natural gas pipeline planning & economics(1)

8/13/2019 Natural Gas Pipeline Planning & Economics(1)

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The University of Salford

School of Computing, Science and Engineering

Gas Engineering and Management

MODULE ! "U#D$ME#T$LS O" #$TU%$L G$S $#D

&%ODUCT'O# S(STEM $#D DES'G#

Module Coordinator!

Mr) $L' *$D'%

Assignment Report on:

#$TU%$L G$S SU&&L( &L$##'#G $#D ECO#OM'CS

Presented by:

#ura Mu+a Muhammad

Roll No.: @00131126


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MSc Gas Engineering and Management Module 1: Fundamentals of Natural Gas, Production & Design

ContentModule Coordinator:..........................................................................................................................1

Presented by:..................................................................................................................................1 Nura Muaz Muhammad............................................................................................................1

Roll No.: @00131126........................................................................................................................1Content...............................................................................................................................................2

!"# $% %!&'R("

%i)ure 1 &ra*h o+ Ca*a,ity a)ainst Pi*eline inlet Pressure..............................................................-%i)ure 2 &ra*h o+ Ca*a,ity a)ainst Pressure dro*............................................................................6%i)ure 3 (++e,t o+ Pi*e diameter on Ca*a,ity....................................................................................

LIST OF TABLES

#able 1 (++e,t o+ Pi*eline inlet Pressure on Ca*a,ity.......................................................................-#able 2 (++e,t o+ Pressure dro* on Pi*eline Ca*a,ity.......................................................................6#able 3 (++e,t o+ Pressure dro* on Ca*a,ity................................................................................ .....#able / (++e,t o+ Pi*eline len)th on Pi*eline Ca*a,ity.....................................................................#able - (++e,t o+ Com*ressor on Ca*a,ity........................................................................................

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Natural gas and energy resource management is a major c allenge in t e ra!idly c anging glo"aland "usiness en#ironment$ Natural gas is trans!orted from t e gas fields%refineries "y t e oil and

gas com!anies to distri"ution and to some large industrial customers t roug !i!eline net or'$

( e !i!eline)s economics are crucial to t e #ia"ility of gas de#elo!ment !rojects t roug effecti#e

and efficient analysis of 'ey engineering and economic factors ic are essential to t e success

of !i!eline !rojects and !ro#ide detailed analysis of t e cost com!osition of !i!elines and t e

inter*relations "et een all t e factors$ ( is necessitates t e need to deri#e or'a"le e+uations so

as to relate t e flo of gas in a !i!eline to t e !ro!erties of "ot t e !i!e and t e gas and to t eo!erating conditions suc as !ressure and tem!erature$ ( us, e+uation for t e daily ca!acity of

NURA MUAZ MUHAMMAD:@00131126 Page 2


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gas !i!eline as formulated$ ( e effecti#eness of t e e+uation is !al!a"le system must "e

designed and o!erated it full 'no ledge of at !ressures ill result from re+uired !i!eline

ca!acity$ ( e end result of fluid flo in a ori-ontal !i!e is t e general flo e+uation:

( )1

0.-2 2

2 -"

"

P P# 1 0.000- - d 1P " # +

=

. ere:

/ 0 Pi!eline Ca!acity sm 2%d3

( s 0 Standard (em!erature 43

(" 0 (em!erature difference 43PS0 Standard Pressure "ara3

P1 0Pi!eline 5nlet Pressure "ara3

P6 0Pi!eline 7utlet Pressure "ara3

S0 8elati#e Density of t e gas dimensionless3

9 0 Pi!eline lengt 'ilometer3

0 Gas com!ressi"ility factor dimensionless3

d 0 Pi!eline diameter millimeter3

;sing t e a"o#e e+uation, analysis as done on o !i!eline ca!acity and its economics are

influenced "y t e !arameters t at ma'e u! t e e+uation$

( e a"o#e e+uation again can "e e

4 N is t e numerical constant ic ta'es care of con#ersion factors for t e different units

in t e e+uation, and it)s gi#en as =$===>?>$


( )0.-

2 21 2

N & P

P P34 4 4 d 2


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4 G is t e gas !ro!erties constant$ ( is com!rise of gas relati#e density, com!ressi"ility

factor, standard !ressure and tem!erature as ell as gas tem!erature difference$ For a gas

ca!acity at standard conditions3 if t e gas gra#ity is increased, t e ca!acity ill decrease$

