emotionally,
spiritually, not physical), confidentseyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lipseysonìltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."
>tsan] PF intj. well do-
ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom-plished well)
si: [s·i] PF auxiliary verb, postpositional non-bound verb do, make deriving affix
sim: [s·im] PF svin. near, be nearsì: [sI] PF conj. and (connects two things, can
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)sìk: [sIk^] PF adv. unquotesìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] PF vin. hope (with tsnì for thing
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w.from sìltsan good and pey wait)
sìlronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] PF adj. clever, smart(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsemmind)
sìltsan: [sIl.">tsan] PF adj. good (of its kind), welldone
sìn–: [sIn] PF adp. on, ontoska’a: [sk·a."P·a] PF vtr. destroyskepek: ["skE.pEk^] PF adj. formalskien: ["ski.En] PF adj. right (not left)skxakep: ["sk’a.kEp^] PF adj., adv. probable, pro-
bablyskxawng: [sk’awN] PF n. moron, idiotskxir: [sk’iR] PF n. woundskxir si: ["sk’iR "s·i] PF vin. wound (derived
from skxir wound)skxirtsyìp: ["sk’iR.
>tsjIp^] PF n. cut, bruise, minor
wound (derived from skxir wound)skxom: [sk’om] PF n. chance, opportunitysla’tsu: ["sl·aP.
>ts·u] PF vtr. describe
slä: [slæ] PF conj. butslele: ["sl·E.l·E] PF vin. swimsleyku: [slEj."k·u] PF vtr. produce (derived from
slu become and «eyk» causative infix)sloan: [sl·o."·an] PF vtr. pourslu: [sl·u] PF vin. become (noun predicate with
ne in ambiguous constructions)smar: [smaR] PF n. prey, hunted thingsmon: [sm·on] PF vin. be familiar, be known
(with dative)snaytx: [sn·ajt’] PF vtr. losesngap: [sN·ap^] PF vtr. stingsngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] PF vim. begin, startsngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.Pi.kr
"] PF n. beginning, starting
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time)sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] PF n. beginner (derived
from sngä’i begin)sngel: [sNEl] PF n. garbage, trash, rubbishsngeltseng: ["sNEl.
>tsEN] PF n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage andtseng place)
sngum: [sNum] PF n. worrysno: [sno] PF pn. his own, her own, its own (re-
flexive, genitive form sneyä)snumìna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
to a ’dim’ person)soaia: [so."a.i.a] PF n. family (irregular genitive
form soaiä)sok: [sok^] PF adj. recentsom: [som] PF adj. hotsomwew: [som."wEw] PF n. temperature (deri-
ved from som hot and wew cold)
20
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] PF inter. what tem-perature? (more common) (derived fromsomwew temperature)
sop: [s·op^] PF vin. travelsopyu: ["sop.ju] PF n. traveller (derived from
sop travel)spaw: [sp·aw] PF vtr. believespä: [sp·æ] PF v. jumpspe’e: [sp·E."P·E] PF vtr. capturespe’etu: [spE."PE.tu] PF n. captive (derived
from spe’e capture)speng: [sp·EN] PF v. restorespule: ["sp·u.l·E] PF vtr. propelspuwin: ["spu.win] PF adj. old (not for people),
formerspxam: [sp’am] PF n. mushroom, fungusspxin: [sp’in] PF adj. sicksrak(e): ["sRak(E)] PF part. inter. marker for yes
or no questionssran: [sRan] PF part., intj. yes (colloquial)srane: ["sRa.nE] PF part., intj. yessraw: [sRaw] PF adj. painfulsrätx: [sr·æt’] PF vtr. annoy, bothersre+: [sRE] PF adp. before (time)sre’: [sREP] PF n. toothsrefey: [sRE."f·Ej] PF vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from
sre+ before and pey wait)srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr
"] PF n. the time before
noon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrr mid-day)
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] PF n. before mid-night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxonmidnight)
srekrr: [sRE."kr"] PF adv. before, already, ahead of
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] PF v. prophetize, prophesi-
ze, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tse’asee)
sresrr’ong: [sRE.sr"."PoN] PF n. before dawn (c.w.
from sre before and trr’ong dawn)sreton’ong: [sRE.ton."PoN] PF n. dusk, evening
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-on’ong night-fall)
srew: [sR·Ew] PF vin. dancesrung: [sRuN] PF n. help, assistancesrung si: ["sRuN "s·i] PF vin. help (derived from
srung help)starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] PF vtr. gather, collect
stawm: [st·awm] PF vtr. hearstä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] PF vtr. catchsteftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] PF vtr. examine, checksteng: [stEN] PF adj. similarsteyki: [stEj."k·i] PF vtr. anger, make someone an-
gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»causative infix)
sti: [st·i] PF vin. anger (intransitive), be angrysto: [st·o] PF v. refuse (to do something)stum: [stum] PF adv. almoststxeli: ["st’E.li] PF n. giftstxenu: ["st’E.nu] PF n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
gift and lonu release)stxenutìng: ["st’E,nu,t·IN] PF vtr. offer (derived
from stxenu offer, n.)stxong: [st’oN] PF adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
nownsulìn: ["s·u.l·In] PF vin. be busy (positive sense),
be engrossed in something one finds especiallypleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn bebusy)
sung: [s·uN] PF vtr. addsunu: ["s·u.n·u] PF vin. be pleasing or likeable,
bring enjoymentsutx: [s·ut’] PF vtr. track, follow, lock upswaw: [swaw] PF n. momentswawtsyìp: ["swaw.
>tsjIp^] PF n. little moment,
second (derived from swaw moment)swey: [swEj] PF adj. bestsweylu: ["swEj.lu] PF v. should (derived from
swey best and lu is)swirä: [swi."Ræ] PF n. creatureswizaw: [swi."zaw] PF n. arrowswok: [swok^] PF adj. sacredswotu: ["swo.tu] PF n. sacred placesyaw: [sj·aw] PF vin. callsyay: [sjaj] PF n. fatesyayvi: ["sjaj.vi] PF n. luck, chance (derived
from syay fate)syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] PF adj. bittersyen: [sjEn] PF adj. last, finalsyep: [sj·Ep^] PF vtr. trapsyo: [sjo] PF adj. light (physical weight),
lightweightsyulang: ["sju.laN] PF n. flowersyuve: ["sju.vE] PF n. food (collective noun, can-
not be pluralised)
21
T
ta–: [ta] PF adp. from (locative), from (temporalsense with other time words)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] PF adv. from aboveta’leng: ["taP.lEN] PF n. skinta’lengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] PF adj. skin blue
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] PF adp. from up among (c.w.
from ta from and fkip– up among)tafral: [ta."fRal] PF adv. therefore, because of thattakip–: [ta."kip^] PF adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among)takrra: [ta."kr
".a] PF conj. since (temporal) allo-
morph of akrrta (c.w. from krr time and tafrom)
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. striketalun(a): [ta."lun(a)] PF conj. because, from the
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)tam: [t·am] PF vin., intj. that will suffice, that
will do, OKtam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content,
there theretangek: ["ta.NEk^] PF n. trunk (of a tree)tanhì: [tan."hI] PF n. star, bioluminescent freckletaron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,PF vtr. hunttaronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,PF n. hunter (c.w. from
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)taronyutsyìp: ["ta.Ron.ju.
