nature of modern campaigns most electoral contests are similar in a number of ways. person must...
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Nature of Modern Campaigns
Most electoral contests are similar in a number of
ways. Person must receive the nomination. Then with
party support, must win over voters. Needs great deal
of money and media exposure. Devise a campaign
strategy- very stressful ordeal!
Nomination campaign aimed at winning primary.
General election campaign aimed at winning final race.
Candidate and Staff Candidates run for a number of reasons.
Volunteers focus on canvassing (reaching individual
voters) and get out the vote (GOTV- end of campaign
push to maximize turnout).
Personal staff led by campaign manager.
Also have finance chair, pollster, Internet team.
Communications director, direct mailer, press
secretary.
Campaign and media consultants may be hired.
Figure 14.1- Campaign Organization
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The Role of the Media Media can be paid or free; new media blur the line.
Paid media usually takes the form of spot ads.
It is well controlled by the campaign.
Ads may be negative, positive, contrast, or inoculation
(attempt to counteract and anticipated attack from the
opponent before it is launched).
Free media is usually news coverage.
It is difficult for the campaign to control.
New media include Internet, e-mail, texting.
Strategies to Control the Media Isolating the candidate from the media.
Holding staged media events.
Using spin (very important)- making all news seem
favorable to your candidate and unfavorable to opponent.
Appearing on talk shows or in candidate debates. These
events attempt to “humanize” the candidate
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
More commonly called “McCain-Feingold”.
Passed in 2002 to update FECA of 1973.
Outlaws use of soft money- before 2003, this was unlimited unregulated money
that was funneled through local and state parties.
Limits individual and political action committee funds.
Political parties become larger players.
Allows donations from “leadership PACs.”
Does not regulate use of a candidate’s personal money.
Regulates the use of public and matching funds (matching funds now
irrelevant!)
2010 Citizens United Supreme Court case has changed the landscape.
Corporations (ruled same as people) and super wealthy individuals may now
contribute unlimited and undisclosed funds to new creations known as
“SUPERPACS”
Figure 14.2- Expenditures by PACs
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Table 14.1- Contribution Limits
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The 527 Loophole and beyond
Advocacy may only be paid for with hard money.
Soft money is banned under BCRA- Bipartisan Campiagn
Reform Act
527 political committees emerge to fill void-(UNINTENDED
CONSEQUENCE) Cannot advocate for candidates, only
causes and policy.
501(c)3 committees also can educate voters- nonprofit and
tax-exempt groups that can educate voters about issues-
NOT REQUIRED to release names of donors, prohibited from
conducting campaign activities to influence elections
AV- 527 Groups
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2008 Presidential Election Party nomination battles were long and contentious.
Conventions held in Denver and St. Paul.
Democrats nominate Barack Obama and Joe Biden.
Republicans nominate John McCain and Sarah Palin.
Election was close until the final weeks.
Three presidential and one vice-presidential debates.
Obama eventually won the popular vote, 53-46, 365
electoral votes.
Election Analysis
Obama made gains in South and West.
Voter turnout was as high as it had been since 1964.
Obama’s choice not to use public financing helped him.
African Americans and women were keys for Obama.
2012 presidential Election• Obama is Dem. nominee (no challengers)• Romney was Rep. frontrunner- contest
more drawn out than expected (emergence of staunch social conservative Santorum)
• Dem convention took place in Charlotte, NC
• Republican convention in Tampa, Fla.• Obama wins in closer race-still reached
over 300 electoral votes
Figure 14.3- Group Voting Patterns
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