NaturalNatural

SelectionSelection

The Full Title of DarwinThe Full Title of Darwin’’s Books Book

““The Origin of SpeciesThe Origin of Species by Means of Natural by Means of Natural

SelectionSelection,, or theor the Preservation of Favoured Preservation of Favoured

RacesRaces in the Struggle for Lifein the Struggle for Life””..

• Species Are Not Absolute—Unlimited Variability� Species are not bound by any limitations in variety: i.e., the

potential for genetic change is unlimited.

• All Species are Modified Variations of Each Other� All living things descended from a very small number of

“Common” ancestors—Evolutionary ‘Tree’.

� Mutations help produce the necessary changes.

� 100 Thousands of Transitional Forms—‘missing links’

• The Mechanism of Evolution Is Natural Selection� “Survival of the Fittest”—Nature ‘red in tooth and claw’

� Gradualism—No large, sudden leaps mutations, slight

variations over 100’s millions of years result in new species. No

“cataclysmic” evolution”

DarwinDarwin’’s Three Propositionss Three Propositions

Two Two ““TypesTypes”” of Evolutionof Evolution

Natural Selection(Adaptation/Breeding)Change within kinds-

Observed

Darwinism(New Genetic Information)

Change between kinds-

Not Observed

Thousands of years of Thousands of years of breeding millions of breeding millions of

animalsanimals——has NEVER has NEVER produced a produced a radicallyradically new new kind of animal or plant.kind of animal or plant.

Animals & Plants Animals & Plants ALWAYSALWAYS reproduce reproduce after after

their own their own ‘‘kindkind’’

Lessons Learned from Lessons Learned from Artificial Selection (Breeding)Artificial Selection (Breeding)

Variation Within Variation Within ““KindsKinds””

•• Is Is limitedlimited by the existing, by the existing, availableavailablegenetic materialgenetic material (DNA).(DNA).

•• Allows each individual to be Allows each individual to be uniqueuniqueand recognizable as an and recognizable as an individualindividual. .

•• Allows for new Allows for new ‘‘speciesspecies’’ within within ‘‘kindkind’’..

•• Allows each Allows each ““kindkind”” to to adaptadapt to a wide to a wide range of changes to range of changes to future future environmentsenvironments but with but with limitationslimitationsbased on genetic material based on genetic material so that so that many species have become extinct.many species have become extinct.

The Bible: The Bible: ““According to KindsAccording to Kinds””

““Then God said, Then God said, ‘‘Let the land produce Let the land produce

vegetation: seed bearing plants and trees vegetation: seed bearing plants and trees

on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, on the land that bear fruit with seed in it,

according to their various kindsaccording to their various kinds’’..”” Gen 1:11Gen 1:11

““God made the wild animals God made the wild animals according to according to

their kindstheir kinds, the livestock , the livestock according to their according to their

kindskinds, and all the creatures that move along , and all the creatures that move along

the ground the ground according to their kindsaccording to their kinds..”” Gen Gen

1:251:25

““Two of every Two of every kindkind”” sent to Noahsent to Noah’’s ark. s ark.

Gen 6:20Gen 6:20

LOGIC:

Birds eat more white moths on a dark background.......THEREFORE, all

life probably evolved from a single cell???REALITY:

Pre-Existing genetic information produces adaptation, not

macro-evolution.

NaturalNatural

SelectionSelection

CannotCannot

ProduceProduce

NewNew

SpeciesSpecies

Natural Selection?Natural Selection is Natural Selection is

either a either a

ConservativeConservative or or

ExtinctiveExtinctive Force Force

NOT a NOT a CreativeCreative

ForceForce —— It Cannot It Cannot

Change the DNA & Change the DNA &

therefore Cannot therefore Cannot

Create New Kinds of Create New Kinds of

plants & animals.plants & animals.

• Natural Selection, just like its counter-part, Artificial Selection (Breeding) can only produce (“evolve”) new species within kinds.• Variations (speciation) within kinds is observed, but this is NOT Darwinian Evolution!

•• Natural Selection, just like its counter-part, Artificial Selection (Breeding) can only produce (“evolve”) new species within kinds.• Variations (speciation) within kinds is observed, but this is NOT Darwinian Evolution!

Remember These Important Facts

SecularSecular Argument Against Argument Against Natural SelectionNatural Selectionas Mechanism for Darwinismas Mechanism for Darwinism

Problem of ‘Incipient’ (Partly Developed) Organs. If Natural Selection cannot account for the origin of an organ through intermediate, partially developed, stages then it cannot account for the existence of new functional organs later. When one observes various animal and plant species, one finds that there are no incipient organs or structureswhen they should exist everywhere! If there were transitional forms in the past—there should be transitional forms living in the present.