>tsjIp^] PF n. little hun-
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] PF vtr. lose track, lose aware-
ness of somethingtatlam: [tat."lam] PF adv. apparently (derived
from lam seem)taw: [taw] PF n. skytaweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] PF conj. because, based
on the causetawng: [t·awN] PF vin. duck, divetäftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] PF vtr. weavetäftxuyu: [tæ."ft’u.ju] PF n. weaver (derived
from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] PF vin. returnte: [tE] JC part. used in full namestel: [t·El] PF vtr. receivetelem: [tE."lEm] PF n. cordtem: [t·Em] PF vin. shoottemrey: [tEm."REj] PF n. survival (derived from
emrey survive)teng: [tEN] PF adj. same, equal
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] PF conj. as, same way as (situ-ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equaland fya’o path)
tengkrr: [tEN."kr"] PF conj. while, same time as
(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)teri–: [tE."Ri] PF adp. about, concerningterkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] PF vin. dieteswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] PF vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.
from tìng give)tete: ["tE.tE] PF adj. dull (as a blade)tewng: [tEwN] PF n. loinclothtewti: ["tEw.ti] PF intj. wow, expression of surpri-
se and pleasureteya: [tE."ja] PF adj. fullteya si: [tE."ja "s·i] PF vin. fill (with dative of
thing filled) (derived from teya full)teynga: ["tEjN.a] PF n. that answer (contraction
of tì’eyng a)teyngla: ["tEjN.la] PF n. that answer (agentive)
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] PF n. that answer (patientive)
(contraction of tì’eyng–it a)teyr: [tEjR] PF adj. whiteteyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] PF n. white (derived from
teyr white)til: [til] PF n. joint, hingetinan: ["ti.nan] PF n. reading (derived from in-
an read)tirea: [ti."RE.a] PF n. spirittireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] PF n. spirit path (c.w.
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] PF n. spirit animal
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.k’·o] PF v. commu-
ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] PF n. camping (derived
from ’awm camp)tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] PF vin. camp (derived
from ’awm camp)tì’awpo: [tI."Paw.po] PF n. individuality (nega-
tive connotation), selfishness (derived from’awpo one individual)
tì’efu: [tI."PE.fu] PF n. feeling (derived from’efu feel)
tì’em: [tI."PEm] PF n. the art of cooking (derivedfrom ’em cook)
22
tì’eylan: [tI."PEj.lan] PF n. friendship (derivedfrom ’eylan friend)
tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] PF n. answer, response (deri-ved from ’eyng answer)
tì’i’avay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] PF adv. until the end(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
tì’o’: [tI."PoP] PF n. fun, excitement (derivedfrom ’o’ exciting)
tì’ong: [tI."PoN] PF n. blooming, unfolding (deri-ved from ’ong bloom)
tìfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok"] PF n. state, condition,situation (derived from fkeytok exist)
tìfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] PF n. test (derived fromfmetok test)
tìfnu: [tI."fnu] PF n. quiet, silence (derived fromfnu quiet)
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] PF n. stopping, the glottal stop(derived from ftang stop)
tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·] PF vin. stop (derivedfrom tìftang stopping)
tìftia: [tI.fti".a] PF n. study (derived from ftiastudy)
tìftia kifkeyä: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] PF n. science,the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf-tia study and kifkey world)
tìftxavang: [tI."ft’a.vaN] PF n. passion (derivedfrom ftxavang passionate)
tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] PF n. choice (derived from ftx-ey choose)
tìfyawìntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t’u] PF n. guidance(derived from fyawìntxu guide)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] PF n. ripeness, maturity, fullfruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] PF n. preparations, plan (deri-ved from hawl prepare)
tìhawnu: [tI."haw.nu] PF n. protection (derivedfrom hawnu protect, shelter)
tìhawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] PF vin. protect (de-rived from tìhawnu protection)
tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] PF n. free time, the absence of bu-siness (derived from ’ìn be busy)
tìkan: [tI."kan] PF n. aim, goal, purpose, target(derived from kan aim)
tìkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] PF n. work (derivedfrom kem action, deed)
tìkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] PF vin. work(derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] PF n. project, pie-ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìkanu: [tI."ka.nu] PF n. intelligence (derivedfrom kanu smart)
tìkawng: [tI."kawN] PF n. evil (derived fromkawng bad)
tìkenong: [tI."kE.noN] PF n. example (derivedfrom kenong model)
tìketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] PF n. difference (c.w. fromke not and teng same)
tìkin: [tI."kin] PF n. need (derived from kinneed)
tìkusar: [tI.ku."saR] PF n. teaching (the act) (de-rived from kar teach)
tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] PF n. incorrectness, mistakeness(derived from kxeyey mistake)
tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej "s·i] PF vin. mess up, foul, dowrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)
tìlam: [tI."lam] PF n. appearance (derived fromlam seem)
tìlen: [tI."lEn] Prr n. event, happening (derivedfrom len happen)
tìlor: [tI."loR] PF n. beauty (derived from lorbeautiful)
tìm: [tIm] PF adj. lowtìme’em: [tI."mE.PEm] PF n. harmony (general
sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)tìmll’an: [tI.ml
"."Pan] PF n. acceptance (derived
from mll’an accept)tìmok: [tI."mok^] PF n. suggestion (derived
from mok suggest)tìmuntxa: [tI.mun."t’a] PF n. mating, marriage
(derived from muntxa mated)tìmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] PF n. patience (deri-
ved from maweypey be patient)tìn: [tIn] PF n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
ved from ’ìn be busy)tìng: [t·IN] PF vtr. givetìngay: [tI."Naj] PF n. truth (derived from ngay
true)tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] PF n. difficulty, problem
(derived from ngäzìk difficult)tìng lawr: [t·IN lawr] PF vin. sing wordlessly, gi-
ve out a tune or melody (derived from lawrmelody)
tìng mikyun: ["t·Im "mik.jun] PF vin. listen (de-rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)
tìng nari: ["t·IN "na.Ri] PF vin. look (derivedfrom tìng give and nari eye)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] PF n. creation (derived fromngop create)
23
tìng tseng: ["t·IN ">tsEN] PF vin. back down, gi-
ve ground (derived from tìng give and tsengground)
tìno: [tI."no] PF n. thoroughness, attention to de-tail
tìnomum: [tI."no.mum] PF n. curiosity (derivedfrom newomum be curious)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] PF n. explanation (de-rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] PF n. hunger (derived fromohakx hungry)
tìomum: [tI."o.mum] PF n. knowledge (derivedfrom omum know)
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] PF n. question (derivedfrom pawm ask)
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] PF n. arrival (derivedfrom pähem arrive)
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] PF n. conversation, di-scussion (derived from pängkxo chat)
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’o.>tsjIp^] PF n. little
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con-versation)
tìpe’un: [tI."pE.Pun] PF n. decision (derivedfrom pe’un decide)
tìprrte’: [tI."pr".tEP] PF n. pleasure (derived
from prrte’ pleasurable)tìran: [t·I."R·an] PF vin. walktìrey: [tI."REj] PF n. life (derived from rey live)tìrol: [tI."Rol] PF n. song (vocal) (derived from
rol sing)tìronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] PF n. imagination (deri-
ved from ronsrelngop imagine)tìska’a: [tI.ska."Pa] PF n. destruction (derived
from ska’a destroy)tìsla’tsu: [tI."slaP.
