nato unclassified libya crisis 2011 & operation unified protector oberammergau, 14th – 18th...
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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Libya Crisis 2011&
Operation Unified Protector
Oberammergau, 14th – 18th January 2013
Jean-Dominique Duliere (IS Ops)
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Libya Crisis – Operation Unified Protector (OUP)
• Introduction and Background
• How the Operation was launched and OUP
• Facts, Figures and Lessons Identified
• Conclusion
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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
OPERATION UNIFIED PROTECTOR
Introduction and Background
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• Introduction to the crisis
Misratah
Andorra
Croatia
Cyprus
Holy See
Liechtenstein
Monaco
San Marino
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATYORGANISATION (NATO) (28)
Canada
Belgium
Germany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands Spain
United Kingdom
Denmark
Hungary Czech Rep Poland
ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) (56)
Albania
EURO-ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP COUNCIL (EAPC) (50)
United States
Norway
EUROPEAN UNION (EU) (27)
France
Luxembourg
Portugal
Iceland
Turkey
Romania
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Estonia Latvia
Lithuania
Slovenia
Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) (7)
Algeria
Egypt
Israel
Jordan
Mauritania
Morocco
Tunisia
Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) (4)
Kuwait
Qatar
UAE
Bahrain
Partners across the world (8)
Australia New Zealand Mongolia
Japan South KoreaAfghanistan
Kazakhstan1
Moldova1
Russia1
Ukraine
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Malta
Tajikistan1
Armenia1 Azerbaijan1
Belarus1
Georgia
Serbia
Austria
Finland
FYROM*
Kyrgyzstan1
Switzerland
Sweden
Uzbekistan1
Turkmenistan1
PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE (PfP) (22)
Ireland
Montenegro
MAP(3)
PARP (18)
Intensified Dialogue (5)
Special Relationship(3)
Annual National Programme(4)
Mediterannean Dialogue (MD) (7)
Iraq PakistanAFRICAN UNION
ARAB LEAGUE GCC
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Libya Crisis 2011 Reminder – CMP in Outline
POLITICAL-MILITARY ESTIMATE PROCESS
PHASE 2
Assessment
PHASE3
ResponseOptions
Development
PHASE 4
PHASE 5
Plannin
g
Executi
on
PHASE 6
Transiti
on
PHASE 1
Indications &
Warning
NAC Decision
6-Phase NATO Crisis Management Process
Initial Guide
NID NED PMRs
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January February
Glo
bal
Po
liticalL
ibya
Even
tsN
CR
S
OUP - Events and Actions
NA
TO
A
ction
s
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
Ghadaffi condemns Tunisia uprising
Protests begin in Benghazi
Protesters killed in BenghaziBenghazi falls
to Rebels
UNSCR 1970
Zawiya falls to Rebels
EU imposes arms
embargo
AU declines action
against Libya
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Intelligence Assessment on
Libya
IMS tasker to SHAPE to continue
NAC
HA
AE
NF
Z
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
EU foreign ministers meeting
Ben Ali flees Tunisia
Mubarak stands down in Egypt
Ghaddafi urges loyalists to
fight off rebels
Protests reach Tripoli –
gunmen fire on protestors
UN Talks
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• Unrest Background ( December 2010 – August 2011)
Other demonstrationsCountries which had protested
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January February
Glo
bal
Po
liticalL
ibya
Even
tsN
CR
SN
AT
O
Actio
ns
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
Ghadaffi condemns Tunisia uprising
Protests begin in Benghazi
Protesters killed in BenghaziBenghazi falls
to Rebels
UNSCR 1970
Zawiya falls to Rebels
EU imposes arms
embargo
AU declines action
against Libya
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Intelligence Assessment on
Libya
IMS tasker to SHAPE to continue
NAC
HA
AE
NF
Z
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
EU foreign ministers meeting
Ben Ali flees Tunisia
Mubarak stands down in Egypt
Ghaddafi urges loyalists to
fight off rebels
Protests reach Tripoli –
gunmen fire on protestors
UN Talks
OUP - Events and Actions
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January February
Glo
bal
Po
liticalL
ibya
Even
tsN
CR
SN
AT
O
Actio
ns
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
Ghadaffi condemns Tunisia uprising
Protests begin in Benghazi
Protesters killed in BenghaziBenghazi falls
to Rebels
UNSCR 1970
Zawiya falls to Rebels
EU imposes arms
embargo
AU declines action
against Libya
