natural science 101

7/29/2019 Natural Science 101

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Natural Science 101 101

Bryan Joshua Villar BSA I 7:30AM 9:20AM May 20, 2013

VolumeFormula: V= m/d

Where:

V is the volume

m is the mass

d is the density

Problem: You have a bottle with a density of 2g/cm3

and a mass of 20 g. determine its volume.

Solution:

V= m/d

= 20g/2g/cm3

V =10cm3

SpeedFormula: v= d/t

Where:

v is the speed

d is the distance

t is the time

Problem: Calculate the speed of a toy car covering 24 meters in 50 seconds.

Solution:

v= d/t

= 24m/50s

v=.48 m/s

AccelerationFormula: a= v/t or a= (vf vi) / t

Where:

a is the acceleration

v is the change in velocity

vf is the final velocity

vi is the initial velocity

t is the time


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Problem: While on my way home from work, I timed myself at a speed of 60 meters per second, four seconds after

starting. What was my acceleration during this time?

Solution:

a= (vf vi) / t

= (60 m/s 0m/s) / 4 s

a= 15 m/s2

ForceFormula: F= ma

Where:

F is the Force

m is the mass

a is the acceleration

Problem: An object of mass 120 kg is observed to accelerate at the rate of 6 m/s2. Calculate the force required to

produce this acceleration

Solution:

F= ma

= 120 kg x 6m/s

= 720 kg.m/s

F= 720 N

WorkFormula: W= Fd

Where:

W is the work

F is the force

d is the distance

Problem: Calculate the work done when a force of 10 newtons acts through a distance of 50 meters in the

direction of the force.

Solution:

W= Fd

= 10N x 50m

W=500 J

PowerFormula: P= W/t

Where:

P is the power

W is the work

t is the time

Problem: How much power is generated by a 550N exerted force by a person climbing a 2.0m stair in 6.6 s?

Solution:

P= W/t

= [(550N) (2m)] / 6.6s

P=166.67W


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EnergyFormula: E = mc

2

Where:

E is the energy

m is the mass

c is the speed of lightProblem: How much energy can be produced by the complete annihilation of 2.0 kg of mass?

Solution:

E = mc2

= 2.0kg (2.9 x 108

m/s)2

= 2.0kg (8.41 x 1015

m2/s

2)

E = 1.8 x 1017

J

Kinetic EnergyFormula: KE = 1/2 mv

2

Where:

KE is the Kinetic Energy

m is the massv is the velocity

Problem Determine the Kinetic Energy of a 500kg roller coaster train which moves at a speed of 20 m/s.

Solution:

KE = 1/2 mv2

= 1/2 x 500kg x 202m/s

= .05 x 500kg x 40m/s

KE = 1800J

Gravitational Potential EnergyFormula: GPE = mgh

Where:

GPE is the gravitational potential energy

g is the gravitational field strength

h is the height

Problem: One of the highest pop flies ever recorded in baseball was about 172m. What is the gravitational

potential energy of a baseball with a mass of 0.145kg that is hit that high into the air?

Solution:

GPE = mgh

= (0.145kg) (9.8 m/s/s) (172m)

GPE = 249.4J


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Natural Science 101 101

Bryan Joshua Villar BSA I 7:30AM 9:20AM May 20, 2013

Celsius to FahrenheitFormula: F = (C x 9/5) + 32

Example: Convert 15Celsius to Fahrenheit

Solution:

F = (C x 9/5) + 32

= (15 x 9/5) + 32

F = 59F

Fahrenheit to CelsiusFormula: C = 5/9(F - 32)

Example: What is the temperature in Celsius of 90 F?

Solution:

C = 5/9(F - 32)

= 5/9(90 - 32)

C = 32.22C

Celsius to KelvinFormula: K = C + 273

Example: Convert 27 C to Kelvin.

Solution:

K = C + 273

= 30 + 273

K = 300 K


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Length1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)

1 meter (m) = 100 centimeter (cm)

1 centimeter (cm) = 10-2

m

1 millimeter (mm) = 10-3

m

1 micron () = 10-6

m1 millimicron (m) = 10

-9m

1 angstrom (A) = 10-10

m

1 inch (in.) = 2,540 cm

1 foot (ft) = 30,48 cm

1 mile (mi) = 1,609 km

1 mil = 10-3

in.

