natural and scenic river protection in western china
TRANSCRIPT
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NATURAL AND SCENIC RIVER PROTECTION IN WESTERN CHINA
2018 River Management Symposium: Wild, Scenic & Beyond!Wild & Scenic Rivers 50th Anniversary
2018.10.22-25
Presentation by
Yuxia Zhou Tsinghua University
Ph.D Candidate of Landscape Architecture DepartmentInstructor: Professor Liu Hailong
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USA• First 8 Wild & Scenic
Rivers Designated in 1968
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Wild & Scenic River
Rio Grande River(New Mexico)
Designated in Oct.2, 1968
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?ChinaQ: Do China has such “wild & scenic river “ resources?
A: YES !
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Potential Wild & Scenic River Resources in China
Lancang River Source Area “Daqu”
Natural & Scenic River in China?
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?ChinaQ: Are the integrated values and wilderness attributes of such river under comprehensive, even legislative protection?
A: Not Yet. Our protected land system doesn’t has such subdivision providing protection of rivers’ ORVs and wilderness attributes.
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?ChinaQ: Do we need such River Protected Area?
A: Yes! Because of the great pressure of population and economic development, China’s rivers are under huge threats
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CASE STUDY:
Lancang River In Sanjiangyuan National Park
INTRODUCTION:
Natural & Scenic Rivers in China (Western Area)
02
01
THREE FURTHER RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
Comparison Study Between The USA And China03
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I. Water conservancy development trends
II. Main water structure summary statics
III. Potential Natural & Scenic River Resources
IV. Western China River Features
INTRODUCTION:
Natural & Scenic Rivers in China (Western Area)01
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According to the 《 BP World Energy Statistics Yearbook 2016 》:
China is the world's largest energy consumer, accounting for 23% of global energy consumption and 34% of net energy
consumption growth. At the same time, China is also the world's largest hydropower country and China's current water
conservancy construction is still in a large-scale development period.
I. Water conservancy development trends
According to the data of 《 China Water Conservancy Statistical Yearbook 2016 》:
the annual growth rate of comprehensive investment in water conservancy infrastructure is
over 10% and 50% of its investment is used for water
resources projects, 35% for flood control projects, 11% for hydropower projects, 4% for soil and water conservation and ecological construction.
50%35%
11%
4%
Water Resource Engineering
Flood Control Construction
Hydropower Engineering and others
Soil and Water conservation andEcological Construction
Water Conservancy Investment Classification
2016
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• Scope of current River related laws, regulations and administration system in China… … …
• The recognition of River VALUES?
Water Resource
Value
Economic Value
Engineering Value
• Urban Water Supply• Avoid Drought• … … …
• Flood control• Sediment Control• … … …
• Hydroelectricity generation• Irrigation• Fishery• Transportation• … … …
Ecological Value
• Water & Soil Conservancy• Endangered Fish protection• ……
• Riparian Ecosystem• Vegetation• Wildlife• Water Quality
History & Cultural Value
SceneryValue
WildernessValue
• Free-flow status• Natural shoreline• Less Accessibility• Outdoor recreation
opportunities• … … …
• Aestics• Whole experience• … … …
• Relics• Religion• Ethic culture• Local lifestyle• … … …
River values need to be recognize in a more integrated way!