>tsu] PF n. description (derived
from sla’tsu describe)tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt’] PF n. loss (derived from
snaytx lose)tìsom: [tI."som] PF n. heat (derived from som
hot)tìsop: [tI."sop^] PF n. journey (derived from sop
travel)tìspe’e: [tI.spE."PE] PF n. capture (derived from
spe’e capture)tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] PF n. the state of being ill, sick-
ness (derived from spxin sick)tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] PF n. pain (derived from sraw
painful)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] PF vtr. hurt (so-meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw painand s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] PF vin. hurt, be painful(derived from tìsraw pain)
tìsrese’a: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] PF n. prophecy (derivedfrom srese’a prophetize)
tìsti: [tI."sti] PF n. anger (derived from sti beangry)
tìsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script(P.S.) (derived from sung add)
tìtaron: [tI."ta.Ron] PF n. hunting (derived fromtaron hunt)
tìtslam: [tI.">tslam] PF n. understanding, intelli-gence (derived from tslam understand)
tìtstew: [tI.">tstEw] PF n. courage, braverytìtstewnga’: [tI.">tstEw.NaP^] PF adj. courageous,
brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
tìtstunwi: [tI.">tstun.wi] PF n. kindness (derivedfrom tstunwi kind)
tìtsyär: [tI.">tsyær] PF n. rejection (derived fromtsyär reject)
tìtusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] PF n. hunting (derivedfrom taron hunt)
tìtxanew: [tI."t’a.nEw] PF n. greed (derivedfrom txanew greedy)
tìtxen: [tI."t’En] PF n. awakeness, the state of wa-king (derived from txen awake)
tìtxula: [tI."t’u.la] PF n. construction, construc-ted thing (derived from txula build)
tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] PF n. strength, power (derivedfrom txur strong)
tìvawm: [tI."vawm] PF n. darkness (derivedfrom vawm dark)
tìväng: [tI."væN] PF n. thirst (derived fromväng thirsty)
tìve’kì: [tI.vEP."kI] PF n. hatred (derived fromve’kì hate)
tìwan: [tI."wan] PF n. obfuscation, cover up (de-rived from wan hide)
tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] PF n. dispute, argument (de-rived from wäte argue)
tìwew: [tI."wEw] PF n. coldness, cold (derivedfrom wew cold)
tìwusem: [tI.wu."sEm] PF n. fighting (derivedfrom wem fight)
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] PF n. love (derived fromyawne beloved)
24
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] PF n. correctness (derivedfrom eyawr correct)
tìyora’: [tI.jo"RaP] PF n. victory, a win (derivedfrom yora’ win)
tìyusom: [tI.ju."som] PF n. eating (the act) (de-rived from yom eat)
to: [to] PF part. comparative marker than (be-haves like an adp.)
tok: [t·ok^] PF vtr. be at, occupy a spacetokx: [tok’] PF n. bodytolel: [to."lEl] PF intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-
derstand! (synonym: tslolam)toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] PF vtr. shoottompa: ["tom.pa] PF n. raintompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] PF n. drizzle (de-
rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)tomperwì: ["tom.pER.wI] PF n. sleet (derived
from tompa rain and herwì snow)tompìva: ["tom.pI.va] PF n. raindrop (derived
from tompa rain and ìlva drop)tor: [toR] PF adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
from toruk last shadow)toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and maktoride)
trr: [tr"] PF n. day
trr’awve: [tr"."Paw.vE] PF n. Sunday (c.w. from
trr day and ’awve first)trr’ong: [tr
"."PoN] PF n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
trr day and ’ong unfold)trr’ongmaw: [tr
"."PoN.maw] PF n. dawn after
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-ter)
trram: [tr"."am] PF adv. yesterday (derived from
trr day and ham previous)trray: [tr
"."aj] PF adv. tomorrow (derived from
trr day and hay next)
trrkive: [tr"."ki.vE] PF n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
day and kive seventh)trrmrrve: [tr
"."mr
".vE] PF n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and mrrve fifth)trrmuve: [tr
"."mu.vE] PF n. Monday (c.w. from
trr day and muve second)trrpeve: [tr
"."pE.vE] PF inter. which day (derived
from trr day and –pe interrogative markerand –ve ordinal number marker)
trrpuve: [tr"."pu.vE] PF n. Friday (c.w. from trr
day and puve sixth)trrpxeyve: [tr
"."p’Ej.vE] PF n. Tuesday (c.w. from
trr day and pxeyve third)trrtsìve: [tr
".">tsI.vE] PF n. Wednesday (c.w. from
trr day and tsìve fourth)trrtxon: [tr
".t’on] PF n. the day and night cycle of
Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night)tukru: [tuk."Ru] PF n. speartul: [t·ul] PF vin. runtumpin: ["tum.pin] PF n. red, orange (derived
from tun red, orange)tun: [tun] PF adj. red, orangetung: [t·uN] PF v. allowtungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] PF vtr. drop (ii) (c.w.
from tung allow and zup fall)tup: [tup^] PF conj. instead of, rather thantupe: ["tu.pE] PF inter. who allomorph of pesutut: [tut^] PF part. continuation markertuté: [tu."tE] PF n. female (person) (derived from
tute person)tutan: [tu."tan] PF n. male (person) (derived
from tute person)tute: ["tu.tE] PF n. persontuteo: ["tu.tE.o] PF pn. somebody, someone (de-
rived from tute person)tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] PF v. lean
Ts
tsa–: [>tsa] PF prefix thattsa’u: [">tsa.Pu] PF dem. that (thing) (c.w. from
tsa that and ’u thing)tsafya: [>tsa."fja] PF adv. that way, like that (c.w.
from tsa- that and fya’o way)tsa-hey: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’tsaheyl si: [>tsa."hEjl "s·i] PF vin. bond with,
establish a neural connection (derived from
tsaheylu bond)
tsaheylu: [>tsa."hEj.lu] JC,PF n. bond (neural con-nection)
tsakem: [">tsa.kEm] or [>tsa."kEm] PF dem. that
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-tion)
tsakrr: [>tsa."kr"] PF dem. then, at that time (deri-
ved from tsa- that and krr time)
25
tsakrrvay: [>tsa."kr".vaj] PF adv. until then, in the
meantime (c.w. from tsakrr then and vay upto)
tsal: [>tsal] PF pn. that, it (transitive subject)tsalsungay: [>tsal.su."Naj] PF adv. nevertheless,
even sotsam: [>tsam] PF n. wartsamopin: [">tsa.mo.pin] PF n. warpaint (c.w.
from tsam war and ’opin color)tsampongu: [">tsam.po.Nu] PF n. war party (c.w.
from tsam war and pongu party)tsamsiyu: [">tsam.si.ju] PF n. warrior (derived
from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)tsang: [>tsaN] PF n. a piercingtsap’alute: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE] PF n. apologytsap’alute si: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] PF vin. apologi-
se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-gy)
tsapo: [">tsa.po] PF pn. that one (for people only)(c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)
tsaria: [">tsa.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. fromtsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)
tsat: [>tsat^] PF pn. that, it (as object)tsata: [">tsa.ta] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)tsatseng: [>tsa."
>tsEN] or ["
>tsa.
>tsEN] PF dem. there,
that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place)tsatu: [">tsa.tu] PF dem. that person (c.w. from
tsa that and tute person)tsaw: [>tsaw] PF dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive
subject)tsawa: [">tsa.wa] PF pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
tsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)tsawke: [">tsaw.kE] PF n. suntsawl: [>tsawl] PF adj. big (in size), talltsawlhì’: [>tsawl."hIP] PF n. size (c.w. from tsawl
big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))tsawl slu: [">tsawl "sl·u] PF vin. grow (c.w. from
tsawl big and slu become)tsay+: [>tsaj] PF prefix those (c.w. from tsa– that
and ay+ plural)tsä’: [>ts·æP] PF v. squirttse: [>tsE] PF part. well (conversation starter)tse’a: [>ts·E."P·a] PF vtr. see (physical sense)tseng(e): [">tsEN(E)] PF n. placetsengo: [">tsE.No] PF pn. somewhere (derived
from tseng place)tsengpe: [">tsEN.pE] PF inter. where allomorph
of peseng
tseo: [">tsE.o] PF n. arttsewtx: [>tsEwt’] PF adj. dirtytsim: [>tsim] PF n. sourcetsìng: [>tsIN] PF num. fourtsìsyì: [">ts·I.sy·I] PF vin. whispertsìve: [">tsI.vE] PF adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
from tsìng four)tskalep: [">tska.lEp^] PF n. crossbowtsko: [>tsko] PF n. bow (weapon)tsko swizaw: [">tsko swi."zaw] PF n. bow and ar-
row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)tskxaytsyìp: [">tsk’aj.