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Intelligence Assessment on
Libya
IMS tasker to SHAPE to continue
NAC
HA
AE
NF
Z
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
EU foreign ministers meeting
Ben Ali flees Tunisia
Mubarak stands down in Egypt
Ghaddafi urges loyalists to
fight off rebels
Protests reach Tripoli –
gunmen fire on protestors
UN Talks
OUP - Events and Actions
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• First International Actions UNSCR 1970 Passed (26
February 2011) • Deplored… violation of human rights• Welcomed (regional body) condemnation• Refers situation to ICRC• Imposes Arms Embargo• Imposes Travel Ban• Imposes Asset Freeze• Initiates New Sanction Committee• Calls upon Nations to support Humanitarian Effort
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January February
Glo
bal
Po
liticalL
ibya
Even
tsN
CR
SN
AT
O
Actio
ns
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
Ghadaffi condemns Tunisia uprising
Protests begin in Benghazi
Protesters killed in BenghaziBenghazi falls
to Rebels
UNSCR 1970
Zawiya falls to Rebels
EU imposes arms
embargo
AU declines action
against Libya
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2820 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Intelligence Assessment on
Libya
IMS tasker to SHAPE to continue
NAC
HA
AE
NF
Z
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
EU foreign ministers meeting
Ben Ali flees Tunisia
Mubarak stands down in Egypt
Ghaddafi urges loyalists to
fight off rebels
Protests reach Tripoli –
gunmen fire on protestors
UN Talks
OUP - Events and Actions
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The EU’s Sanctions
• From 21 February to October:
– Arms embargo
– Visa ban
– Assets freeze
– Suspension of cooperation contracts
– Reinforcement of Border-controls
(Operation Hermes)
– EEAS opened 2 offices in Bengazi and
Tripoli
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• Intensification of the crisis Humanitarian crisis: Presence of IOs and NGOs
Source: OCHA
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OPERATION UNIFIED PROTECTOR
The Beginning
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• Improve SA
Tasker to SHAPE PHASE 2
AssessmentPHASE 1
Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 1Indications & Warning
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 3 Response Options Development
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 3 Response Options Development
PHASE 2Assessment
PHASE 3 Response Options Development
• Assessment of Libya situation• Development of Response Options
27 Feb 2011
2 March 2011
• NATO initial guidance
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• The Planning Phase
PHASE 3 Response Options Development
PHASE 4 Planning
• Approval of NIDs on Libya – HA & Embargo
• Fast-track on HA, no fast-track on Embargo
• Movement by SACEUR of maritime Assets
• NFZ later
Defence Ministers Authorise Planning(10 March 2011)
PHASE 3 Response Options Development
PHASE 4 Planning
NID
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The Arab League’s Call
• 12th March 2011
• Meeting in Cairo
• Calls for UN to impose
NFZ
• Opposes to an
occupation
force
• Open channels with
Libya opposition
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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
• Protection of Civilians (all necessary measures)• No Fly Zone• Arms Embargo (ensure strict implementation)• Ban on Libyan Flights• Designations – individuals/measures• Panel of Experts
UN SCR 1973 (17 March 2011)
• Following International Actions
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Press Summary of Stances on NFZ – in March
AG
AIN
ST
FO
R
HIGH ACTIVITY
LESS ACTIVITY
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• Conclude all planning work (NFZ and Embargo) ASAP
• Force generation on Embargo to commence without further formality
• Start force generation on NFZ following approval of CONOPS
• Hold a NAC+N meeting with regional IOs+nations
NAC
World leaders gathered in Paris on Saturday to discuss a coordinated military intervention in Libya, where Muammar Gaddafi was defying the West with a final push into the rebel stronghold of Benghazi.
Paris Conference (18 March 2011)
• Political and Strategic Options
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The U.S. and European nations pounded Moammar Gadhafi's forces and air defenses with cruise missiles and airstrikes, launching the broadest international military effort since the Iraq war in support of an uprising that had seemed on the verge of defeat. Libyan state TV claimed 48 people had been killed in the attacks, but the report could not be independently verified.