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Data source: The ministry of water resources of the People’s republic of China
II. Main water structures summary statistics
According to 《Bulletin of First National Census for Water (2013)》
Water Structures in China:
• Reservoirs• Hydropower Stations• Sluices
• Embankments• Pumping Stations• Rural Area Water Supply Projects• Small Reservoirs and Ponds• Irrigated Areas• Construction of Irrigation Districts• Groundwater Abstraction Wells• Groundwater Sources
Impoundment Constructions that stop or restrict the free-flow status of river
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• Reservoirs
Largest reservoir in China: The Yangtze River Three Gorges ReservoirTotal storage capacity (100 million m³): 393
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• Hydropower Stations
Largest Hydropower Station in World: Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power StationTotal installed capacity (10,000 kW): 2240
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• Sluices
Largest sluice in China: Gezhouba Dam water conservancy project
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III. Potential Natural & Scenic River
Resources • Main River Basins
Spatial Distribution in China
Songliao Basin
Haihe River Basin
Yellow River Basin
Huai River Basin
Yangtze River Basin
Pearl River Basin
Taihu Basin
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• Main Hydropower StationsSpatial Distribution in China
Main River Basin
Installed Capacity(10,000kW)
≥100 25-100
Yellow River 44 11
Yangtze River 22 71
Pearl River 6 10
Sonehua River 2 6
Lancang River 12 5
Yaluzangbu River 6 7
Yanpan River 10 8
Nu River 9 3
Ming River 1 1
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• Potential Natural & Scenic River Resources Spatial Distribution in China
Urgency of Protection
• Western China
• Eastern China
• Other Rivers
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IV. Western China River Features• Western River Region Definition
Western Territory Administrative Boundary
Western River Basin Boundary
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Western Territory Topography
Western River Basin River Origins
• Western River Feature 1:The birthplace of major rivers in China
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72% Land area
29% Population
Western Territory Land vs Population
Western River Basin Wilderness Index
(Refer to Dr. Cao)
• Western River Feature 2:Outstanding wilderness attributes
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Culture DiversityTibetan
Mongolia
Tujia
Zhuang
Uygur
Western Territory Ethnic Minority
Western River Basin Diverse Cultures
• Western River Feature 3:Remarkable culture diversity
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I. Sanjiangyuan National Park Background
II. Field Investigation Background
III. River Segment Study
CASE STUDY:
Lancang River In Sanjiangyuan National Park02
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I. Sanjiangyuan National Park Background
• National Park System established in 2017 + 10 Pilot parks
• Source of Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River
• Sanjiangyuan National Park pilot period: 2020• Boundary: Three separated source parks/ Maybe
changed at the end of pilot period• Area: 123,100 k㎡• Population: 650,000 (Below poverty line: 240,000)
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II. Field Investigation Background• First Journey: Hiking (2018.7.5-14)/ Tsinghua Mountaineering Club Expedition team
• Hiking Range: total 67km
Lancang RiverSource Park
ZaduoCounty
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Holy Mountain
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Sacred Lake
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Glacier 5300 elevation(degradation status)
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Ice Erosion LandformGlacial Stream
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• Second Journey: Rafting (2018.7.19-26) / Last Descents River Expedition
Diverse Visitor Group• Chinese
Teenagers• Media Person• Steve & Cyd from
US NPS• Colin & Lori from
Australia NPS• Rafting Experts,
like Travis• Me & Dr.Liu
Landscape Researchers
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• Rafting Range: 122kmLancang – Mekong River
River
Province Boundary
Lancang River Basin
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
Rafting Area
Highlights for my first Rafting Experience:
• First time to really touch & interact with river• Super enjoyable and have fun with rafting• Rafting + Short Hiking + Good river chef = Whole river life experience• Educate the youth• Silently lost in wilderness and inspired by nature• An impressive journey to have long and deep impacts for my life
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III. River Segment Studyi. Location: Daqu (Lancang River Source Area)
ZaduoCounty
NangqianCounty
Sahuteng Town
Angsai Village
Juela Village
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• ① Geology Value• ② Hydrology Value• ③ Fish & Wildlife Value
• ④ History and Culture Value
• ⑤ Recreation Value• ⑥ Scenery Value
ii. Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORVs)
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ii. ORVs-①Geology Value
1. Lancang River is one of the
highest elevation rivers in China.
It is located in the Tibetan Plateau area with an average
elevation of 3800-5800 meters.
2. The source area is a typical continental glacier that
forms glacial rivers.
3. The source of the Lancang
River flowing through the Zaduo
Angsai county has the most complete Cretaceous Danxia landform on the
Tibetan Plateau.
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ii. ORVs-②Hydrology Value
1. The Lancang river is rich in water resources and runoff resources, and also
has an average runoff of 74 billion cubic meters over the years.
2. Atmospheric precipitation is the main
recharge source of water resources in the Lancang-Mekong River basin, and the
snowmelt runoff in the
upper reaches of the LancangRiver also supplements some of the inflow.
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ii. ORVs-③Fish & Wildlife Value
1. The Lancang-Mekong River
system is one of the world's richest freshwater fish ecosystem, second only to
the Amazon.
2. The rich fish resources of
the Lancang-Mekong include
highly endangered catfish (Pangasianodon gigas) and Irrawaddy porpoise (Orcaellabrevirostris).
3. The region is one of the
most densely distributed and
intact habitats for large carnivores on the earth, of
which Snow Leopard is an
endangered species.
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ii. ORVs-④History & Culture Value
1. Lancang River Basin is the third birthplace of civilization in China, following the Yellow River and Yangtze River, and has the
reputation of "cultural corridor".
2. In the Paleolithic Age, there were human civilization footprints. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, counties were set up in the
valley, and there were abundant tourism resources of ruins and architectural facilities.