>tsjIp^] PF n. hail (derived
from tskxepay ice)tskxe: [>tsk’E] PF n. rock, stonetskxekeng: [">tsk’E.kEN] PF n. training, exercisetskxekeng si: [">tsk’E.kEN "s·i] PF vin. exercise,
train (derived from tskxekeng training)tskxepay: [">tsk’E.paj] PF n. ice (derived from
tskxe stone and pay water)tslam: [>tsl·am] PF vtr. understandtsleng: [>tslEN] PF adj. falsetslolam: [>tslo."lam] PF intj. get it, I understand
(derived from tslam understand and «ol»perfect aspect infix)
tsmìm: [>tsmIm] PF n. animal tracktsmuk: [>tsmuk^] PF n. siblingtsmukan: [">tsmu.kan] PF n. brother (derived
from tsmuk sibling)tsmuke: [">tsmu.kE] PF n. sister (derived from
tsmuk sibling)tsmuktu: [">tsmuk.tu] PF n. sibling (derived
from tsmuk sibling)tsngal: [>tsNal] PF n. cuptsngan: [>tsNan] PF n. meattsngawvìk: [">tsN·aw.v·Ik^] PF vin. cry, weeptsnì: [>tsnI] PF sbd. that (function word) (with
subjunctive verb in dependant clause)tsopì: [">tso.pI] PF n. lungtspang: [>tsp·aN] PF vtr. killtsranten: [">tsR·an.t·En] PF vin. matter, be of im-
portancetsray: [>tsRaj] PF n. villagetsre’i: [">tsR·E.P·i] PF vtr. throwtstal: [>tstal] PF n. knifetstew: [>tstEw] PF adj. bravetstu: [>tstu] PF adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
cloudy skies)tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, thoughtful,
considerate
26
tstu si: [">tstu "s·i] PF vin. close (derived fromtstu closed)
tstxo: [>tst’o] PF n. nametstxolì’u: [">tst’o.lI.Pu] PF n. noun (c.w. from
tstxo name and lì’u word)tsuk–: [>tsuk] PF prefix able to (c.w. from tsun
able and fko one)tsuksìm: [">tsuk.sIm] PF n. chintsuktswa’: [>tsuk."
>tswaP^] PF adj. forgettable (de-
rived from tswa’ forget)tsukyom: [>tsuk."jom] PF adj. edible (derived
from yom eat)tsulfä: [>tsul."fæ] PF n. masterytsulfä si: [>tsul."fæ "s·i] PF vin. master (derived
from tsulfä mastery)tsulfätu: [>tsul."fæ.tu] PF n. master of an art,
craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfämastery)
tsun: [>ts·un] PF vim. can, be abletsunslu: [">ts·un.sl·u] PF vin. may, be possible
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)tsurokx: [>ts·u."R·ok’] PF v. resttswa’: [>tsw·aP^] PF vtr. forgettswayon: [">tsw·aj.·on] PF vin. flytswin: [>tswin] PF n. queue, braidtswintsyìp: [">tswin.
>tsjIp^] PF n. little queue (de-
rived from tswin queue)tsyafe: [">tsja.fE] PF adj. mild, moderate, comfor-
tabletsyal: [>tsjal] PF n. wingtsyär: [>tsy·ær] PF vtr. rejecttsyo: [>tsjo] PF n. flourtsyokx: [>tsjok’] PF n. handtsyosyu: [">tsjo.sju] PF n. food made from flour
(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
Tx
txa’: [t’aP] PF adj. hardtxal: [t’al] PF n. back (of the body)txampay: [t’am."paj] PF n. sea, ocean (c.w. from
txan great and pay water)txampxì: [t’am."p’I] PF n. majority, most, large
part (derived from txan much)txan: [t’an] PF adj. muchtxanatan: ["t’a.na.tan] PF adj. bright, vivid (c.w.
from txan very and atan light)txanew: ["t’a.nEw] PF adj. greedy (c.w. from tx-
an much and new want)txanfwerwì: [t’an."fwER.wI] PF n. blizzard (de-
rived from hufwe wind and herwì snow)txankrr: [t’aN."kr
"] PF adv. for a long time (c.w.
from txan much and krr time)txantsan: ["t’an.
>tsan] PF adj. excellent
txantslusam: ["t’an.>tslu.sam] PF adj. wise (c.w.
from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)txantstew: ["t’an.
>tstEw] PF n. hero (c.w. from
txan very and tstew brave)txantur: ["t’an.tuR] PF adj. powerful (c.w. from
txan much and txur strong)txanwawe: [t’an.wa."wE] PF adj. personally me-
aningful, significant (c.w. from txan muchand wawe significance)
txasom: ["t’a.som] PF adj. very hot (derivedfrom txan very and som hot)
txawew: ["t’a.wEw] PF adj. very cold (derivedfrom txan very and wew cold)
txayo: ["t’a.jo] PF n. field, open terrain, plaintxärem: ["t’æ.REm] PF n. bonetxe’lan: [t’EP."lan] PF n. hearttxele: ["t’E.lE] PF n. matter (subject)txen: [t’En] PF adj. awaketxep: [t’Ep^] PF n. firetxepìva: ["t’E.pI.va] PF n. ash, cinder (derived
from txep fire and ìlva flake)txeptsyìp: ["t’Ep.
>tsjIp^] PF n. dear or cute little
fire (derived from txep fire)txepvi: ["t’Ep.vi] PF n. spark (derived from txep
fire)txewk: [t’Ewk^] PF n. club (weapon)txey: [t’·Ej] PF v. halttxin: [t’in] PF adj. main, primarytxintìn: ["t’in.tIn] PF n. occupation, primary role
in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-ty that keeps one busy)
txìm: [t’Im] PF n. butt, rear end, asstxìng: [t’·IN] PF v. leave, abandontxo: [t’o] PF conj. iftxoa: ["t’o.a] PF n. forgivenesstxokefyaw: ["t’o.kE.fjaw] PF conj. if not, or else,
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if notone path)
txon: [t’on] PF n. night
27
txon’ong: [t’on."PoN] PF,Prr n. night-fall, sun-set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)
txon’ongmaw: [t’on."PoN.maw] PF n. twilight,the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-on’ong sunset and maw after)
txonam: [t’o."nam] PF adv. last night (derivedfrom txon night and ham previous)
txonay: [t’o."naj] PF adv. tomorrow night (deri-ved from txon night and hay next)
txopu: ["t’o.pu] PF n. feartxopu si: ["t’o.pu "s·i] PF vin. be afraid (derived
from txopu fear)txukx: [t’uk’] PF adj. deep (physically)txula: ["t’·u.l·a] PF v. build, constructtxum: [t’um] PF n. poisontxumnga’: ["t’um.NaP^] PF adj. poisonous (deri-
ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)txur: [t’uR] PF adj. strong (physically)
U
uk: [uk^] PF n. shadow (derived from toruk lastshadow)
ukxo: [u."k’o] PF adj. dryulte: ["ul.tE] PF conj. and (clausal conjunction)ultxa: [ul."t’a] PF n. meetingultxarun: [ul."t’a.R·un] PF vtr. encounter, meet
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting andrun find)
ultxa si: [ul."t’a "s·i] PF vin. meet with someoneintentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-txa meeting)
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream
uniltìrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok’] JC,PF n. ava-tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyudreamwalker and tokx body)
uniltìranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] PF n. dreamwalker(c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)
uo–: ["u.o] PF adp. behinduran: ["u.Ran] PF n. boatutral: ["ut.Ral] PF n. treeutraltsyìp: ["ut.Ral.