Similarly, as t e com!ressi"ility increases, t e ca!acity ill decrease$ @lso, as t e gas flo ing

tem!erature increases, t roug !ut ill decrease$

4 P is t e !i!e constant$ 5t)s com!osed of inlet and outlet !ressure of t e !i!eline, t e

lengt and diameter of t e !i!e and t ese gi#es t e most im!ortant #aria"les in t e e+uation$

( ese im!ortant #aria"les relate it !i!eline ca!acity as follo s:

From t e e+uation 2 a"o#e, t e ca!acity relates directly it Pressure dro! ic is t e

difference "et een inlet and outlet !ressures3 so any error in t e calculation ill reflect directly in

t e #alue of /$

@lso Ca!acity / is directly !ro!ortional to t e !i!e diameter, so an error of 1A in t e in!ut #alue

of t e diameter ill lead to a 6$>A error in t e !i!eline ca!acity /, o e#er, t e ca!acity / is

in#ersely !ro!ortional to t e lengt of t e !i!eline, ence t e s orter t e lengt , t e greater t e

ca!acity$

1.1 EFFECT OF PIPELINE INLET PRESSURE ON CAPACITY:

( e !ressure range determines t e ty!e of materials, fittings and e+ui!ment t at can "e used for

t e gas mains and ser#ice system$ .it in t e gas net or' t ere are different o!erating !ressures$

Big !ressure a"o#e ? "ar3 and intermediate !ressure 6 "ar u! to ? "ar3 are used for transmissionof large #olume of gas around t e country, medium !ressure ?> m"ar u! to 6 "ar3 are re+uired for

some industrial consumer load, and lo !ressure not e m"ar3 are used for distri"ution

to domestic consumers$ 8e*arranging t e general flo e+uation gi#es:

( ) 0.-1 P 2P P /

@ssuming a fi


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(a"le 1 Effect of Pi!eline inlet Pressure on Ca!acity

5N9E(

P8ESS;8E P 1 "ar3

C@P@C5( /

sm2%d36= 6== 2>

= >= >21== =

Figure 1 Gra! of Ca!acity against Pi!eline inlet Pressure

From t e a"o#e results ta"le and c art3 it can "e seen t at, en t e inlet !ressure of a gas is

increased, t e !i!eline ca!acity also increases$

1.2 EFFECT OF PRESSURE DROP !P" ON PIPELINE CAPACITY:

Pressure dro! P 1*P63 "et een t e u!stream !oint 1 and do nstream !oint 6 occurs due to friction

factor # 3 "et een t e gas and !i!e alls$ ( e term P 16*P66 re!resents t e dri#ing force t at causes

flo rate from u!stream end to t e do nstream end$ ;sing t e e+uation:

( )2 21 2 P P -=

5t can "e o"ser#ed t at, if t e !ressure at t e u!stream is increased "y P, t e inlet !ressure ill

increase "y less t an P ence it indicates t at t e !ressure dro! is a linear and any effects on it

ill directly affects t e !i!eline ca!acity$ @s P 6 is decreased, 'ee!ing t e P 1 constant, t e ca!acity

ill increase$ Bo e#er, en P 1 e+uals to P6 t en t ere ill "e no ca!acity in t e !i!eline$ For a

fi


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(a"le 6 Effect of Pressure dro! on Pi!eline Ca!acity