1 centimeter = 0,3937 in.

1 meter = 39,37 in.

1 kilometer = 0,6214 mile

Area1 square meter (m2) = 10,76 ft2

1 square mile (mi2) = 640 acres

1 square foot (ft2) = 929 cm

2

1 acre = 43,560ft2

Volume1 liter (l) = 1000cm

3= 1,057 quart (qt) = 61,02 in

3= 0,03532 ft

3

1 cubic meter (m3) = 1000 l = 35,32 ft

3

1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7,481 U.S.gal = 0,02832 m

3= 28,32 l

1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 231 in3

= 3,785 l

1 British gallon = 1,201 U.S.gallon = 277,4 in3

Mass and Weight1 kilogram (kg) = 2,2046 pounds (lb) = 0,06852 slug;

1 lb = 453,6 gm = 0,03108 slug

1 slug = 32,174 lb = 14,59 kg


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Natural Science 101

Bryan Joshua Villar BSA I 7:30-9:20 May 20, 2013

Factor Name Symbol

1024

yotta Y

1021

zetta Z

1018

exa E

1015

peta P

1012

tera T

109

giga G

106

mega M

103

kilo k

102

hecto h

101

deka da

Factor Name Symbol

10-1

Deci d

10-2

Centi c

10-3

Milli m

10-6

micro

10-9

Nano n

10-12

Pico p

10-15

femto f

10-18

Atto a

10-21

zepto z

10-24

yocto y


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Natural Science 101


Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that together laid the foundation for classical

mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in

response to said forces. They have been expressed in several different ways over nearly three centuries, and can

be summarized as follows:

First law: An object at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by a force. An object in motion remains in motion,

and at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.Examples:

1. one example is when a car is going and suddenly stops, the passengers will move forward

2. another is when a pilot turns the plane and the passengers will want to stay the same direction so it feels like

they got pulled the opposite way

3. also when a coffee mug gets left on a car and then the driver speeds away, the cup will want to stay at rest so it

will slide off the back of the car

Second law: The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the

net force acting on the body, and inversely proportional to its mass. Thus, F = ma, where F is the net force acting

on the object, m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of the object.

Examples:

1. An example would be pushing a 10 lb ball as hard as you can, then pushing a 5 lb ball as hard as you can. The 10

lb ball would accelerate less than the 5 lb ball because the 10 lb ball has more mass. If you push a ball then it will

not move initially due to the force of friction. Once you push harder and your force is more than the force of

friction then the ball will start moving. The amount of acceleration of the ball is related by F = ma. Hence more

mass means less acceleration. Similarly more force means more acceleration.

Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in

magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body.

Examples:

1. If you throw a heavy ball or block away from your body, the force exerted will push back on you, possibly

pushing you backward onto the ground.

2. You find it hard to walk on a slippery surface because the only way you can walk forward is for your foot to push

backward on the surface of the ground. Through friction, the ground is essentially "pushing back" against the force

of your step.

3. A rocket can be launched into space because the hot gases from it are being propelled downward from the
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rocket, causing the rocket to move upward with equal force. (Gravity, of course, is opposing its acceleration during

this reaction.)

Natural Science 101


Energy Sources:

a.)Renewable:

Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range

of ever-evolving technologies.

Wind power is the conversion ofwind energy into a useful form of energy, such as usingwind turbines to

make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps forwater pumping or drainage, or sails to

propel ships.

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that

determines the temperature of matter.

Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form ofhydropower that converts the energy oftidesinto useful forms of

power - mainly electricity.

b.)Non-Renewable

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in

regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United States.

Nuclear energy usually means the part of the energy of an atomic nucleus, which can be released by fusion or

fission or radioactive decay.

Oil is any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance, that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures, and

is immiscible with water but soluble in alcohols or ethers. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are

usually flammable and slippery.