>tsjIp^] PF n. bush (derived
from utral tree)uvan: [u."van] PF n. game, uvan letokx sportuvan si: [u."van "s·i] PF vin. play (a game) (deri-
ved from uvan game)
V
var: [v·aR] PF vim. to persist in a state, to conti-nue to perform an action
vawm: [vawm] PF adj. darkvawmpin: ["vawm.pin] PF n. dark color (deri-
ved from vawm dark)vay–: [vaj] PF adp. up tovaykrr: [vaj."kr
"] PF conj. until (c.w. from vay–
up to and krr time)vä’: [væP] PF adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso-
meväng: [væN] PF adj. thirstyve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] PF vtr. hatevenu: ["vE.nu] PF n. footvenzek: ["vEn.zEk^] PF n. toe (c.w. from venu
foot and zekwä finger)vewng: [v·EwN] PF vtr. look after, take care of, be
responsible forvey: [vEj] PF n. food made from animal origin,
fleshvin: [v·in] PF vtr. request, ask forvingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap] PF vtr. occur to one, pop in-
to one’s mind, strike one
virä: [v·i."R·æ] PF v. spread, proliferatevitra: [vit."Ra] PF n. soulvol: [vol] PF num. eightvolve: ["vol.vE] PF adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
from vol eight)vospxì: [vo."sp’I] PF n. month (derived from
vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)vospxìam: [vo."sp’I.am] PF n. last month (deri-
ved from vospxì month)vospxìay: [vo."sp’I.aj] PF n. next month (deri-
ved from vospxì month)vrrìn: ["v·r
".·In] PF vin. be busy (negative sense):
be tired out and overwhelmed by an activitythat’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn bebusy)
vrrtep: ["vr".tEp^] PF n. demon
vul: [vul] PF n. branch (of a tree)vur: [vuR] PF n. storyvurvi: ["vuR.vi] PF n. summary, synopsis (deri-
ved from vur story)
28
W
wan: [w·an] PF vtr. hidewawe: [wa."wE] PF n. meaning, importance, sig-
nificanceway: [waj] PF n. song (ancient, ceremonial)way si: ["waj "s·i] PF vin. sing (derived from
way song)waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] PF n. song cord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord)wä+: [wæ] PF adp. against (as in: fight against)wäte: [wæ."t·E] PF vtr. argue, disputewätu: ["wæ.tu] PF n. opponent (derived from
wä- against)wätx: [w·æt’] PF vtr. be bad atwem: [w·Em] PF vin. fightwempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. squad, milita-
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
pongu group)wew: [wEw] PF adj. coldweyn: [w·Ejn] PF v. draw, illustratewin: [win] PF adj. fastwin säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] PF vin. hurry (c.w. from
win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))win si: ["win "s·i] PF vin. rush something, make
something fast (derived from win fast)wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
frustration, ’damn!’wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] PF v. showwok: [wok^] PF adj. loudwotx: [wot’] PF n. totality, wholewrrpa: ["wr
".pa] PF n., adv. outside
wur: [wuR] PF adj. cool, chillywutso: ["wu.
>tso] PF n. dinner, served meal
Y
ya: [ja] PF n. airyafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] PF n. weather (derived
from fkeytok exist)yapay: ["ja.paj] PF n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from
ya air and pay water)yawne: ["jaw.nE] PF adj. belovedyawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] PF n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)yawntu: ["jawn.tu] PF n. loved one (derived
from yawne beloved)yayayr: [ja."jajR] PF n. confusionyaymak: ["jaj.mak^] PF adj. foolish, ignorantyayo: ["ja.jo] PF n. bird (c.w. from ya air and
ioang animal)yän: [j·æn] PF vtr. fasten, tie downye: [jE] PF adj. satisfied, content, satiated, fullye’krr: ["jEP.kr
"] PF adv. early (derived from
ye’rìn soon and krr time)ye’rìn: ["jEP.RIn] PF adv. soonyehakx: ["jE.hak’] PF adj. satisfied from hunger,
full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry)
yem: [j·Em] PF vtr. put, placeyemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] PF n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa-ter)
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] PF vin. dip intoliquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
yemstokx: ["j·Em.stok’] PF vtr. put on (clot-hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-kx body)
yeväng: ["jE.væN] PF adj. satisfied from thirst bydrink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived fromye satisfied and väng thirsty)
yey: [jEj] PF adj. straightyìm: [j·Im] PF vtr. bindyol: [jol] PF adj. short (of time)yom: [j·om] PF vtr. eatyomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] PF vin. feed (with dative ob-
ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)yora’: [jo·."R·aP] PF vtr. winyur: [j·uR] PF vtr. wash
29
Z
za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. pull (derivedfrom ’ärìp move)
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] PF vin. comezam: [zam] PF num. sixty fourzamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] PF vtr. bring (derived
from munge bring)zapxì: [za."p’I] PF n. front (part or section) (deri-
ved from hapxì part)zawng: [z·awN] PF vin. screamzekwä: ["zEk.wæ] PF n. fingerzene: ["z·E.n·E] PF vim. mustzenke: ["z·EN.kE] PF vim. must not (ii) (c.w.
from zene must and ke not)zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] PF v. rememberzeyko: [zEj."k·o] PF vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
zìma’uyu: [zI."ma.Pu.yu] PF n. newcomer, some-one who has just arrived on the scene
zìsìkrr: ["zI.sI.kr"] PF n. season (derived from
zìsìt year and krr time)zìsìt: ["zI.sIt^] PF n. yearzo: [z·o] PF vin. be well, be intact, be as it should
be, work correctly or as nature intendedzong: [z·oN] PF v. save, defendzongtseng: ["zoN.
>tsEN] PF n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)zoplo: [zop."lo] PF n. offence, insultzoslu: ["zo.sl·u] PF vin. heal, become well, get fix-
ed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)zup: [z·up^] PF vin. fallzusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr
"] PF n. future (c.w. from
z«us»a’u coming and krr time)
30
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in theirsingular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underliningindicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial numberreference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced agrammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states thatin referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “Youtwo are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”would be “Fo lu karyu.”.
Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 390 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin
Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 635 6 7
0 mrrvol puvol kivol1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin
Ordinal NumbersNumber + -ve
0 – 8 volve1 ’awve 9 volawve2 muve 10 vomuve3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve4 tsìve 12 vosìve5 mrrve 13 vomrrve6 puve 14 vofuve7 kive 15 vohive
More Na’vi Numbers:x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam
31
Example Numberzamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100
Non-Na’vi Numbers8 ’eyt 9 nayn
B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.Stress is again shown with underlining.
Trrtxontrr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawnrewon morning
srekamtrr before noonkxamtrr noon
kxamtrrmaw after noonha’ngir early afternoonkaym late afternoon
sreton’ong before nightfalltxon’ong nightfall
txon’ongmaw after nightfalltxon night
srekamtxon before midnightkxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnighttxon night
sresrr’ong before dawntrr’ong dawn
Days of the Terrestrial WeekSunday trr’awveMonday trrmuveTuesday trrpxeyve
Wednesday trrtsìveThursday trrmrrve
Friday trrpuveSaturday trrkive
C Na’vi Loan Words
’Ìnglìsì: ["PIN.lI.sI] PF n. English language (loa-ned from Eng. English)
’Rrta: ["Pr".ta] PF,Prr prop.n. Earth (loaned
from Eng. Earth)
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] PF prop.n. Europe (loanedfrom Greek Europe)
hametsì: [ha.mE.>tsI] PF n. leavened bread (loa-
ned from Hebrew chametz)
Jakesully: [ZEjk’su:l"i] M n. moron, toruk mak-
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor-mally allowable under Na’vi phonotacticrules)
kunsìp: ["kun.sIp^] PF n. gunship (loaned fromEng. gunship)
matsa: [ma.>tsa] PF n. matsa, crackers (loaned
from Hebrew matsa)nìFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] PF adv. French, in French
(loaned from Eng. French)nìToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] PF adv. German,
Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German)Pari: [pa.Ri] PF prop.n. Paris (loaned from
French Paris)päsketpol: [pæ.skEt.pol] PF n. basketball (loa-
ned from Eng. basketball)pätsì: ["pæ.