5N9E(P8ESS;8E

P1 "ar3

7;(9E(P8ESS;8E

P6 "ar3

P8ESS;8ED87P P

P1*P63

5N9E(P8ESS;8E

P16 "ar3

7;(9E(P8ESS;8E

P66 "ar3

P8ESS;8ED87P P 6

P16 * P663

C@P@C5(/0 H P 16 * P663

mil m2%d3

?= ?= = I== I== = =?= = 1= I== 2 == 12== 2

?= >= 6= I== 6>== 6 == I?= = 2= I== 1 == 22== >??= 2= = I== I== === 2?= 6= >= I== == >== ??= 1= = I== 1== == I?= = ?= I== = I== ?=

%i)ure 2 &ra*h o+ Ca*a,ity a)ainst Pressure dro*

5t)s s o n from t e figure 6 a"o#e t at, increase in t e !ressure dro! as a decreasing effect on

ca!acity$ @lso, at !ressure dro! of 1= "ar, >1A of t e t eoretical ca!acity is ac ie#ed, ereas at

!ressure dro!s of 6= "ar, ?=A of t e t eoretical ca!acity is ac ie#ed, and t e result indicates t at

t e ig er t e !ressure dro! t e ig er t e t eoretical ca!acity t at could "e ac ie#ed$$ ( oug

t e #alue of t e t eoretical ca!acity seems to "e ig er in terms of demand "ut, due to its

occurrence at ig !ressure loss ma'es it unfeasi"le to "e used$

1.3 EFFECT OF PIPELINE DIAMETER ON CAPACITY

Mostly nominal diameters are used in industry as a !i!e diameter designation$ ;sually true

internal diameter can "e determined using an accurate all t ic'ness #alue from t e standard

references$ Bere for analysis, t e nominal diameter is used$ @ssuming t e !i!eline diameter for

standard Steel !i!e, t e follo ing results ere o"tained using t e e+uation:

/ 0 d 6$> ********************************************************************



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(a"le 2 Effect of Pressure dro! on Ca!acity

5nternal Diameterin3

5nternal Diametermm3

Ca!acity /0d 6$>mil sm2%d3

1= 6> 2116 2=> II1 = 1=66= >= 1? I6 1= 6 662= ? 6 I2=2 I1 ???

161I 1>I 2

Figure 2 Effect of Pi!e diameter on Ca!acity

From t e results of ta"le 2 and figure 2 a"o#e, 6 J Pi!eline as si< times t e ca!city of 16J

Pi!eline$ Similarly, J !i!eline as si< time t e ca!acity of a 6 J Pi!eline$ ( us, en t e

diameter of a !i!eline is dou"led, t e ca!acity il increase "y t ree folds$ Generally, t e larger t e

diameter, t e larger t e !i!eline ca!acity$

1.$ EFFECT OF PIPELINE LEN%TH ON CAPACITY

From t e e+uation0.-

1

@ssuming #alues for t e !i!eline lengt in t e increment of 1== 'm, t e follo ing result as

o"tained$

(a"le Effect of Pi!eline lengt on Pi!eline Ca!acity

Pi!eline 9engt 9 1%9 Ca!acity /0 1%93 =$>

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'm3 mil sm 2%day3

1== 0.010 0.100

6== 0.005 0.071

2== 0.003 0.058

== 0.003 0.050

>== 0.002 0.045

== 0.002 0.041

?== 0.001 0.038

== 0.001 0.035

I== 0.001 0.033

1=== 0.001 0.032

Figure Effect of Pi!eline lengt on Ca!acity

From t e a"o#e analysis, t e s orter t e lengt , t e greater t e ca!acity$ ( us, as t e !i!eline

lengt increases for gi#en !ressure P 1 and P6, t e ca!acity ill decrease$ So a !i!eline of 1== 'm

ill deli#er t ice t e ca!acity of a 6== 'm lengt !i!eline$



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Figure > Pressure Gradients in a 2=K Gas Pi!eline

Since t e Pressure dro! and t e lengt are functions of ca!acity, figure > s o s t at !ressure dro!