3. Most of the Lancang River basin is Buddhist belief area, and there are some local religions and ancient religions of ethnic
minorities. The upper Tibetan areas are representative Tibetan Buddhism and Ben religion, with many temples of higher ranks.
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ii. ORVs-⑤Recreation Value
1. Rafting: Class II to V rapids/ Moderate and little bit challenging, suitable for public to experience
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2. Hiking: Glacial streams flow down the gorge branches along the river/ Each gorge has unique hiking experience
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1. Camping: diverse camping experience along the river: wildflower meadow/ red beach/ silent valley … …
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ii. ORVs-⑥Scenery Value
1.Geological : magnificent
and vast, rich color.
2.Diverse species: habitats of endemic species of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and habitats of migratory birds, wilderness full of vitality.
3.Meteorological: changes in landscape colors throughout one day like four seasons.
4.Cultural: the great
Tibetan area is unique in religious belief, lifestyle and legendary stories.
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( reference: “The wilderness threats matrix for assessing impacts” _ David N. Cole)ii. River Wilderness Threats Matrix
• ① Potential Threats Identification• ② River Wilderness Character Subdivision• ③ River Wilderness Threats Matrix
• ④ Preliminary Evaluation• ⑤ Preliminary Analysis
• ⑥ Future: Administration & Management
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ii. Matrix –①Potential Threats Identification
• Rafting Visitors on-site Interview
1. Road
2. Bridge
3. Wire Tower
4. Building & Other structure
5. Livestock
6. Trash
7. Boundary Constrain
8. Recreation
• Potential Threats List
Trash/ Bridge/ Wire tower/ RoadKeep the current status of road construction, only improvement, no new roadBuilding should not build along river shore, use local material, like wood, mud and stone
The orange building besides bridge/ vehicle access is really disturbing/ the commercial camping site is noisy/ do not use container as toilet, so strange in the field/ give money to let local people renovate their houses in traditional construction techniques… …
Wire tower/ Trash/ No vehicle entry/ no concrete road and current road can be hided by vegetation/
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RIVERWILDERNESS
WildernessExperience
Natural Conditions
Education
Enjoyment
Inspiration
Solitude
Cultural Conditions
Scenery Values
PreservationOutdoor Recreation
ii. Matrix –②River Wilderness Character Subdivision
• Main Aspects : Preservation + Outdoor Recreation
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1. Geology2. Aquatic Ecosystem
3. Soil4. Vegetation
5. Wildlife
6. History & Culture
7. Accessibility8. Shoreline
9. Scenery
WholeWilderness Experience
SU
PP
OR
T
GOALRiverWilderness
PreservationNatureCultureMixture
OutdoorRecreationEnjoymentEducation
Inspiration
Subjective Perspective
Outstanding opportunities for a
primitive and unconfined type of
recreation
Objective Perspective
Nature
Culture
Integration Aesthetics
Subdivision
SU
PP
OR
T
• River Wildness Character List
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ROAD
BRIDGE
WIRE TOWER
BUILDING & OTHER STRUCTURE
LIVESTOCK
TRASH
BOUNDARY CONSTRAIN
RECREATIONPO
TEN
TIA
L T
HR
EA
TS
ATTRIBUTES OF RIVER WILDERNESS CHARACTER
The “River Wilderness Threats Matrix” represents that the impact degree each “Potential Threats” has on each “River Wilderness Character” attributes. I use 1-5 to show specific the impact degree level.