>tsI] PF n. badge (loaned from Eng.
badge)pìlok: [pI."lok^] PF n. blog (loaned from Eng.
blog)puk: [puk^] PF n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
32
puktsyìp: ["puk.>tsjIp^] PF n. pamphlet, booklet
(derived from puk book)pxir: [p’iR] PF n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bi-
er)skxaypxe: ["sk’aj.p’E] PF n. Skype (loaned from
English Skype)Sweriye: [swERijE] PF prop.n. Swedentawsìp: ["taw.sIp^] PF n. sky-ship (loaned from
Eng. ship)Toitslan: ["to.i.
>tslan] PF prop.n. Germany (loa-
ned from German Deutschland)Toitsye: ["to.i.
>tsjE] PF adj. German (language)
(loaned from German Deutsch)
toktor: ["tok.toR] PF n. doctor (loaned fromEng. doctor)
tsyänel: [>tsjæ.nEl] PF n. TV channel (loanedfrom Eng. channel)
tsyìräfì: [>tsjI.Ræ.fI] PF n. giraffe (loaned fromEng. giraffe)
wou: ["w·o.·u] PF svin. be amazing, fascinating(slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Yeysu: [jEj.su] PF prop.n. Jesus (loaned fromItalian Jesu)
Yu.E.Sey: [ju.E.sEj] PF prop.n. USA (loanedfrom Eng. USA)
33
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’viAmhul: [am."hul] PF prop.n. female Na’viAteyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itanson)
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Na’viayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] PF prop.n.
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from rammountain and lìng hover)
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.jæ Ra."mu.noN]JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra souland ramunong well)
Änsìt: ["æn.sIt^] PF prop.n. male Na’viEntu: ["En.tu] PF prop.n. male Na’viEytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of
the OmatikayaEywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Eywa’eveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,PF prop.n.Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN])(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway toHeaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi
Ìstaw: [I."staw] PF prop.n. male Na’viKamun: ["ka.mun] PF prop.n. male Na’vi (affec-
tionate form Kamtsyìp)Kelutral: ["kE.lut.Ral] PF prop.n. Hometree (c.w.
from kelku home and utral tree)Li’ona: [li.Po.na] G,PF prop.n. a clanLoak: ["lo.ak^] PF prop.n. male Na’viMo’at: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
tikaya (also pronounced Moat)Mo’at’ite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of
Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’itedaughter)
Na’vi: ["naP.vi] PF prop.n. the People, indige-nous Pandoran sentient race
Newey: [nE."wEj] PF prop.n. female Na’viNeytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
OmatikayaNinat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
OmatikayaOmatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Flute ClanOtranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. namePeyral: [pEj."Ral] PF prop.n. female of the Oma-
tikayaRalu: ["Ra.lu] PF prop.n. male Na’viRini: ["Ri.ni] PF prop.n. female Na’viRongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clanSeze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s bansheeSilwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sisterSorewn: [so."REwn] PF prop.n. female Na’viSwotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] PF prop.n. sacred river
(derived from swotu sacred place)Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] PF prop.n. Sky-person,
human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)Tsahìk: [">tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreterTsenu: [">tsE.nu] PF prop.n. female Na’viTskaha: [">tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clanTsu’tey: [>tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-
tikayaTsumongwi: [>tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
name for the OmatikayaTuke: ["tu.kE] PF prop.n. female Na’viTxewì: ["t’E.wI] PF prop.n. male Na’viTxilte: ["t’il.tE] PF prop.n. female Na’viUniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] PF prop.n. Dream
Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)Utral Aymokriyä: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.jæ] JC,PF
prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral treeand mokri voice)(from utraya mokri JC)
Va’ru: ["vaP.Ru] PF prop.n. male Na’vi
34
E Flora and Fauna
Flora
’ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik’] PF n. leaf pitcher plant(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move)
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] PF n. pitcher plant’ele’wll: ["PE.lEP.wl
"] PF n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ’ewll plant)anìheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] PF n. fibonacci, blue spiral
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral)apxangrr: [a."p’a.Nr
"] PF n. delta tree (c.w. from
apxa large and ngrr root)atokirina’: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre-
at treeawaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] PF n. banshee of paradiseeanean: ["E.an."E.an] PF n. cheadle, herbaceous
plant (c.w. from ean blue)eyaye: [E."ja.jE] PF n. warbonnetfkxakewll: ["fk’a.kE.wl
"] PF n. itch plant (c.w.
from fkxake itch and ’ewll plant)flefle: ["flE.flE] PF n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
plantfngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut’.wl
"] PF n. metal-
following plant (c.w. from fngap metal andsutx follow)
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.kI.wl"] PF n. mantis orchid (c.w.
from fwäkì mantis and ’ewll plant)hìrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl
"] PF n. puffer plant
kllpxiwll: [kl"."p’i.wl
"] PF n. lionberry (c.w. from
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant)kxaylte: ["k’ajl.tE] PF n. cillaphant (derived
from kxayl high)loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] PF n. helicoradian, beautiful
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi-ral)
mìnyu: ["mIn.ju] PF n. turner, twisted lily (deri-ved from mìn turn)
mulpxar: [mul."p’aR] PF n. roosterhead plantpa’liwll: ["paP.li.wl
"] PF n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from pa’li direhorse and ’ewll plant)pamtseowll: ["pam.
>tsE.o.wl
"] PF n. cat ear, mu-
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ’ewllplant)
paywll: ["paj.wl"] PF n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay water and ’ewll plant)penghrrap: [pEN."hr
".ap^] PF n. binary sunshine,
fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrapdanger)
pxayzekwä: [p’aj."zEk.wæ] PF n. spiny whips(c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)
pxiut: ["p’i.ut^] PF n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.from pxi sharp and utral tree)
pxiwll: ["p’i.wl"] PF n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp and ’ewll plant)pxorna’: ["p’oR.naP] PF n. episoth, exploding seed
(c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)pxorna’lor: ["p’oR.naP."loR] PF n. sari, beautiful
exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-ploding seed and lor beautiful)
rawp: [Rawp^] PF n. bladder polyprumut: ["Rum.ut^] PF n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
ball and utral tree)seze: ["sE.zE] PF,ZS n. blue flowersmaoe: [sma."o.E] PF n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ned plantsngukx: [sNuk’] PF n. grub plantsomtìlor: ["som.tI.loR] PF n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] PF n. hyneman, person
trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] PF n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
sky and utral tree)tawtsngal: ["taw.
