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Natural variation in condition of surgeonfishes from central Pacific coral reef ecosystems Katherine Neylan 1 , Scoh Miller 2 , Marisa Ponte 2 , Scoh Hamilton 2 1-Biology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, 2-Ichthyology Department, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Coral reefs ecosystems harbor some of the greatest biodiversity on the planet. Lihle is known about the role of natural varia@on in oceanographic condi@ons that structure these ecosystems because so many are threatened by anthropogenic factors. The Southern Line Islands are remote, uninhabited islands that span a strong produc@vity gradient. This gradient results in varia@on of bohom up processes between the different islands which can indirectly affect fish communi@es through oceanographic-driven changes in their prey-base. Understanding the natural varia@on of condi@on in coral reef fishes from uninhabited islands is important for acquiring baseline data that can be used in resource management assessments and strategies. Hypothesis: Surgeonfish from more producFve waters will be in beIer condiFon than those from less producFve waters. Methods and Materials Although there was not a well-defined trend showing that surgeon fish condi@on increases as primary produc@vity increases, the A. nigricans at Flint had the lowest Fulton’s K, H.S.I., and fat weight. Flint had the lowest primary produc@vity of the five islands. This indicates there may be a threshold at which the condi@on of fish no longer increases given appropriate nutrients. Results suggest that there is no rela@onship between Chlorophyll- a levels and Fulton’s K or H.S.I. for C. marginatus from the three islands we were able to analyze. There was a much more no@ceable trend for the A. nigricans than for C. marginatus. This difference is likely because of their different feeding strategies. A. nigricans are algal- consuming herbivores and C. marginatus are detri@vores. A limita@on that could have affected the results was the presence of underdeveloped fish. Some islands had a higher abundance of juvenile fish in their sample, which could have skewed the data. Discussion • Analyze factors other than condi@on that can be indirectly affected by bohom-up pressures. • Assess how seasonality affects the condi@on of surgeonfishes and the produc@vity levels in the central Pacific. • Conduct a study at another site and compare results. • Use the parasite data collected to analyze affect on condi@on from those stressors. Future Work Island Mean Chl a (mg m -3 ) Malden 0.128 Starbuck 0.127 Millennium 0.099 Vostok 0.091 Flint 0.073 • Acanthurus nigricans and Ctenochaetus marginatus surgeonfishes were collected in the Southern Line Islands and shipped to Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. • The samples were measured and dissected in order to recover the liver weight, fat weight, total fish weight, and fish length. • The hepatosoma@c index, Fulton’s condi@on factor, and the weight of retroperitoneal fat deposits were all used to measure the condi@on of the fish. Results IntroducFon 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 FLINT MILL VOST STAR MALD Fulton's K A a b b b b 0.0016 0.00165 0.0017 0.00175 0.0018 0.00185 0.0019 0.00195 0.002 0.00205 VOST STAR MALD Fulton's K B a b b 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 FLINT MILL VOST STAR MALD H.S.I. A c a ab bc ab 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 VOST STAR MALD H.S.I. B a b c Acathurus nigricans Ctenochaetus marginatus Figure 1: Average condi@on factor (K) value from (A) A. nigricans and (B) C. marginatus collected at each of the Southern Line Islands. Sta@s@cal tests ANOVA and TukeyHSD were used to determine significant values. Note: Values with the same leher are not significantly different. Island Island Island Island 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 FLINT MILL VOST STAR MALD Fat Deposit A a b b b b 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 VOST STAR MALD Fat Deposit B a b a Island Island Average Fulton’s K values Average Fulton’s K values Table 1: Mean Chl a levels in the water at each of the islands indica@ng the primary produc@vity levels. Average H.S.I. Average H.S.I. Average Fat Weight Average Fat Weight Figure 2: Average HSI from (A) A. nigricans and (B) C. marginatus collected at each of the Southern Line Islands. Southern Line Islands. Sta@s@cal tests ANOVA and TukeyHSD were used to determine significant values. Note: Values with the same leher are not significantly different. Figure 3: Average weight of the fat globule stored in the body from (A) A. nigricans and (B) C. marginatus collected at each of the Southern Line Islands. Southern Line Islands. Sta@s@cal tests ANOVA and TukeyHSD were used to determine significant values. Note: Values with the same leher are not significantly different. Acknowledgments I would like to thank the Moss Landing Marine Labs faculty and staff for allowing me to use their facili@es and equipment for this study, members of the Southern Line Islands 2013 expedi@on for providing access to the samples, the MLML graduate students that helped by answering all my ques@ons, and Brian Phan who worked with me on this project. • Acanthurus nigricans at Flint had a significantly lower average Fulton’s K value and fat weight than A. nigricans at the other islands. • A. nigricans at Flint had a lower average H.S.I. than A. nigricans at Starbuck and Vostok. • A. nigricans at Starbuck had higher H.S.I. than A. nigricans at any of the other islands. • The average fat weight in C. marginatus was highest at Malden # # # # # # # # # # # ! ! Penrhyn Manihiki 150° W 155° W 160° W 5° N 0° 5° S 10° S 15° S Kingman Kiritimati Tabuaeran Palmyra Teraina Jarvis Malden Starbuck Millennium Vostok Flint Line Islands Collection Sites # ¯ 0 500 1,000 250 Km (SA Sandin, unpublished) Figure 1: Map of the Line Islands and their proximity to the equator. (SA Sandin, unpublished) Photo: Randall, J.E.. Millenium Atoll. Photo: Brian Skerry, 2014. Photo: Randall, J.E. Photo: Sandin Lab.