Impact Degree Level5: Very High4: High3: Moderate2: Low1: Very Low
ii. Matrix –③River Wilderness Threats Matrix Structure
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0
1
2
3
4
5Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Road
ii. Matrix –④Preliminary Evaluation (Each threat impacts on each attribute)
• Potential Threat: ROAD
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012345
Geology
Aquatic…
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Bridge
• Potential Threat: BRIDGE
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0
1
2
3
4
5Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Wire Tower• Potential Threat: WIRE TOWER
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0
1
2
3
4
5Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Building & Other Structure
• Potential Threat: BUILDING & OTHER STRUCTURES(Commercial Camping site, Toilet … … …)
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0
1
2
3
4
5Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Livestock
• Potential Threat: LIVESTOCK
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012345Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Trash
• Potential Threat: TRASH
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1
2
3
4
5Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Recreation• Potential Threat: RECREATION
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Undisturbed Area
• Potential Threat: BOUNDARY CONSTRAIN
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Undisturbed Area
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Marnyi Stone PilePagoda Relics
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0
1
2
3
4
5Geology
AquaticEcosystem
History&Culture
Soil
VegetationWildlife
Accessibility
Rivershore
Scenery
Boundary Constrain
Bridge in Plan
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ROAD 3 1 4 3 4 5 5 5 4
BRIDGE 1 1 4 2 2 2 4 4 5
WIRE TOWER 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 3 5
BUILDING & OTHER STRUCTURE
1 4 5 3 3 3 4 2 4
LIVESTOCK 1 3 1 2 4 4 2 2 1
TRASH 1 4 4 3 2 5 2 5 4
BOUNDARY CONSTRAIN 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5
RECREATION 1 3 1 1 2 2 3 2 1PO
TEN
TIA
L T
HR
EA
TS
ATTRIBUTES OF RIVER WILDERNESS CHARACTER
Impact Degree Level1: Very Low5: Very High 4: High 3: Moderate 2: Low
TOTAL 12 20 24 19 24 28 29 28 29
• Preliminary Evaluation Result
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12
20
24
19
24
2829
2829
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ii. Matrix –⑤Preliminary Analysis
• Threats Impact Level of Each Attribute
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• Threats Impact Level for Priority Management
34
2523
29
20
30
36
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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THREE FURTHER RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
Comparison Study Between The USA And China03I. Natural or Wild?
II. Future Natural & Scenic River Protection System in China?
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?Q1:Natural or Wild
USA: Wild & Scenic RiverChina: Natural & Scenic River?
⚫ How many “wild river ” resources remain in China?
⚫ How about the public attitude towards “River Wilderness” protection?
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⚫ How many “wild river ” resources remain in China?
DAM: change the river’s free-flow status
• Hydropower Station (main)
• Small Hydropower Station• Other impoundment construction:
reservoir, sluice……
SHORELINE:• River shore constructions, like
embankment
ACCESSIBILITY:• Road along the river
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⚫ How about the public attitude towards “River Wilderness” protection?
Wilderness
Recreationin the Wild
US Everything is about the relationship between People and Nature !
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CHINA
Scenic Spot Tourism
• What is Wilderness?
• Why we need solitude in the nature?
• Why I need to see the “scenery”in a more time,money consumingand physically challenging way?
Public RecognitionFoundation?
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Shut Down!Not permit for visiting
Zhaling & ElingLakeSanjingyuanNational Park
Visiotrs: Lack of Decent Behaviors in the Wild
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?Q2:Future Natural & Scenic River Protection System in China
⚫ Comparison of Protected Area System Between USA and China
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Category of American Protected Areas
Sub-System Administration Category Count
Federal Government——Independent SystemNational Park System National Park Service(NPS) 20
National Forest System United States Forest Service(USFS) 13National Wildlife Refuge System Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) 4
National Landscape Conservation System
Bureau of Land Management(BLM) 11
Marine Protected Areas National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) 9
Indian Reservation Bureau of Indian Affairs(BIA) 1
Ministry of National Defense Reserve Department of Defense,Corps of Engineers 1
National Natural Landmark System National Park Service(NPS) 1
Federal Government——Joint SystemNational Wildness Preservation
SystemNPS/USFS/BLM/FWS 6
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
NPS/USFS/BLM/FWS/State Government 3
National Trails System NPS/BLM 3
National Monuments NPS/USFS/BLM/MPA 2Research Natural Area NPS with 8 Departments 1
⚫ Comparison of Protected Area System Between USA and China
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Category of China Protected AreasSub-System Administration
Ministry——Independent System
National Park
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
Forest ParkNational Geological Park
Wetland ParkOcean Park
Special Marine ReserveDesert Park
National Mine ParkDesertification Protected Area
Small Nature Reserves
Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Protection AreaMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Aquatic Germplasm Reserve
Scenic AreaMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic
of China
Water Park Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China
Protected Region of Drinking Water Source Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China
Typical Earthquake Sites China Earthquake Administration
Ministry——Joint System
Natural ReserveForestry/ Environmental Protection/ Agriculture,Ocean/ Land and
Resources/ Education/ Water Resource/ Chinese Academy of Sciences
Original habitat protection pointMinistry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China/
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Wetland
Natural rivers & lakes
Urban river & lakes
Irrigated Area
Water & Soil
Conservancy
Natural & Scenic rivers
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These issues are still under discussion by the administrators during National Park pilot period:• Provide recreation opportunities or not?• What is the difference between tourism and outdoor recreation?• Build roads to remove local poverty is very important, but what is the relationship with natural, cultural and
scenery resources protection?• … … … … … …
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Thank You!
Supplymentary Photo credit to:
Dr.Liu &Meredith Meeks (Last descents river expedition)