native trees of south australia

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NA TIVE TREES

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

by

C. D. Boomsma, M.Sc.

WOODS AND FORESTS DEPARTMENT

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Prepared under the direction of

J. Thomas, B.Sc., Dip . For. (Oxon)

C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s

February, 1972

1



FOREWORD

The growing interest in our native vegetation has shown the need for a booklet

which gives an adequate description of most of the indigenous trees to be found

in South Australia.

This bulletin has been prepared by the Woods and Forests Department to

further stimulate this interest.

Minister of Forests

PREFACE

This Bulletin describes in some detail , the major indigenous tree species of this

State. It is the first publication of its kind since Ednie Brown, then Conservator

of Forests, published the Forest Flora of South Australia in 1883-1890, which

is now a collector 's item.

The booklet provides a ready means of identification for more than 100 of the

trees most commonly found and is a companion bulletin to the Department's

Forest Vegetation of South Australia, issued in 1969.

Conservator o f F o r e s t s



CONTENTS

Foreword .. .. .. .. . .

Preface

Introduction

Species .. .. .. .. ..Illustrations of Technical Terms

Flowering Period .. .. . .

Timber Properties .. .. ..

Honey and Pollen .. .. . .

Use of the Keys-

Page

3

3

7

8

8

1 5

1 7

1 7

Key 1 Key to species and genera based on leaves .. .. .. .. 22

Key 2 Key to genera based on fruits .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25

Key 3 Key to Eucalyptus in natural woodland of South Australia.. 26

Species Descriptions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31

The Classification of South Australian Eucalyptus spp.

1965

Acknowledgments .. .. .. .

Abbreviations to Authors' Names

Glossary of Terms .. .. .. .

Index to Tree Species

After Blakely,

. . . . . . 218

219

219

220-1

222-4



INTRODUCTION

The principal object of this bulletin is to provide illustrated descriptions ofthe native trees and mallees of South Australia, primarily as an aid to their

identification.

Three keys for identification in the field have been provided, two for the non-

Eucalyptus species and the third for the 55 species of Eucalyptus.

Illustrations have been made natural size for ready confirmation of identifi-

cation from the key. Although careful use of the keys should enable identifi-

cation to be completed, variations from both description and illustration

remain likely to be met, e.g. in seedling leaves, leaf size and tree habit; and

allowance must be made for this.

In the genus Eucalyptus, an illustration of a seedling of each species is included

with that of the adult leaves in order to show the cotyledons and the changes

in the shapes of the first five pairs of seedling leaves, which are significant

characteristics.

Intermediate leaves have not been illustrated because the change from seedling

leaf shape to adult leaf shape is achieved so gradually that the range of shapes

is too large to include in the illustrations. They are often longer and/or widerthan adult leaves.

Variation in the species across its range of habitat can be significant. Barber

found parallel changes in eight to twenty-five species in Tasmania. Changesin leaf size and fruit size with changes in altitude were recorded in Eucalyptus

paucfora by Pryor. The growth rate of seedlings of Eucalyptus regnans

collected and grown by Eldridge from 400 m. altitude exceeded those from 1,000

m. altitude. In South Australia Eucalyptus obliqua may reach 30 m. in height

in favoured gullies on fertile soils but only 3-5 m. on nearby infertile eroded

lateritic soils; yet this difference in habit, although probably heritable, is

accompanied by only slight changes in leaf or fruit characteristics.

On the other hand significant variation in a characteristic may be unaccom-

panied by significant changes in tree size, as in Eucalyptus odorata, for which

mature leaf width may vary from 18 ± 2 mm. (typical) to 12 ± 1 mm. (narrow-leaved form).

In allocating common names, preference has been given to the common name

used in the Australian Standard "Nomenclature of Australian Timbers" 1965.

A name widely known and used was considered next acceptable and preferencehas been given to such names in reducing, wherever reasonable, common name

alternatives to a single common name.

7



SPECIES

Of the 106 species described in this bulletin, four are not included in the Flora

of South Australia (J.M. Black) second edition. However, three species arerecorded in the supplement to the Flora by Hj. Eichler, and only Eucalyptus

striaticalyx is omitted from both.

Species excluded from this bulletin because of lack of satisfactory records of

occurrence in South Australia include Eucalyptus aromaphloia Willis and

Pryor, E. clelandii Maid., E. normantonensis Maid. and Cam., E. pileata Bl.

and E. pryoriana Johnson.

Others, including Eucalyptus oleosa var peeneri B1., E. transcontinentalis Maid.,and E. oleosa var glauca Maid., have been omitted pending the clarification of

their status and means of adequately distinguishing between them.

Also excluded have been Eucalyptus angulosa Schau., E. eudesmiodes F. Muell.,

and E. pyrophora Benth., since they are either synonyms to species already

included, or have been recorded in error for South Australia.

Accepting the habit of each species as described in the Flora of South Australia

and using the definitions of a tree and shrub advocated by G. Usher in ADictionary of Botany (1965) 50 of the species described can be classified as

trees only, and the rest, including those of mallee habit, may grow in eithertree or shrub habit.