!er unit lengt !ressure gradient3 increases it increase in distance co#ered "y a !i!eline ence

t e o#erall !ressure dro! ill "e greater it greater distance co#ered "y a !i!eline$ Data for an

annual ca!acity of gas !i!eline as s o n t at, at 1==A load factor, t e ig er t e distance, t e

lo er t e ca!acity, nonet eless t is effect decrease it decrease in !i!eline diameter$

2.0 EFFECT OF COMPRESSORS ON PIPELINE CAPACITY:

Com!ressor stations are installed along gas transmission !i!eline to !ro#ide t e re+uired !ressure

to trans!ort gas from one location to anot er$ Due to limitations of !i!eline !ressures, multi!le

com!ressor stations may "e needed to trans!ort a gi#en #olume t roug a long distance !i!eline$

Lut, com!ressor stations are among t e major com!onents t at contri"ute to t e initial ca!ital cost

in a gas !i!eline system and also re+uire e and figure "elo $

(a"le > Effect of Com!ressor on Ca!acity

Com!ressor Ca!acity Factor1 =$I6 1$

2 1$6$1

> 6$

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6$? 6$

2I 2$61= 2$

Figure Effect of Com!ressor on Ca!acity

From t e results in (a"le > and figure , it can "e o"ser#ed t at, it only 6 com!ressor, !i!eline

ca!acity increases "y 1 , ile it ta'es t ree 23 com!ressors to dou"le t e ca!acity , alt oug itta'es eig t 3 com!ressors to tri!le t e ca!acity$

2.1 ECONOMIC TRADE&OFF BET'EEN CAPACITIES OF PIPELINE AND

COMPRESSOR

( e diagram "elo s o s t at !i!eline ca!acity is a trade*off "et een !i!e diameter and

com!ressor ca!acity$



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Figure ? Economic trade*off "et een Pi!eline ca!acity and Com!ressor ca!acity

From t e figure ?, it can "e o"ser#ed t at t e smaller t e !i!e diameter t e ig er t e com!ressor

!o er$ .it !i!es of 2 J diameter and a"o#e, t e annual ca!acity can reac 1> "il m 2%y as against

I "il m 2%y attained "y 6 J* J !i!es$ ( us t e "igger !i!es are referred to as o#ersi-ed !i!eline

and re+uire lo er com!ressor !o er "ut deli#er ig ca!acity and are e

ig er com!ressor station !o er, "ut t ey are c ea!er in term of unit cost$ ( us, t e decision



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s ould "e made in terms of t e re+uired ca!acity, t e !i!eline cost and t e com!ressor station

ca!acity ence !i!eline ca!acity is considered as a trade*off "et een !i!e diameter and

com!ressor !o er$

3.0 CONCLUSION:

( e inter*relations i! "et een different !arameters in a gas !i!eline system suc as !i!eline

si-es, !ressure dro! and com!ression re+uirement relati#e to t e ca!acity of !i!eline as

analy-ed$ Since t e o#erall o"jecti#es of t e system re#ol#e round t e economy t ese

factors%!arameters may #ary and for effecti#e !lanning of gas su!!ly system, t e information

o"tained from t e analysis could "e utili-ed as yardstic' for #ia"le trade*off "et een t e "uyer

and t e seller of natural gas resources$

REFERENCES

tt!:%%$ad#anticagrou!$com%default$as!< !age0 I? accessed on 6>t No#em"er, 6==?3

tt!:%% $ot No#em"er, 6==?3

4adir, @$, Fundamentals of Natural Gas & Production Systems and Design, Lecture Notes.

Sc ool of Com!uting, Science and Engineering$ ;ni#ersity of Salford$ ;4$ 6==?

Mo it!our, Mo, Pipeline Operation and Maintenance: a practical approac . Ne or': @SME

Press, 6==>$ 5SLN: =?I1 =626I

Nasr, G$G$, !nalysis of Pipe Net"or#s, Lecture Notes $ Sc ool of Com!uting, Science and

Engineering$ ;ni#ersity of Salford$ ;4$ 6==?

Pi!eline Economics$ Engineering Factors$ Salgas$ ;4

S as i Menon, E$, Gas Pipeline $ydraulics $ Loca 8aton, Fla$ 9ondon: C8C, 6==>

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natural gas pipeline planning & economics(1)

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