In 1871 St. George Mivart, an acquaintance of Charles In 1871 St. George Mivart, an acquaintance of Charles Darwin, published a book entitled Darwin, published a book entitled On the Genesis of On the Genesis of SpeciesSpecies in which he pointed out a fatal flaw in Darwin's in which he pointed out a fatal flaw in Darwin's hypothetical Natural Selection mechanism:hypothetical Natural Selection mechanism:

““Natural selection utterly fails to account for the Natural selection utterly fails to account for the conservation and development of the minute conservation and development of the minute rudimentary beginnings, the slight and infinitesimal rudimentary beginnings, the slight and infinitesimal commencement of structures, however useful those commencement of structures, however useful those structures may afterward becomestructures may afterward become””..

““It is now fully recognized that the publication of Darwin's in It is now fully recognized that the publication of Darwin's in

1859 brought about a revolution in man's attitude toward life an1859 brought about a revolution in man's attitude toward life and d

his own place in the universe. This work is rightly regarded as his own place in the universe. This work is rightly regarded as one one

of the most important books ever published, and a knowledge of iof the most important books ever published, and a knowledge of it t

should be part of the intellectual equipment of every educated should be part of the intellectual equipment of every educated

person. The book remains surprisingly modern in its assertions person. The book remains surprisingly modern in its assertions

and is also remarkably accessible to the layman, much more so and is also remarkably accessible to the layman, much more so

than recent treatises necessarily encumbered with technical than recent treatises necessarily encumbered with technical

language and professional jargonlanguage and professional jargon””. .

““This This first editionfirst edition had a freshness and uncompromising directness had a freshness and uncompromising directness

that were considerably weakened in later editions, and yet nearlthat were considerably weakened in later editions, and yet nearly y

all available reprints of the work are based on the greatly all available reprints of the work are based on the greatly

modified sixth edition of 1872modified sixth edition of 1872””..

Amazon.com Book Description of Amazon.com Book Description of On the On the ““Origin of Species [Origin of Species [……]]””

Here is why they want to forget about the 6Here is why they want to forget about the 6thth editionedition……....

DarwinDarwin’’s Ultimate Admissions Ultimate Admission

““I have now considered enough, perhaps more than enough, of the I have now considered enough, perhaps more than enough, of the

cases, selected with care by a skillful naturalist, cases, selected with care by a skillful naturalist, to prove that to prove that

natural selection is incompetent to account for the incipient stnatural selection is incompetent to account for the incipient stages of ages of

useful structuresuseful structures;; and I have shown, as I hope, that there is no and I have shown, as I hope, that there is no

great difficulty on this head. great difficulty on this head. [[italics addeditalics added]]………….The belief that any .The belief that any

given structure, which we think, often erroneously, would have given structure, which we think, often erroneously, would have

been beneficial to a species, would have been gained under all been beneficial to a species, would have been gained under all

circumstances through natural selection, circumstances through natural selection, is opposed to what we is opposed to what we

can understand of its manner of actioncan understand of its manner of action..”” Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

•• For a new feature to have a survival advantage it would have to For a new feature to have a survival advantage it would have to come into existence come into existence functionally integratedfunctionally integrated, which , which violates the violates the mechanismmechanism of of Natural SelectionNatural Selection & & defeats its roledefeats its role as a partly as a partly developed transitional feature.developed transitional feature.

•• Darwin ultimately came to realize that there is Darwin ultimately came to realize that there is no survival no survival advantageadvantage in in primitiveprimitive or or ““incipientincipient”” (partly developed organs), (partly developed organs), which are postulated as part of his theory, and makes a which are postulated as part of his theory, and makes a startling startling admissionadmission in the 6in the 6thth Edition of his book (1872), Edition of his book (1872), Origin of Origin of SpeciesSpecies……...., pp. 178, pp. 178--180:180:

What is Observed by Science?•• SpeciesSpecies may represent may represent modified genetic variations of modified genetic variations of

each othereach other……………… But But species do not represent species do not represent ““kindskinds””..

•• Variation Variation betweenbetween ““kindskinds”” requiresrequires Natural SelectionNatural Selection to to ““selectselect”” from from genetic information which does not existgenetic information which does not existcontrary to Darwinism.contrary to Darwinism.

•• Natural SelectionNatural Selection cannot cannot create new genetic information create new genetic information contrary to Darwinism.contrary to Darwinism.

•• Natural SelectionNatural Selection is limited to the is limited to the availability of preavailability of pre--existing genetic informationexisting genetic information,, whichwhich limits genetic limits genetic variation within variation within ““kindskinds””——contrary to Darwinism.contrary to Darwinism.

•• Natural SelectionNatural Selection cannot explaincannot explain speciation speciation betweenbetween““kindskinds””..

•• Natural SelectionNatural Selection can only explaincan only explain speciation speciation withinwithin““kindskinds””..