Coalition Air Strikes Begin
19 Mar 2011
• Operational Steps
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Gaddhafi forces attack Benghazi
March
NATO RESTRICTED
17 18 19 31
Glo
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AT
O
Actio
ns
NC
RS
PHASE 4Planning
HA
AE
NF
Z
PHASE 4Planning
PHASE 4Planning
PHASE 5 Execution
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
UNSCR 1973
Force activation with Allies starts
on Embargo
SHAPE Force Generation Conf for Embargo + SHAPE Force Sensing for
NFZSHAPE Force
Generation Conf for NFZ
NED
PHASE 5 – Execution NED - NFZ
PHASE 4 - PlanningNID –
NFZ+
PHASE 5 -
Exectution
NED
Coalition Airstrikes begin
Paris conference on Libya
London conference on Libya
African Union meeting on Libya Addis-Ababa
African Union meeting on Libya (PMs) Nouakchott
Arab League meeting on Libya
EU FMs Meet – Broaden sanctions
UK, France, US agree that NATO will take command of operations
Ajdabiya falls to rebels
Rebels advance on Sirte, recapture several towns
Libya FM Moussa
Koussa quits
NAC
CONOPS NAC NAC
NAC NACNED
OPLANNAC
25
NACNED
NACNED
Gaddhafi forces press on Ajdabiya
Reports of Qatar involved
Gaddhafi advances on Benghazi, Mistrata and
Ajdibiya ‘stalled’
Reports of civilian ‘human
shields’
US jet ‘down’
Libya Air Force ‘ No longer
exists…’
OPLAN
CONOPS
DRAFT
NED
NID Z+
NID Z+
Z+
OUP – Phase 4 to 5
If Requested
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NFZ+ Moves to Execution
PHASE 4Planning
PHASE 5 Execution
NED
• No Fly Zone + (27 March 2011)
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• Implementing UNSCRs
1970 and 1973
• Preparing for Libya’s
future
•Taking forward support
from the International
community for the
people of Libya
London Conference (29 March 2011)
• International and Strong Support
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• The Start Handover to NATO
27 Mar 29 Mar 30 Mar 31 Mar 1 Apr 2 Apr28 Mar
Coalition-led Ops NATO-led Operation
Execution of OUP
• Start on 31 March 2011• Mandated under Chap 7 of the UN Charter &
Resolutions 1970 and 1973• To protect civilian population under attack or
threat of attack
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OUP – Command and Control
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Participation in OUP NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Allies
Partners
QATAR
UAE
JORDAN
SWEDEN
UKRAINE
MOROCCO
&
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Foreign ministers from NATO Allies and non-NATO partners agreed to continue
OUP
NATO defence ministers meet in Brussels and agreed to keep pressure on the
Qadhafi regime for as long as it took to end the crisis
Tripoli is freed by opposition forces
International heads of state and government further reiterated this
commitment during a “Friends of Libya” meeting in Paris
14 April 2011
8 June 2011
22 August 2011
1st September 2011
• The Evolution
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OUP – UN 2009• Unanimously adopted on 16 September
2011• Key points:
– Establishment of a United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL);
– Restore public security and promote the rule of law;
– Undertake inclusive political dialogue, promote national reconciliation;
– Extend state authority;– Promote and protect human rights;– Take the immediate steps required to
initiate economic recovery; – Coordinate support that may be
requested from other multilateral and bilateral actors.
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NATO extended OUP for up to 90 days
NATO Defence ministers decided to end the mission as soon as conditions permit
Death of Colonel Gaddafi
NATO agreed that OUP was very close to completion
NATO ended OUP: “We answered the call!”
21 September 2011
06 October 2011
21 October 2011
31 October 2011
20 October 2011
• The End!
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OPERATION UNIFIED PROTECTOR
Facts, Figures and Lessons
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• Facts: Contribution
Source: guardian.co.uk
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• Figures: targets, sorties, cost Arms embargo:
– Over 3,000 vessels have been hailed and boarded– 11 ships have been denied transit to or from Libyan ports
Air Missions: – Over 26,000 sorties, including over 9,700 strike sorties.
Targeting: – Over 5,900 military targets
Peak Military Figures: – Approximately 8,000 troops– Over 260 air assets– 21 naval assets
Humanitarian Assistance: – Over 2,500 air, ground and maritime movements into Libya have been de-conflicted by NATO.
Cost: – Awacs: 5.4 million EUR/ month– Complementary cost: + 800,000 EUR/ month– War’s total cost: $4 billion
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• Lessons Identified
Significant shortfalls :
– Well trained Targeting Specialists
– Precision Guided Munitions
(PGMs) and Supplies
– Air-to-Air Refueling
– Technical Assistance
– Intelligence Surveillance
– Reconnaissance Platforms
Commitment to NATO’s Smart Defence Initiative
April 2012: Release of a strategic-level paper on Lessons from OUP
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OPERATION UNIFIED PROTECTOR
Conclusion:“We answered the call”
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Operation Unified Protector
Questions
Contact Details
Jean-Dominique Duliere02 707 4627
Marie Garcia02 707 5116
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NATO UNCLASSIFIED
No Fly Zone
POLITICAL-MILITARY ESTIMATE PROCESS
PHASE 2
Assessment
PHASE3
ResponseOptions
PHASE 4 PHASE 5
Planning Execution
PHASE 6
Transition
PHASE 1
Indications &
WarningNID
NEDInitial
guide
NCMP Unified Protector 2011
IMS 28 Feb 11
NAC 04 Mar 11
Humanitarian Assistance
Arms embargo
No Fly Zone +
MC + NAC
• 04 Mar 11
• 07 Mar 11
• 08 Mar 11
• 09 Mar 11
• 10 Mar 11
UNSCR 197317 Mar 11
NID 24 Mar
OPLAN 22 Mar NED 24 Mar
NID 10 Mar OPLAN 20 Mar NED 22 Mar
NID 10 Mar OPLAN 15 Mar Execution on Request
NID 16 Mar
NED 27 MarOPLAN 27 Mar
UNSCR 197026 Feb 11
Arab League Request 12 Mar 11
Coalition OperationODYSSEY DAWN
19 Mar 11
TOA 31 Mar
31 Oct 11