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Page 1: Natural variation in condition of surgeonfishes from ... · Poster Print Size: This poster template is 42” high by 42” wide. It can be used to print any poster with a 1:1 aspect

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Natural variation in condition of surgeonfishes from central Pacific coral reef ecosystems KatherineNeylan1,ScohMiller2,MarisaPonte2,ScohHamilton21-BiologyDepartment,CaliforniaStateUniversity,MontereyBay,2-IchthyologyDepartment,MossLandingMarineLaboratories

Coralreefsecosystemsharborsomeofthegreatestbiodiversityontheplanet.Lihleisknownabouttheroleofnaturalvaria@oninoceanographiccondi@onsthatstructuretheseecosystemsbecausesomanyarethreatenedbyanthropogenicfactors.TheSouthernLineIslandsareremote,uninhabitedislandsthatspanastrongproduc@vitygradient.Thisgradientresultsinvaria@onofbohomupprocessesbetweenthedifferentislandswhichcanindirectlyaffectfishcommuni@esthroughoceanographic-drivenchangesintheirprey-base.Understandingthenaturalvaria@onofcondi@onincoralreeffishesfromuninhabitedislandsisimportantforacquiringbaselinedatathatcanbeusedinresourcemanagementassessmentsandstrategies.Hypothesis:SurgeonfishfrommoreproducFvewaterswillbeinbeIercondiFonthanthosefromlessproducFvewaters.

MethodsandMaterials

Althoughtherewasnotawell-definedtrendshowingthatsurgeonfishcondi@onincreasesasprimaryproduc@vityincreases,theA.nigricansatFlinthadthelowestFulton’sK,H.S.I.,andfatweight.Flinthadthelowestprimaryproduc@vityofthefiveislands.Thisindicatestheremaybeathresholdatwhichthecondi@onoffishnolongerincreasesgivenappropriatenutrients.Resultssuggestthatthereisnorela@onshipbetweenChlorophyll-alevelsandFulton’sKorH.S.I.forC.marginatusfromthethreeislandswewereabletoanalyze.Therewasamuchmoreno@ceabletrendfortheA.nigricansthanforC.marginatus.Thisdifferenceislikelybecauseoftheirdifferentfeedingstrategies.A.nigricansarealgal-consumingherbivoresandC.marginatusaredetri@vores.Alimita@onthatcouldhaveaffectedtheresultswasthepresenceofunderdevelopedfish.Someislandshadahigherabundanceofjuvenilefishintheirsample,whichcouldhaveskewedthedata.

Discussion

•  Analyzefactorsotherthancondi@onthatcanbeindirectlyaffectedbybohom-uppressures.

•  Assesshowseasonalityaffectsthecondi@onofsurgeonfishesandtheproduc@vitylevelsinthecentralPacific.

•  Conductastudyatanothersiteandcompareresults.

•  Usetheparasitedatacollectedtoanalyzeaffectoncondi@onfromthosestressors.

FutureWork

Island MeanChla(mgm-3)

Malden 0.128

Starbuck 0.127

Millennium 0.099

Vostok 0.091

Flint 0.073

•  AcanthurusnigricansandCtenochaetusmarginatussurgeonfisheswerecollectedintheSouthernLineIslandsandshippedtoMossLandingMarineLaboratories.