Usher's definitions are:-

"A tree is a woody plant more than three metres high usually having amajor axis and the greater portion of the branches and foliage in the upper

half of the plant".

"A shrub is a woody plant less than three metres high without a majoraxis and the greater portion of its foliage not confined to the upper half

of the plant".

A number of shrubby species which only occasionally develop into a tree habithave been omitted. Among these are Acacia sophorae (Labill.) R.Br.; Callitris

canescens (Parl.) Blake; C. rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich.; Casuarina striataMacklin; Ficus platypoda A. Cunn. ex Miq.; Grenillea stenobotrya F. Muell.

Melaleuca hahnaturorum F. Muell. ; Myoporum deserti A. Cunn. ; M. insulare

R.Br. and M. montanum R.Br.

Introduced tree species which have escaped from garden culture and havebecome acclimatized have also been omitted. These include Acacia baileyana,

(Cootamundra Wattle); A. dealbata (Silver Wattle); Pinus halepensis (Aleppo

Pine); P. pinaster (Maritime Pine); P. radiata (Radiata Pine); Robinia

pseudacacia (Robinia) and Schinus molle (Pepper Berry Tree).

ILLUSTRATIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS

The illustrations, which were made by Mr. L. Dutkiewicz and whose services

were made available by the Director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden, aimed at

providing sufficient data in a simple arrangement of the parts of the plant toenable a direct comparison between the specimen and the illustration.

Since the flowers of Eucalyptus are often either not available, or without aminute examination contribute little to the identification of individual species,

they have not been included in the illustrations.

8



The illustrations are natural size unless otherwise indicated, and have beenbased largely on dried herbarium specimens made available by the State,Woods and Forests Department, and Waite Agricultural Research Institute,

herbaria. Live specimens were used to supplement this material if readily

available.

If identification by Key proves difficult, the specimen may be exhibiting varia-

tions in size, shape, or arrangement beyond the range illustrated. An attempt

has been made in the text to cover such variation. It is also possible, since this

bulletin has no pretence of being a complete flora, that the specimen belongs to

an excluded species; in which case J. M. Black's Flora of South Australia is

best consulted.

It was considered unnecessary to illustrate the habit of the mature tree, but

where possible and specifically applicable the weeping or pendulous habit ofthe branches has been shown, as for Acacia salicina and Pittosporum

phylliraeoides.

The gradation in size and shape of the first five to ten pairs of seedling leaves

of each illustrated Eucalyptus spp. is based on dried specimens selected from

seedlings grown under controlled conditions at the Adelaide Botanic Garden

or the Woods and Forests Department nursery at Belair.

Their shapes, together with the shape of the cotyledons, are of considerable

assistance in determining species relationships. While naturally occurring

seedlings will seldom be available to assist identification, their presence cansimply and definitely separate some otherwise very similar species, e.g. E. rubida

from E. virninalis, and E. dichromophloia from E. terininalis.

References to the so-called "juvenile leaves" of Eucalyptus spp. have been

omitted because of the difficulty of defining the term for use in a key, since

leaves that may be regarded as juvenile include-

(i) the opposite pairs of seedling leaves;

(ii) the leaves on coppice or sucker shoots, which show reversionary

characteristics towards the seedling leaves;

(iii) the first-formed leaves of the current adult shoot, which are oftendistinctly different in shape and size from the last-formed leaves.

The localities for each species were derived from the State, Woods and Forests

Department, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, and Arid Zone Research

Institute herbaria and plotted on individual maps 9in. x Bin. in size.

Additional useful field information, and many specimens from the arid areas,

were contributed by officers of the Pastoral Board.

Only the gross area of occurrence is shown on the insert maps so that wherethe known occurrence is small the occurrence itself can be a useful aid to

identification.

Amongst the numerous examples are-

Acacia mearnsii restricted to the Lower South-East.

Brachychiton gregorii restricted to the Far North-West.

Hakea edniana restricted to the Flinders Ranges.

Eucalyptus cneorifolia restricted to the eastern half of Kangaroo Island.Eucalyptus macroryncha restricted to the ranges west of Sevenhill near

Clare.

9



THE SEEDLING

Eucalyptus obliqua

THE MATURE HABIT

Fig. 3

Erect

Acacia pycnantha

Fig. 4

Pendulous

Acacia aneura Casuarina stricta

a, crown. b, trunk.

Fig. 5

Mallee

Eucalyptus oleosa

10



Fig. 6 GEOMETRICAL FIGURES

Elliptical

Oblong

Ovate

Ratio of length to breadth

12:16:1 2:1 1:1

0 0

Linear Narrow Typical Broad

Fig. 7 WIDTH VARIATIONS OF THE LEAF

m 4inear-lanceolate Narrow-lanceolate Lanceolate Broad-lanceolate

Fig. 8 FOUR SIMPLE LEAF SHAPES

Cordate Obcordate Ovate Oblique- lanceolate

1 1



COMPOUND LEAF SHAPES

leaf stalk

Lobed

Brachychiton gregoril

Pinnate

Owenia acidula

LEAF VENATION

Fig. 11 ' j Fig. 12 Fig. 13

Longitudinal Opposite Net-like

Eucalyptus pauciflora Eucalyptus dichromophloia Eucalyptus obliqua

a, leaf stalk, b, secondary vein. c, main vein or mid rib.

d, intra marginal vein.