Forms of Energy:

Thermal energy is the part of the total potential energy and kinetic energy of an object or sample of matter that

results in the system temperature.[1]

This quantity may be difficult to determine or even meaningless unless the

system has attained its temperature only through warming, and not been subjected to work input or output, or

any other energy-changing processes. The internal energy of a system, also often called the thermodynamic

energy, includes other forms of energy in a thermodynamic system in addition to thermal energy, namely forms

ofpotential energy that do not influence temperature and do not absorb heat, such as the chemical energy stored

in its molecular structure and electronic configuration, and the nuclear binding energy that binds the sub-atomic

particles of matter.
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Chemical energy is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction

or, to transform other chemical substances. Examples include batteries and light bulbs and cells etc. . Breaking or

making of chemical bonds involves energy, which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system.

Electrical energy is energy newly derived from electrical potential energy. When loosely used to describe energy

absorbed or delivered by an electrical circuit (for example, one provided by an electric power utility) "electrical

energy" refers to energy which has been converted from electrical potential energy. This energy is supplied by the

combination ofelectric current and electrical potential that is delivered by the circuit. At the point that this

electrical potential energy has been converted to another type of energy, it ceases to be electrical potential

energy. Thus, all electrical energy is potential energy before it is delivered to the end-use.

Once converted from potential energy, electrical energy can always be described as another type of energy (heat,

light, motion, etc.).

Radiant energy is the energy ofelectromagnetic waves.[1]

The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated

byintegrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time and, like all forms of energy, its SI unit is the joule. The

term is used particularly when radiation is emitted by a source into the surrounding environment. Radiant energy

may be visible or invisible to the human eye.

Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom into its component parts. The

component parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons. The binding energy of nuclei is

always a positive number, since all nuclei require net energy to separate them into individual protons and

neutrons. Thus, the massof an atom's nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of

the constituent protons and neutrons when separated. This notable difference is a measure of the nuclear binding

energy, which is a result of forces that hold the nucleus together. Because these forces result in the removal of

energy when the nucleus is formed, and this energy has mass, mass is removed from the total mass of the original

particles, and the mass is missing in the resulting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect, and

represents the energy released when the nucleus is formed.

Magnetic energy and electric energy are related by Maxwell's equations. The potential energy ofa magnet ofmagnetic moment m in a magnetic field B is defined as the work of magnetic force (actually of

magnetic torque) on re-alignment of the vector of the magnetic dipole moment.

Elastic energy is the potential mechanical energy stored in the configuration of a material or physical system as

work is performed to distort its volume or shape. Elasticity theoryprimarily develops an analytical understanding of

the mechanics of solid bodies and materials.[1]

The elastic potential energy equation is used in calculations of

positions ofmechanical equilibrium. The energy is potential as it will be converted into another form of energy,

such as kinetic.

Mechanical energy is the sum ofpotential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion

and position of an object. The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is

only subject toconservative forces the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the oppositedirection of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the

object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems, however, non-

conservative forces, like frictional forces, will be present, but often they are of negligible values and the

mechanical energy's being constant can therefore be a useful approximation. In elastic collisions, the mechanical

energy is conserved but in inelastic collisions, some mechanical energy is converted into heat. The equivalence

between lost mechanical energy and an increase in temperature was discovered by James Prescott Joule.
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Many modern devices, such as the electric motor or the steam engine, are used today to convert mechanical

energy into other forms of energy, e.g. electrical energy, or to convert other forms of energy, like heat, into

mechanical energy.

Luminous energy is the perceived energy oflight. This is sometimes called the quantity of light. Luminous energy

is not the same as radiant energy, the corresponding objective physical quantity. This is because the human

eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengthswithin

the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye is most sensitive to light at a

wavelength of 555 nm. Light with a given amount of radiant energy will have more luminous energy if the

wavelength is 555 nm than if the wavelength is longer or shorter. Light whose wavelength is well outside

the visible spectrum has a luminous energy of zero, regardless of the amount of radiant energy present.
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Natural Science 101


Solid is one ofthe four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). It ischaracterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid

object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume

available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular

geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary water ice) or irregularly

(an amorphous solid such as common window glass).

Examples: metal, wood, ceramics and etc.

Liquid is one ofthe four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is theonly state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of

matter, such as atoms and molecules, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most

common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Some liquidsresist compression, while others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every

space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state

is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena.