>tsNal] PF n. panopyra, sky cup
(c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)tìhawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl
"] PF n. spartan, pro-
tection plant (c.w. from tìhawnu protectionand ’ewll plant)
tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl"] PF n. geode, rain plant
(c.w. from tompa rain and ’ewll plant)torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp’am] PF n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from torukgreat leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
tsawlapxangrr: [">tsawl.a.p’a.Nr"] PF n. unidelta
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w. from tsawl bigand ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
tstxa’a: [">tst’a.Pa] PF n. canalydtsyorina’wll: [>tsjo.Ri."naP.wl
"] PF n. cycad, flour
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ seed and ’ewllplant)
txll’u: ["t’l".Pu] PF n. hookagourd
txumpaywll: ["t’um.paj.wl"] PF n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txumpoison and paywll water plant)
35
txumtsä’wll: [t’um.">tsæP.wl
"] PF n. Baja tickler,
poison-squirting plant (c.w. from tsä’ squirtand ’ewll plant)
väfewll: ["væ.fE.wl"] PF n. Centipede, bad-smell
plant (c.w. from vä’ unpleasant and fahewsmell)
värumut: ["væ.Ru.mut^] PF n. vein pod (c.w.from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)
Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] PF prop.n. Tree ofSouls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)
yomhì’ang: [jom."hIP.aN] PF n. small ani-mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eatand hì’ang insect)
yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] PF n. chalice plant (c.w.from yom eat and ioang animal)
Fauna
’angtsìk: ["PaN.>tsIk^] PF n. hammerhead
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] PF n. brainworm(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm)
fkio: ["fki.o] PF n. tetrapteronfpxafaw: ["fp’a.faw] PF n. medusafwampop: ["fwam.pop^] PF n. tapirusfwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] PF n. mantisikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. bansheeikranay: ["ik.Ra.naj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not
PF)kali’weya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso-
nous arachnidkenten: ["kEn.tEn] PF n. fan lizardlonataya: [lo.na.ta.ja] ASG n. medusa
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,PF n. viperwolf Canifer-ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
pa’li: ["paP.li] PF n. direhorsepalulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
loquial [pa."lu.kan])riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbatsyaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] PF n. prolemuristalioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
from ioang animal)teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larvatoruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
dowyerik: ["jE.Rik^] PF n. hexapedezize’: [zi."zEP] PF n. hellfire wasp
36
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phraseencapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. Forthis reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken fromDr. Frommer’s blog at Naviteri.org. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,but rather alphabetically.
’awa swawtsyìp: [] PF ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] PF ph. be hungry’ivong nìk’ong: [] PF ph. slow is fine’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] PF ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?Aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] PF ph. How are things in your part of the world?ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì
smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release it’s prey”, it’s a foregone conclusionetrìpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] PF ph. good luckEywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] PF,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with youfìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] PF ph. this is ÌstawFnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] PF ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] PF ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] PF ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·E.fw·i] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against
someone’s or something’s naturefyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sj·aw NaR] PF ph. what are you called, what is your namehayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] PF ph. next time from mehayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] PF ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)irayo: [i."Ra.jo] PF intj. thanks, thank youkaltxì: [kal."t’I] PF intj. hello (casual)kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] PF ph. say hello, Ìstawkea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] PF ph. no need (for thanks)kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] PF ph. isn’t that so? right? no?ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] PF ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)ke pxan: [kE p’an] PF ph. I’m not worthyke tslolam: [] PF ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understandke zene win säpivi: [] PF ph. take your time, don’t rushkìyevame: [kI.jE."va.m·E] PF intj. good-bye, see you again soonkrro krro: ["kr
".o "kr
".o] PF ph. at times, on occasion
kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k’E.>tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl
"."t’E] LN,PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:
“the tail and ears also speak”, body language is importantma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] PF ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Neweymakto zong: ["mak.to zoN] PF ph. take care, travel safelyne kllte: ["nE "kl
".tE] PF ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] PF ph. tell me a bit more about yourselfnga läpivawk nìno ko: [] PF ph. tell me all about yourselfnga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] PF ph. who do you normally spend time with?ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] PF ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
37
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] PF ph. don’t worry, may your heart becalm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] PF ph. How are you? are you well?ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] PF ph. what is your primary role in society?ngaru oeyä lertut: [] PF ph. allow me to introduce my colleaguengaru tsulfä: ["Na.Ru
>tsul."fæ] PF ph. to your the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] PF ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] PF ph. I love you, you are beloved to menga z(ol)a’u ftu peseng: [] PF ph. where are you from?ngenga lu tupe: [] PF ph. who are you?ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’E.
>tsE l·u "wE.Ru] PF,JC ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,
you’re going down!nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] PF ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautifulnìprrte’: [nI."pr
".tEP] PF adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
oe ’olongokx mì sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: [] PF ph. I was born in atown near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "Na.Ru] PF ph. I give thanks to you, thank youoel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] PF ph. I see you, hello (familiar)oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] PF ph. I am 24 years oldoeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] PF ph. an honor to me, it was an honouroeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] PF ph. my name is Txewìoeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja s·i] PF ph. fills me with satisfaction, joyoeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t’o.a li."vu] PF ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to meoe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] PF ph. I practice my hobby, which is archeryoeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] PF ph. my central role in society is to catch fishpum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] PF ph. yours, I should thank yourutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] PF ph. please talk a little bit about yourselfrutxe liveyn: [] PF ph. could you repeat that please?rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] PF ph. Your attention, please, everyone!säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] PF ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] PF ph. strong and happy!, congratulationssmon nìprrte’: [smon nI."pr
".tEP^] PF ph. nice to know you
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] PF ph. are you good at Na’vi?srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] PF ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?srefereiey nìprrte’: [] PF ph. looking forward to itstum ke: [stum kE] PF ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of ‘ ‘hardly", ‘ ‘barelyör ‘ ‘scarcely".)taronyut yom smarìl: ["ta.Ron.jut j·om smaR.Il] PF ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a
totally botched situation, chaostì’efumì oeyä: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.jæ] PF ph. in my opiniontì’i’avay krrä: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr
".æ] PF ph. forever, until the end of time
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] PF ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] PF ph. what do you do in your free time?tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] PF ph. I was completely swamped at worktìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "Na.Ru] PF ph. you’re wrongtìomummì oeyä: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.jæ] PF ph. to my knowledgetìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] PF ph. you’re righttokx eo tokx: ["tok’ "E.o "tok’] PF ph. face to face, in person
38
Tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] PF ph. what does X mean?tstunwi: [">tstun.wi] PF adj. kind, that was kind of you to saytsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] PF ph. may I interrupt a moment?tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] PF ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?txon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] PF ph. good night, peaceful nightX-(ì)ri peral: [] PF ph. what does X mean?X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] PF ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?za’u nì’eng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] PF ph. share an interest in commonzola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."pr
".tEP] PF ph. come pleasurably, welcome
39
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing andpronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.
The Alphabet’ tìFtang k KeK s Säa A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTxay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsää Ä m MeM u Ue E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wäey EY o O y Yäf Fä p PeP z Zäh Hä px PxePxi I r ReRì Ì rr ’Rr
40
H Inflections
Verbal Infixes
alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.PAST), derived from am +ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.FUT.), derived from ay + ol:Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.asy: [a.sj] PF future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.D.): Oel tsp«asy»ang
palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.ats: [a.
>ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR.): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)awn: [aw.n] PF passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P.PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.ay: [a.j] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I will hunt the
yerik.äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ.): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).äp: [æ.p] PF reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL.): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD.): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).er: [E.R] PF imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.eyk: [Ej.k] PF causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS.): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused
him to die.ilv: [il.v] PF present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.PER.SUBJ.): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.imv: [im.v] PF past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.SUBJ.): Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.irv: [iR.v] PF present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES.IMPF.SUBJ.): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ.): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.iyev: [i.jE.v] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you soon.ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.REC.PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.IMM.FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC.PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.REC.PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.IMM.FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.ìsy: [I.sj] PF immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.D.):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
41
ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM.FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.I will hunt the yerik soon.