1 2



THE BUD

Eucalyptus leucoxylon

Simple cluster

or umbel

a 1 ( a

Eucalyptus microca pa Melaleuca lanceolata

Branched cluster

or panicle

Spike

a, cluster stalk. b, bud stalk. c, angle. d, torus. e, cap. f, calyx.

THE FLOWER

F i g . 1 7

stamen

sepal

Pittospoi'um pl^yfliraeo ides

THE FRUIT

Fig. 18 __g Fig. 19 ,- Fig. 20

f

a -?.2:r .- aa -

Eucalyptus leucoxylon Eucalyptus incrassata Eucalyptus oxymitra

Capsule Capsule Capsule

a, fruit stalk. b, wall to torus, c, cell. d, seed. e, rim. f, orifice. g, valve.

1 3



THE FRUIT

F i g . 2 1 F i g . 2 2

Capsule Follicle

Hakea divaricata Brachychiton gregorii

Fig. 23

Cone open and c losed

Callitris preissii

a, fruit stalk. b, valve. c, seed. d, seed wing. e, slit through which seeds

escape .f, wall of fruit.

Acacia estrophiolata Atalaya hemiglauca

Pod Samara

F i g . 2 4 F i g . 2 5

Capparis mitchellii

Berry

Fig. 26

a, fruit stalk. b, valve. c, seed stalk or funicle. d, fleshy matrix.

e, seed attached longitudinally to the pod. f, seed. g, seed wing.

14



FLOWERING PERIOD

The development of flower buds is controlled primarily by external factors

producing an internal stimulus in the leaves, which when transferred to thegrowing points enables the normal vegetative tissue to form flower buds.

In temperate areas the main external factors comprise the lengths of day and

night, and the average daily temperature. Since many species flower after

soaking rains in the and areas, moisture availability must also be considered as

a factor associated with the initiation of flower buds.

A number of species of Eucalyptus respond to a wide range of external conditions

and have consequently a long flowering period, e.g. E. rugosa. In contrast, a

few species have a short period, e.g. E. camaldulensis.

The dates of flowering given in the species descriptions of Eucalyptus were

obtained from specimens in the herbaria of the Woods and Forests Department,

the Arid Research Centre and the State Herbarium. These were supported by

numerous field observations in South Australia, and monthly records of species

in flower by members of the Forests Commission of Victoria and Mr. D. Symonof the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.

Of interest is the observation, made by Mr. Symon, of the effects of a change

of district and climate on the flowering period ofEucalyptus oxymitra, whichwas in full flower in June when the seed was collected from Henbury, Northern

Territory. In contrast, the plants from that seed source which were grown in the

arboretum flowered regularly in February for at least five years.

Some species of Eucalyptus have the ability to delay the opening of maturebuds until a more favourable secondary season, or even to defer it to thefollowing year. Examples include E. baxteri, E. foecunda, E. huberana andE. viminalis.

This ability to delay flowering leads to an obvious variation in the periodbetween successive flowerings.

Although detailed records are not available, observation confirms that not all

individual trees of a given species in its native habitat necessarily flower together.

Sometimes as many as 50 per cent may fail to develop flowers in a particular

season; but most would flower at least once over a period of several seasons.

The table shows the months of flowering of Eucalyptus spp. as recorded atfortnightly intervals during a period of 12 years in the arboretum at the WaiteAgricultural Research Institute. Since the plantings were made during an

extended period of years, some species had not reached the flowering stage atthe beginning of the observations, so not all planted species were observed forthe full 12 years.

The major flowering period (continuous broad line) was based on the pro-portion of one-third or greater of the number of times that flowers were recorded

in a given month compared with the number of years in which flowers wererecorded.

The minor flowering period indicates a proportion of months less than one-

third.

These records are made available by the kind permission of Mr. D. Symon ofthe Waite Agricultural Research Institute.

1 5



FLOWERING PERIO DS OF EUCALYPTUS SPECIES

Under cultivation at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute.

b

SPECIES0

o

E.anceps 6 5

E. behriana 5 5

E. calycogona 1 8 1 7

E . c a n j a l d u l e n s i s 12 4

E. cladocalyx 24 1 5

E. cneorifolia 24 1 5

E. concinna 2 2

E. cosmophylla 9 7

E . d i v e r s i f o l i a 22 1 6

E. dumosa 24 1 9

E . f a s c i c u l o s a 1 1 6

E. flocktoniae 1 2 1 1

E.foecunda 1 2 7

E. gmnophylla 1 0 1 0

E. gillii 1 6 1 6

E. goniocalyx 10 7

E. gracilis 1 2 1 0

E. incrassata 20 1 9

E. intertexta 12 1 2

E. lansdowneana 22 2 1

E . l a r g i i l o r e n s 1 9 1 9

E. leucoxylon 1 2 8

E. microcarpa 21 16

E. microth eca 12 1 0

E. morrisii 1 8 1 7

E. oleosa 6 6

E. ovata 4 2

E. oxymitra 3 3

E. pachihhylla 6 5

E. paucii lora 12 7

E. phnpiniana 10 1 0

E. porosa 1 4 1 4

E. pyriformis 12 9

E. rugosa 1 1 1 1

E. socialis 4 4

E. i'iridis 1 1 8

E. websterana 1 9 1 9

Observed to have flowered.