Examples: water, soft drinks, milk and etc.

Gas is one ofthe four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gasmay be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas or atomic gas like neon), elemental molecules made

from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon

dioxide). A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas

from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes

a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric

and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the

image.

Examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide and etc.

Plasma is one ofthe four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and gas). Heating agas may ionize its molecules or atoms (reducing or increasing the number ofelectrons in them), thus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_solidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter#The_Four_Fundamental_States


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turning it into a plasma, which contains charged particles: positive ions and negative electrons or

ions.[2]

Ionization can be induced by other means, such as strong electromagnetic field applied with

a laser or microwave generator, and is accompanied by the dissociation ofmolecular bonds, if present.

Examples: Gases in discharge tubes (fluorescent lamps and neon signs),Welding arcs,Lightning Aurora,The upper

atmosphere (the ionosphere),Stars and the Sun.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics)


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Natural Science 101


Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through

an intermediate liquid phase. Sublimation is an endothermic phase transition that occurs at temperatures and

pressures below a substance's triple point in itsphase diagram.

Example: Dry ice or Iodine crystals turning into a vapor

Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase, and is the

reverse ofvaporization.[1]

When the transition happens from the gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, the

change is called deposition.

Example:The drops of water on the outside of a glass holding a cold drink. Dew in the grass in themorning. Also rain.

Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.

The internal energy of a substance is increased, typically by the application of heat or pressure, resulting in a rise of

its temperature to the melting point, at which the ordering of ionic or molecular entities in the solid breaks down

to a less ordered state and the solid liquefies. An object that has melted completely is molten. Substances in the

molten state generally have reduced viscosity with elevated temperature; an exception to this maxim is the

element sulfur, whose viscosity increases to a point due to polymerizationand then decreases with higher

temperatures in its molten state.

Example: Hot candle wax. The wax near the wick melts into a liquid. Ice cubeturning into water. Pewter object

melting in a house fire.

Vaporization of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase. There are two

types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling.

Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at temperatures below the boiling

temperature at a given pressure. Evaporation usually occurs on the surface.

Boiling is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs at or above the boiling temperature.

Boiling, as opposed to evaporation, occurs below the surface.

Example: A pot of boiling water. A car radiator releasing pressure on a very hot summer day.

Deposition, also known as desublimation, is a thermodynamic process,aphase transition in which gas transforms

into solid. The reverse of deposition issublimation.

Example: A river delta. Smoke film on a window. Formation of Dry ice from a CO2 fire extinguisher. Frost.

Freezing or solidification is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered

below its freezing point.

Example: Ice in an Ice cube tray. Making home-made ice cream. Pouring hot wax into a candle form and allowing it

to cool.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)#Phase_diagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation#cite_note-Gold-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation#cite_note-Gold-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation#cite_note-Gold-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation#cite_note-Gold-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)#Phase_diagramshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid


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Natural Science 101



15/15

Natural Science 101


1) Combustion: A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and

carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat. An example of this kind of reaction is

the burning of naphthalene:

C10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

2) Synthesis: A synthesis reaction is when two or more simple compounds combine to form a more complicated

one. These reactions come in the general form of:

A + B ---> AB

One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide:

8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS

3) Decomposition: A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction - a complex molecule breaks

down to make simpler ones. These reactions come in the general form:

AB ---> A + B

One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas:

2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2

4) Single displacement: This is when one element trades places with another element in a compound. These

reactions come in the general form of:

A + BC ---> AC + B

One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to make

magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2

5) Double displacement: This is when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two

entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form:

AB + CD ---> AD + CB

One example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead (II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form

lead (II) iodide and potassium nitrate:

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3

6) Acid-base: This is a special kind of double displacement reaction that takes place when an acid and base react

with each other. The H+ion in the acid reacts with the OH

-ion in the base, causing the formation of water.

Generally, the product of this reaction is some ionic salt and water:

HA + BOH ---> H2O + BAOne example of an acid-base reaction is the reaction of hydrobromic acid (HBr) with sodium hydroxide:

HBr + NaOH ---> NaBr + H2O

natural science 101

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