•  Thesamplesweremeasuredanddissectedinordertorecovertheliverweight,fatweight,totalfishweight,andfishlength.

•  Thehepatosoma@cindex,Fulton’scondi@onfactor,andtheweightofretroperitonealfatdepositswereallusedtomeasurethecondi@onofthefish.

ResultsIntroducFon

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

FLINT MILL VOST STAR MALD

Fulton'sKA

a

b b b b

0.0016

0.00165

0.0017

0.00175

0.0018

0.00185

0.0019

0.00195

0.002

0.00205

VOST STAR MALD

Fulton'sKB

a

b b

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

FLINT MILL VOST STAR MALD

H.S.I.A

c

a

ab bc

ab

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

VOST STAR MALD

H.S.I.B

a

b

c

Acathurusnigricans Ctenochaetusmarginatus

Figure1:Averagecondi@onfactor(K)valuefrom(A)A.nigricansand(B)C.marginatuscollectedateachoftheSouthernLineIslands.Sta@s@caltestsANOVAandTukeyHSDwereusedtodeterminesignificantvalues.Note:Valueswiththesameleherarenotsignificantlydifferent.

Island Island

IslandIsland

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

FLINT MILL VOST STAR MALD

FatDepositA

a

b b

b b

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

VOST STAR MALD

FatDepositB

a

b

a

IslandIsland

AverageFulto

n’sK

value

s

AverageFulto

n’sK

value

s

Table1:MeanChlalevelsinthewaterateachoftheislandsindica@ngtheprimaryproduc@vitylevels.

AverageH.S.I.

AverageH.S.I.

AverageFatW

eight

AverageFatW

eight

Figure2:AverageHSIfrom(A)A.nigricansand(B)C.marginatuscollectedateachoftheSouthernLineIslands.SouthernLineIslands.Sta@s@caltestsANOVAandTukeyHSDwereusedtodeterminesignificantvalues.Note:Valueswiththesameleherarenotsignificantlydifferent.

Figure3:Averageweightofthefatglobulestoredinthebodyfrom(A)A.nigricansand(B)C.marginatuscollectedateachoftheSouthernLineIslands.SouthernLineIslands.Sta@s@caltestsANOVAandTukeyHSDwereusedtodeterminesignificantvalues.Note:Valueswiththesameleherarenotsignificantlydifferent.

AcknowledgmentsIwouldliketothanktheMossLandingMarineLabsfacultyandstaffforallowingmetousetheirfacili@esandequipmentforthisstudy,membersoftheSouthernLineIslands2013expedi@onforprovidingaccesstothesamples,theMLMLgraduatestudentsthathelpedbyansweringallmyques@ons,andBrianPhanwhoworkedwithmeonthisproject.

•  AcanthurusnigricansatFlinthadasignificantlyloweraverageFulton’sKvalueandfatweightthanA.nigricansattheotherislands.

•  A.nigricansatFlinthadaloweraverageH.S.I.thanA.nigricansatStarbuckandVostok.

•  A.nigricansatStarbuckhadhigherH.S.I.thanA.nigricansatanyoftheotherislands.

•  TheaveragefatweightinC.marginatuswashighestatMalden

!

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100° W120° W140° W160° W180° 160° E140° E

30° N

15° N

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30° S

45° S

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!!

Penrhyn

Manihiki

150° W155° W160° W

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!

!

!

!!!

#

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#

145° W150° W155° W160° W

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20° S

Kingman

Kiritimati

Tabuaeran

PalmyraTeraina

Jarvis

Malden

Starbuck

MillenniumVostok

Flint

PenrhynManihiki

Aitutaki

TikehauRangiora

Fakarava

South

Pacific

Ocean

Line

Islands

Collection Sites#

FlintMillenniumVostok

Proposed Sites!

¯

¯¯

0 6,0003,000Km

0 500 1,000250Km

0 500 1,000250Km

Study Region

(SASandin,unpublished)

Figure1:MapoftheLineIslandsandtheirproximitytotheequator.(SASandin,unpublished)

Photo:Randall,J.E..

MilleniumAtoll.Photo:BrianSkerry,2014.

Photo:Randall,J.E.

Photo:SandinLab.

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