Most common flowering season.

O

z

1 6



TIMBER PROPERTIES

The details of colour, density, strength and durability were compiled from the

listed references and from correspondence with relevant authorities includingC.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Laboratory, and the Forestry and Timber Bureau.

The information is incomplete, more particularly for the species of littlecommercial value.

Baker, R. T. (1919) ..........

Boas, I. H. (1947) ..........

Chapman, R. W. (1922) ......

Ewart, A. J. (1925) ..........

Maiden, J. H. (1904) ........

Pearson, Kloot & Boyd (1958)

Watson, C. J. J. (1964) ......

Swain , E. H F. (1928) ...... .

Wallis , N. K. (1970) ........

Warren, W. H (1892) .......

REFERENCES

"The Hardwoods of Australia and their

economics", Govt. Printer, Sydney, N.S.W.

"The Commercial Timbers of Australia:Their properties and uses", Govt. Printer,

Melbourne, Vic.

"The Strength of South Australian Timbers",

Govt. Printer, Adelaide, S.A.

"Handbook of Forest Trees for Victorian

Foresters", Govt. Printer, Melbourne, Vic.

"The Forest Flora of New South Wales",

Vol. I-VIII., Govt. Printer, Sydney, N.S.W."Timber Engineering Design Handbook",Cambridge University Press, London and

New York.

Queensland building timbers and specifications

for their use, Pamphlet No. 5, Govt. Printer,Brisbane, Queensland.

"The Timbers and Forest Products of Queens-

land, Govt. Printer, Brisbane, Queensland.

"Australian Timber Handbook", 3rd Ed.,

Timber Development Association, Angus and

Robertson, Sydney, N.S.W.

"Australian Timbers", Potter, Sydney, N.S.W.

HONEY AND POLLEN

Both honey and pollen of suitable quality and in adequate amount are necessary

if bees are to thrive and breed.

Yields which are surplus to the immediate requirements of the colony aretherefore stored and can be extracted by the apiarist without harming thecolony.

The differential effects of apiary management, seasonal conditions, and

techniques used in processing the honey are excluded from the criteria used to

assess quality and yields, which are defined as follows:-

Honey Yield-

Good-Results in an extractable surplus.Average-No surplus, colony vigor maintained.

Poor-Colony vigor recedes.

a 1 7



Frequency of Yield-

Annual, alternate years, or occasional-when there are at least three or

more years between flows.

Pollen-

Yield (i.e. amount)-

High-An obvious surplus is stored.

Moderate-No surplus, colony maintains strength.

Low-Colony loses strength.

Quality-

Good-Bees breed freely, colony increases strength.

Average-Bees breed and colony maintains strength.

Poor-Bees fail to breed, colony loses strength.

Yields and frequency of yields may vary significantly from district to districtfor the same species. A well known example is Eucalyptus cladocalyx, whichgives a good yield about once in ten years in the Wirrabara district, once inabout five years in the Alligator Gorge area near Wilmington, and once aboutevery two years in the Port Lincoln district.

Harsh seasonal conditions reduce nectar flow and may even prevent any honey

surplus being produced.

Variations in yield are also influenced by genetic variation within the species,and hybrids are not uncommon between related species which flower at about

the same time and occur together in the same district.

If it is accepted that the colour of the honey derived from a single plant species

is independent of external variations of season and district, then it is most likely

that reported differences in colour for a given species are due to admixture ofhoneys of two species overlapping their flowering periods.

Although the Statutory Rules of the Customs Act, 154/1964 define six coloursfor honeys, these have been reduced to the following four, defined in terms of

travel as measured by the Pfund Grader, which is an instrument used inter-nationally for the determination of shades of yellow.

Millimetres of travel Colour

Belo w 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White

Exceeding 34 but below 65 ........ Light Amber

Exceeding 65 but below 90 ........ Amber

Exceeding 90 but below 114 ....... Dark Amber

Honey with a colour darker than 114 mm. travel is not exported, and is difficult

to sell even on the home market. Colour changes due to aging or processingare therefore important.

Colour changes due to aging are best avoided by collection as soon as possibleafter the honey has ripened in the comb.

Honey from old stained combs is usually darker than from new foundationcomb, and honey formed quickly from a large nectar flow reduces the chancesof admixture from other nectar sources.

Extremes in processing the honey should be also avoided, as the Division ofFood Preservation, C.S.I.R.O., has found that honey can darken a grade in10 days if kept at 122°F, or in 30 days at 104°F.