ìyev: [I.jE.v] PF future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.SUBJ.): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.I will see you soon.
ol: [o.l] PF perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finishedaction).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A.PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am ahunting person.
uy: [u.j] PF honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON.): Na’viyä,l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.
Noun Case Inflections
–ä: [æ] PF genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of yä)(GEN.): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–it: [it^] PF patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-morph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ìl: [Il] PF agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel(allomorph of l) (ERG.): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] PF topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-morph of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.–ri: [Ri] PF topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tìng. I give food to you.–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.–ur: [uR] PF dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.–y: [j] PF genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN.): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.–ya: [ja] PF,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (allomorph of ä) (GEN.): Oel
yeiom Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:may look like –eyä)
Other Inflections
This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspectof the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivi-ty, where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicatedthey can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts ofspeech that aren’t specified - for instance, attaching the clusivity marker –ng would make nosense on the word for blue, ean. All of the verbal infixes and case markers, above, are entirelyproductive.
–a–: [a] PF (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aeantswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
42
–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.ay+: [aj] PF (pro.) plural for nouns (PL.): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.–e: [E] PF feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.fay+: [faj] PF (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.fì–: [fI] PF (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] PF (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?
What’s the condition of the river today?fne–: [fnE] PF (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?fra–: [fRa] PF (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.kaw–: [kaw] PF not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.–lo: [lo] PF multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU.): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.–ng: [N] LN clusivity for first person pronouns (CLUS.): Ayoeng rol. We all sing.–o: [o] PF (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone
for years.pay+: [paj] PF (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?pxe+: [p’E] PF (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI.): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronounwhich often undergoes ellision)
tsa–: [>tsa] PF (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that nantang.tsay+: [>tsaj] PF (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.–tsyìp: [>tsjIp^] PF (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.–ve: [vE] PF (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.–vi: [vi] PF partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.
Other Inflectional Morphology
These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technicalspeak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they changethe part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.
le–: [lE] PF adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.–nga’: [NaP^] PF adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriateadjective or relative clause)
sä–: [sæ] PF instrumental noun deriving affix Oel sänumet nume. I learn the teaching.si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.tì– –us–: [tI us] PF (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching
is interesting.–tu: [tu] PF (pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an
artist.–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.
43
I Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in theextant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Na’vi words. They are, for the most part, spu-rious inventions for the Activist’s Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. Noneof these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensusis that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise notknow what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their useis highly discouraged. Many of them flout Na’vi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.
’h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h’ [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]
Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa-ni
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan namear’lek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plantBeyda’amo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri-
or of the Tipanichan’tu gor’ek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto]
ASG n. stone jarchey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from
P’ah s’ivil chey rack)Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP-
briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradleseveryone
Eywa s’ilivi mas’kit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP-kit^nivi] ASG Ewya’s wisdom is revealed to allof us
Eywa te’ _ tan’sey mak’ta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.the love of Eywa’s embrace is gifted to (personalname)
feru m’predu’k: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-ket
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the TipaniGro’lryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of cavesHukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the TipaniIkalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipaniiveh k’nivi s’dir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba-
by slingk’sey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleepKaoliä Tei: [ka.o.li.æ tE.i] G prop.n. the plains
of GoliathKoo Tsura: [ko:
>tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
lageKusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the
TipaniKyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai
lenay’ga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatoryanimal
Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiLungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the
Tipanim’resh’tuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
ASG n. shieldMalimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
mimalmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stoneMarali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipanimas’kit nivi sa’nok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
ASG mother loomMaweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male
Na’viMekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
paniMendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
panimeresh’ti cau’pla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,bola, lit. nothing to see
mesh’kai huru: [mESPkai huRu] PND n. cookingpot
mreki u’lito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pitMukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kamina’hla buk’ne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
se lead, lit. face pullNaalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the TipaniNera’nak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the
Tawkaminikt’chey: [niktP
>tshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
small bit of food, packed lunchnivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-
rived from Eywa k’sey nivi’bri’sta Ewyacradles everyone)
44
Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the TawkamiOloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of
the TipaniOmati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkamiomati s’ampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue
fluteOnantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
miOtamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the TipaniP’ah s’ivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso-
nal belongings rackpxtxawng: [p’t’awN] JC n. douchebagRai’uk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the AnuraiRaltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the
TipaniSänume: [sæ.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahìk of the Ti-
pani (derived from sänume teaching)Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
kamishah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from
Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable underNa’vi phonotactic rules)
su’shiri t’acto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran
sumin’sey hulleh: [suminPsEj hul"Eh] ASG slee-
ping outside of the groupsumin jiit’luy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plateSwawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipanit’riti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen-
dulum drumTa’antasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus,
rocky place on PandoraTan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the
Lì’ona
Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.from taw sky and kame see)
Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani villageTipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clantìtakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from
takuk strike)tmi nat’sey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
tern, from food hereTsa’law: [>tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
miTsaro: [>tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the TipaniTsmuke: [>tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani villagetxei: [t’E.i] G n. plainu’imi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendantU’imi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
prop.n. a clanUkamtsu: [u.kam.
>tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
paniulivi mari’tsey mak’dini’to: [Ulivi mariP
>tsEj
makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of thetree look to each other for strength, or manybranches together are strong
ulu’tah inib’sey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-si] ASG n. leaf plate
Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-lage
Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipaniutral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.
push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utumauti push fruit)
utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,push fruit
Va’erä Ramunong: [va.PE.Ræ Ra.mu.noN] G
prop.n. Vaderas HollowVayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village
45
J The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...
• 12.313 - Corrected entries for adpositions kam and kay. Also corrected IPA for irayo (howdid we miss this for so long?)
• 12.312 - Incredibly, even more typographical and transitivity errors corrected.
• 12.311 - Typographical errors and transitivity of various words corrected. Credit to BlueElf and Plumps for these.
• 12.31 - Added new vocabulary and phrases from naviteri.org September 24, 2011 post.’ampi corrected as vtr., nfp. and ofp. abbreviated markers added.
• 12.301 - Added contractions from naviteri.org September 4, 2001 post and correctionssuggested by ’Oma Tirea
• 12.3 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, September 4, 2011 post.
• 12.29 - Added lukpen
• 12.283 - Added loan words Toitslan and Toitsye. Corrected kurakx as vtr. Credit to Plumpsfor these.
• 12.282 - Corrected typos in the pronunciation of several words
• 12.281 - Added mawkrra, corrected definition for sa’sem
• 12.28 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, August 3, 2011 post; corrected ngop asvtr.
• 12.274 - Corrected may’ as vtrm. Added example for K.Pawl’s “Numbers Principle” inthe intro to the numbers section.
• 12.273 - Corrected tìftang si as vin., atxkxerel stress marker error and tung as v.
• 12.272 - Added ftxozä si (thanks to Plumps) and kekem
• 12.271 - Added sample phrase for hawtsyìp
• 12.27 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 24, 2011 post.
• 12.262 - Added stress marking for sulìn and kan’ìn; remarked mìn as vin.
• 12.261 - Deleted duplicate entry
• 12.26 - Added ’etnaw. Added phrase “taronyut yom smarìl”.
• 12.25 - Added fwefwi. Added phrase “fwäkì ke fwefwi”. Corrected infix position markerfor fkeytok.
• 12.242 - Corrected ultxarun to be vtr.
• 12.241 - Edited syaw definition
• 12.24 - Edited srane, sran and kehe to be part., intj.
46
• 12.231 - Changed ì from ’ìnglìsì back to capital Ì, capitalized jakesully as Jakesully
• 12.23 - Changed all instances of ’ with a ’, and change the Ì from ’Ìnglìsì to a lowercase ì.
• 12.22 - Added kawtseng and tsapo. Corrected typo in ngrrpongo definition.
47