natural history from greeks to medieval europe
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Natural History from Greeks to Medieval Europe . Minoan fresco on Crete 1500 BC. For next Tuesday. Watch 49 minute video linked on Wiki space Homework assignment will be sent by tomorrow on email. Aristotle. (384 BC – 322 BC) -was a student of Plato (Greek philosopher) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Natural History from Greeks to Medieval Europe
Minoan fresco on Crete 1500 BC
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For next Tuesday
• Watch 49 minute video linked on Wiki space• Homework assignment will be sent by
tomorrow on email
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Aristotle• (384 BC – 322 BC)
•-was a student of Plato (Greek philosopher)
•taught Alexander the Great.
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Geocentric Universe
Aristotle (Greek, 384-322 BC)
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Aristotle on the Soul?
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When the crocodile yawns, the trochilus flies into his mouth and cleans his teeth. The trochilus gets his food thereby, and the crocodile gets ease and comfort; it makes no attempt to injure its little friend, but, when it wants it to go, it shakes its neck in warning, lest it should accidentally bite the bird.
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Matt• The woodpecker …pecks at the bark of trees to drive out
from under it maggots and gnats; when they emerge, it licks them up with its tongue, which is large and flat. It can run up and down a tree in any way, even with the head downwards, like the gecko-lizard. For secure hold upon a tree, its claws are better adapted than those of the daw; it makes its way by sticking these claws into the bark.
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Other contributions to zoology
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Greek, Roman and Medieval Depictions of Nature
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Aquatic Animals Fish and Dolphins
Minoan fresco on Crete 1500 BC
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Before 79 ADPompeii
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Rome
3rd to 4th C from Flavian Amphitheater
16th C Roman Fountain
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1200 Canterbury Psalter
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13th C Basilica San Marco, Venice
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Medieval Books of Nature
• Herbals• Bestiaries
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Dioscorides (Greek circa 40—90 AD) wrote herbal used for centuries
This copy from 625
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Plants, both wild and cultivated, played important roles in medicine and magic
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Herbals in Arabic, Greek and Latin were created for hundreds of years
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14th Century Italian Herbal
Plant used for sutures and to stop bleeding
Illustrated Herbals used to identify plants and their uses
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Leonhart Fuchs published a famous “herbal” in 1542
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Herbarum Vivae Eicones of Brunfels
1530
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Harley Bestiary at British Library
c. 1230.
The one who is on duty holds a stone up with one claw; if the watcher falls asleep the stone will fall and wake him.
Medieval Bestiaries
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Aberdeen BestiaryEnglish c. 1200
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Pre-Renaissance ImagesBestiaries
Pliny the Elder (Natural History, Book 10, 86):
• “The salamander is a shaped like a lizard, but is covered with spots.
• A salamander is so cold that it puts out fire on contact. It vomits from its mouth a milky liquid; if this liquid touches any part of the human body it causes all the hair to fall off, and the skin to change color and break out in a rash.
• Salamanders only appear when it rains and disappear in fine weather.”
http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast276.htm
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Harley Bestiary
1230-1240
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• The whale remains floating at the surface for long periods and sailors, thinking the whale to be an island, land there and build a fire to cook their food.
• After a time the heat penetrates the whale's thick skin, and it dives to cool itself. The ship is dragged down with it and the sailors drown.
• When the whale is hungry it opens its mouth and emits a sweet odor, which attracts small fish. The fish swim into the whale's mouth, which closes on them.
• Allegory/Moral• The whale who deceives sailors and drags them down to their deaths
signifies the devil, who deceives those he drags down to hell. Those of weak faith who give in to the sweet odor of worldly desires will be swallowed up by the devil.
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Renaissance Natural History-
more later