1 8



The following table has been compiled from the published honey floras ofAustralia, and from the personal knowledge of officers of the ApicultureSection of the Department of Agriculture of South Australia, C.S.LR.O., and

some 25 apiarists representing different producing districts.

The yield data refer to single areas of each species.

References

Anon. (1949) .......... "The Honey and Pollen Flora of Victoria", 5th Ed.

Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. Printer, Melbourne,Vic.

Blake, S. T. and Roff, C.

(1958) .............. "The Honey Flora of Queensland", Govt. Printer,Brisbane, Qld.

Goodacre, W. A. (1951) "The Honey and Pollen Flora of New South Wales",

Govt. Printer, Sydney, N.S.W.

Purdie, J. D. (1968) .... The Honey and Pollen Flora of South Australia,Journal of Agriculture, pp. 207-216, Govt. Printer,

Adelaide, S. Aust.

Raphael, T. D. (1940) .. "The Honey and Pollen Flora of Tasmania", Govt.

Printer, Hobart, Tas.

Reynolds, T. M. (1969) Extracts from an address to the Commercial Apia-

rists Association of New South Wales on May 2,

1969, The Australasian Beekeeper, June 1969,p. 230.

HONEY AND POLLEN YIELDS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN TREESAND MALLEES

Colour

Honey

Yield Yield Frequency

Amber = A Good = G Annually = A

Light Amber = LA Average = A Alternate Years = ALDark Amber = DA Poor = P Occasional =0

White = W Negligible = NNil = 0

Pollen

Quality Yield Yield Frequency

Good = G High = H Annually = A

Average = A Moderate = M Alternate Years = AL

Poor = P Low = L Occasional = 0Negligible = N

Nil = 0

1 9



HONEY AND POLLEN YIELDS

Honey Pollen

Botanical Name Common Name Yield YieldColour Yield Fre- Quality Yield Fre-

quency quency

Acacia-aneura ........ M u l g a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA N 0 P L 0cambagei ...... Gidgee ..................... - - - A N Acyperoplrylla ... Red Mulga ................. - - - - - -estroplriolata ... Ironwood .................. LA A A G H Amearnsii ...... Black Wattle ................ - - - P L Amelanoxylon ... Black wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - P L A

pycnantha ..... Golden Wattle .............. - N 0 P M A

retinodes ...... Wrilda .................... - - - A M Asalicina ....... Broughton WillowWattle .... DA N AL A M Asosrdenii ...... Myal ...................... - - - - -stenophylla..... River Cooba .. - - - - -tetragonophylla. Dead Finish .... A N 0 A M Avictoriae ...... Elegant or Bramble Wattle .... LA A 0 G H A

Atalaya-hemiglauca..... Whitewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Avicennia-marina ........ Mangrove .................. LA G AL G M A

Banksia-inarginata ..... Silver Banksia ............... DA G 0 A H A

Bauhinia-

carronii ....... B e a n T r ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- - - - - -

Brachych i ton-gregorii ....... Desert Kurrajong ............ ----

Bursaria-spinosa ....... Sweet Bursaria .............. DA G AL G M A

Callitris-columellaris ... Slender Native Cypress Pine . - 0 - P H Apreissii ........ Native Cypress Pine ......... - 0 - P H A

Capparis-

mitchellii ...... Native Orange .............. - - - - - -Casuarina-

cristata ....... Black Oak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0 - A M A

decaisneana ... Desert Oak ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 0 -

luelunannii .... Bull Oak ................... - 0 - G M Astricta ........ Drooping Sheoak . . . . . . . . . . . . - 0 - G H A

Codonocarpus-cotinifolius .... Desert Poplar ............... - - - - -pyramidalis .... ............................ - - - -

Erenrocitrus-

glauca......... D e se r t L i me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -Eremophila-

langifolia ...... Long Leaved Eremophila ..... - P A - L A

Erythrina-vespertilio ..... Bat's Wing Coral Tree ....... - - - - -

Eucalyptus-anceps ........ White Mallee ............... LA G 0 G H ALbaxteri ....... Brown Stringybark .......... DA G 0 G L Abehriana ...... Broad Leaved Box . . . . . . . . . . . DA P A A H A

brachycalyx ... G i lj a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -calycogona .... Square Fruited Mallee ....... LA G 0 G H ALcamaldulensis .. River Red Gum ............. LA G AL G H ALcladocalyx .... S u g ar G u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 P H AL

cneor ifolia ..... Kangaroo Island NarrowLeaf

Mallee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA P 0 A L 0concinna ...... Victoria Desert Malice .conglobata .... Cong Mallee ................ LA G 0 A H Acosmophylla ... Cup Gum.................. A G 0 P H Adiclu'omoplrloia . Variable Barked Bloodwooddiversifolia .... South Australian Coastal Mallee A G AL A M Adumosa ....... White Mallee ............... LA G 0 A M Aewartiana ..... Ewart's Mallee .............. - - - - - -fasciculosa ....

Pink Gum.................. W GAL- 0 -

Jlocktoniae .... Mer r i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A P A A L A

foecunda....... Slender Leaf Mallee ......... LA G 0 G H 0

20



HONEY AND POLLEN YIELDS-continued

Honey Pollen

Botanical Name Common Name Yield YieldColour Yield Fre- Quality Yield Fre-

quency quency

Eucalyptus-(cont.)

gamophylla .... Twin Leaf Mallee .......... - - - - - -gillii .......... Curly Mallee ................ - - - - - -gongyloca pa . Desert Gum................ - - - - - -goniocalyx .... Long Leaved Box .......... A P A G H ALgracilis ....... Yor r e ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 - 0 -huberana ...... Rough Barked Manna Gum.. LA G 0 A L Aincrassala ...... Ridge Fruited Mallee ... . . . . . A G 0 G H 0i n t e r t e x t a ..... Coolibah Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA A A A M A

lansdowneana .. Port Lincoln Mallee ......... LA G 0 G H 0largiflorens..... River Box Black Box ........ A P A A L Aleucoxylon .. South Australian Blue Gum . LA G AL - 0nracrorhyncha ..

i

Red Stringybark ............. A G 0 A M Am a n n e n s s .....

ndcrocarpa.................................

Grey Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-LA

-G 0 P M A

inicrotheca .... Coolibah ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA P A A M A

morrisii ....... Grey Mallee ................ - - - - - -oblique ....... Messmate Stringybark ....... A G 0 A M Aodorata........ Peppermint Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 P M AL

oleosa ........ Red Mallee ................. LA G 0 A M ALovata ......... Swamp Gum ................ LA A 0 A M Aoxymitra ...... Sharp Capped Mallee......... - - - - - -pachyphylla

pauciflora ..... SnowGum................. A A AL A M ALpimpiniana .... Pimpin Mallee .............. - - - - - -porosa ........ Mallee Box .................. LA G 0 G M AL

pyrifornzis ..... Ooldea Mallee .............. LA A 0 A M 0remota ........ Mount Taylor Mallee......... A P 0 A M 0rubida ........ Candle Bark Gum ........... A A AL A M ALrugosa ........ Kingscote Mallee ............ LA G 0 A H 0socialis ....... Red Mallee ................. LA G 0 A H 0striaticalyx .... ....................... - - - - - -termirralis ..... Long Fruited Bloodwood..... A A 0 A L At r • i r a l v i s ....... .......................... - - - -viminalis....... Manna Gum ................ LA P A G L Ariridis ........ Green Mallee ............... LA G 0 A M Avitrea ......... ............................ DA P A A L A

websterana .... Webster's Mallee ............. - - - - - -Exocarpos-

aphyllus ....... Jointed Native Cherry ........ - - - - - -cupressifor•mis.. Native Cherry ............... - - - A N A

Geijera-parriflora .... Wlga ...................... DA A A - - -

Grerillea-

nemalophylla .. Silver Leaved Water Bush ... - - - - - -striate......... B e e fw o od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Gyrostemau-ranntlosu s ...... ............................ - - - - - -

Hakea-divaricala ..... ............................ - P 0 A L A

ed......dnieana

i e

............................ - P 0 A M 0.........roryi ............................ - - - - - -

leucoptera ..... Needlewood ................ A P AL G H ALsuberea ....... Cork Bark Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

Heterodendrmn-oleaefolium .... Bullockbush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA P A G H 0

Mclaleuca-lanceolata ..... Dry Land Tea Tree .......... LA G AL G H AL

Myoporunr-

platycarpmn.... S u g a rw o od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA G 0 - 0 -Orvenia-

acidula ...... Sour Plum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -Pittosporum-

phylliraeoides .. Weeping Pittosporum ........ - P 0 A L 0

Santalum-

acuminatum .. . Q ua n do ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - P L A

lanceolatmn ... Plumbush .................. - - - - - -na•ravanunr ... Bitter Quandong ............ - - - P L A

spicatum....... Sandalwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - -

21



USE OF THE KEYS

It is emphasized that the identification of a species by the use of a key requires

an adequate specimen. This should comprise a branchlet to which leaves,buds or flowers, and ripe fruits are attached.

The more limited the material, the more difficult identification is likely to be.

With the genus Eucalyptus it is helpful to note the growth form (tree or mallee)

and bark type. In South Australia, it will usually suffice to class the bark intoone of three categories, viz.:

Smooth or flaky .................. Gums or Bloodwood group

Rough, soft and fibrous ............ Stringybark group

Rough, hard, and not fibrous ...... Box group

The three keys provided are-

Key 1-Key to species and genera based on leaves

Key 2-Key to genera based on fruits

Key 3-Key to Eucalyptus in natural woodland of South Australia

Each key comprises bracketed clues which are listed in numerical order asindicated on the left-hand side.

The numbers on the left identify the clue number, while the numbers on the

right direct the order in which they should be used according to whether theparticular character of the specimen either agrees or does not agree with theparticular clue.

Thus after starting at the first clue in Key 1, progress to the second clue isindicated if the leaf shape is simple, but to the fortieth clue if the leaf shape iseither lobed or compound.

An identification is complete when both names, generic and specific, have beenlocated.

This can be achieved for Eucalyptus spp. in Key 3 and for the other species inKey 1.

Occasionally it may be impractical to separate related species by foliagecharacters alone so that a reference to the individual description is required,e.g. Callitris spp., Casuarina spp., and some Acacia spp.

KEY 1

Key to Species and Genera Based on Leaves

1 . Leaves simple, not lobed or compound .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2Leaves either lobed or compound ................................ 40

2. Leaves clearly visible, usually longer than 0.4 cm................... 3

Leaves not clearly visible, usually less than 0.4 cm. long ............ 38

3. Leaves arranged alternately along branchlets ..................... 4

Leaves opposite .............................................. 37

4. Leaves flat, two-sided, not sharp and needle-pointed .............. 5

Leaves thin, thread-like, linear or linear-lanceolate ................ 24

5. Distinctive odour released by crushing leaves ...................... 6

Distinctive odour absent, or insufficient for identification ........... 96. Eucalyptus odour ............. Eucalyptus (Gums) Refer to Key 3

Not eucalyptus odour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

22



7. Citron odour .................. Eremocitrus glauca (Desert Lime)

Not citron odour ............................................. 8

8. Tea Tree oil odour, leaves channelled, about 1 cm. long and .1-.2 cm.

wide .............. Melaleuca lanceolata (Dry Land Tea Tree)Foetid repulsive odour .................. Acacia cmnbagei (Gidgee)

9. Leaves and branches usually not pendulous ...................... 10

Leaves and branchlets of mature trees mostly drooping (although often

erect on young trees), narrow straplike or lanceolate ........... 17

1 0 . Spines accompany leaves .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Leaves not accompanied by spines ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1 3

1 1 . Some spines in pairs at the base of leaves ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 12

Spines not in pairs, foliage clusters at ends of branchlets ...........Bursaria spinosa (Sweet Bursaria)

12. Leaves ovate, woolly, 2-6 cm. long ..............................

Capparis mitchellii (Native Orange)

Leaves linear, smooth, 2-3 cm. long .............................

Acacia victoriae (Elegant Wattle)

13. Leaves white woolly underneath, margins in-rolled, slightly toothedBanksia marginata (Silver Banksia)

Leaves not white woolly underneath ............................. 14

14. Flowers compacted into dense yellow fluffy heads, fruit a pod, seedflat and black, leaves various shapes ........................

Acacia (Wattles) Refer to descriptionsFlowers separated even if small and pale ......................... 15

15. Leaves strap-like, 15-45 cm. long ....... Grevillea striata (Beefwood)

Leaves not strap-like .......................................... 16

16. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, seeds single spherical black-coated, 0.2-

0.4 cm. diameter ....Heterodendrum oleaefolium (Bullock Bush)

Leaves lanceolate-ovate, numerous brown seeds in a bell-shaped fruit,

1 cm. long .......... Codonocaipus cotinifolius (Native Poplar)

17. Leaves fresh light green, generally glossy ......................... 18

Leaves dark or grey-green, scarcely glossy ........................ 22

18. Flowers yellow, compacted into a head, fruit a pod, seed black, flat.. 19

Flowers separate even if small, fruit not a pod .................... 20

19. Leaves to 40 cm. long, strap-like, several parallel veins ............Acacia stenophylla (River Cooba)

Leaves to 12 cm. long, single central vein, thickish, brittle ..........Acacia salicina (Cooba)

20. Fruit orange-yellow capsule about 1 cm. wide, seeds brown, resinous

Pittosporum phylliraeoides (Weeping Pittosporum

Fruit small 0.2-0.4 cm diam, black shining ...................... 21

21. Leaves 3-6 cm long a few minute teeth along edges ...............

Myoporumplatycarpum (Sugarwood)

Leaves without teeth, 6-18 cm. long, with long tapered pointGeijera parvii fora (Wilga)

22. Leaves over 20 cm. and up to 40 cm. long, several parallel veinsAcacia stenophylla (River Cooba)

Leaves under 20 cm. long ...................................... 23

23. Leaves up to 18 cm. long, narrow-lanceolate, one central main vein,

long tapered end, woolly when young .......................

Eremophila longifolia (Long-leaved Eremophila)Leaves up to 12 cm long, linear, not woolly .....................

Codonocarpus pyramidalis

23



24. Leaves sharp, needle-pointed and prickly ......................... 25Leaves not sharp and prickly .................................... 36

25. Leaves with 3-4 flat sides, slender, tapered, 1-2.5 cm. long, clustered

Acacia tetragonophylla (Dead Finish)Leaves either round and needle-like or flat with 2 sides ............ 26

26. Flowers compacted into yellow fluffy heads, fruit a pod, seed blackand flat .................................................. 27

Flowers separate, mostly pale, fruit a capsule or follicle not a pod... 30

27. Drooping foliage to most mature trees, flowerheads hemispherical ... 28

Erect foliage to most mature trees, flowerheads cylindrical .......... 29

28. Leaves 4-8 cm. long, three parallel veins, more than one slender trunk

to the tree .................. Acacia soivdenii (Western Myall)

Leaves 6-8 cm. long, more than three parallel veins, trunk single

Acacia estrophiolata (Ironwood)

29. Leaves 3-7 cm. long, scarcely stiff; bark brown, rough and fissured

Acacia aneura (Mulga)

Leaves 8-20 cm. long, sharp pointed, bark reddish, shed in long sharp-

edged strips ................ Acacia cyperophylla (Red Mulga)

3 0 . Leaves simple, not forked ..... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... 3 1

Leaves forked or branched .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... ... 34

3 1 . Leaves very stiff needle-like, very sharp ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32

Leaves flexible, sharp-pointed and not very prickly ................. 33

32. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, greenish-grey . . Hakea leucoptera (Needle Bush)

Leaves 20-60 cm. long, woolly grey when young ...... Hakea suberea

(Cork Bark Tree)

33. Leaves 6-20 cm long, silver-grey, needle-like ......................

Grevillea nematophylla (Silver Leaved Waterbush)

Leaves 15-45 cm. long, strap-like ........ Grevillea striata (Beefwood)

34. Leaves less than 5 cm. long ...................... Hakea ednieana

Leaves longer than 5 cm ......................................... 35

35. Leaves 5-8 cm. long ............................... Hakea ivoryi

Leaves 6-10 cm. long .......................... Hakea divaricata

36. Leaves 3-6 cm. long, thread-like, dark green, clustered at ends ofbranchlets ............................ Gyrostemon ramulosus

Leaves 5-12 cm. long, flat, linear, drooping, not clustered ..........Codonocarpus pyramidalis

37. Leaves thick, ovate, 4-7 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm. wide, scurfy below, glossy

green above .................... Avicennia marina (Mangrove)

Leaves thinner, lanceolate, to 19 cm. long, not scurfy below ....... .

Santahun spp.

38. Leaves reduced to minute scales arranged alternately .. Exocaiprrs spp.Leaves reduced to scales arranged in groups or whorls ............. 39

39. Groups of three scales along branchlets . . Callitris spp. (Cypress Pine)

Groups of more than three scales at junctions of branch segments . .

Casuarina spp. (Oaks)

4 0 . Leaves lobed ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1

Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4 1 . Lob es i n pa ir s . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 42

Leaves with more than two lobes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 43

4 2 . Lobes oval, 2-3 cm. x 2-3 cm. ........ Bauhinia carronii (Bean Tree)Lobes larger, crescent shaped ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .

Erythrina vespertilio (Batswing Coral Tree)

24



43. Lobes 3-5, the fruit is a follicle ..................................

Brachychiton gregorii (Desert Kurrajong)

Lobes 3, sharp pointed, the fruit is a bean ........................

Erythrina i'esper lilio (Batswing Coral Tree)

44. Compound leaves comprise 9-60 pairs of leaflets .................. 45

Compound leaves comprise 2-6 pairs of leaflets 6-20 cm. long ......Atalaya hemiglauca (White Wood)

45. Leaflets small, 0.2-0.3 cm long, 20-60 pairs ......................

Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle)

Leaflets, large, 2-4 cm. long, 9-25 pairs ...........................

Orvenia acidula (Sour Plum)

KEY 2

Key to the Genera Based on Fruits

1. Fruit more or less spherical or ovoid ............................ 2

Fruit not spherical ............................................. 4

2. Fruit with an inner bony or wooden centre ....................... 3

Fruit without such a centre .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 6

3 . Fruit spherical ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

F r ui t ovoi d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. Fruit with acidic red flesh .............................. Owenia

Fruit without acidic red flesh, though skin may be red .... Santalum

5. Fruit purplish, 0.8-1.2 cm. diam ....................... Erernophila

Fruit dark blue, 1 cm. diam . ........................... Santahnn

6. Fruit 0.5-0.6 cm long ......................................... 7

Fruit 0.5-5 cm diam. .......................................... 10

7. Fruit green colour when ripe, attached to a swollen edible fleshy stalkEocarpos

Fruit glossy black or purple when ripe ........................... 8

8. Fruits attached singly to branchlets ............................. 9

Fruits in groups of up to 4, joined by a thick green coveringHeterodendrum

9. Fruit, although rounded, is pointed and flattened ........ Myoporrnn

Fruit not flattened, but immersed in a thick green covering .. Geijera

10. Fruit with a wooden wall protecting the seeds .................... 11

Fruit about 5 cm. diam., fleshy with wrinkled skin ........ Capparis

11. Fruit either a single or compound cone .......................... 12

Fruit a wooden capsule ....................................... 13

12. Cone attached singly by an obvious stalk ................ Callitris

Cones small, numerous, stalkless, arranged spirally in a woodencylindrical spike ................................ Casuarina

13. Fruits in clusters of 3-20 attached radially to a common stalkEucalyptus

Fruits attached in cylindrical clusters directly to branchlets .. Melaleuca

14. Fruit with no more than two seeds ............................... 15

Fruit with usually more than two seeds ........................... 18

15. Fruit with a thin outer coat, fleshy, wooden or bony .............. 16

Fruit with a thick outer coat ................................... 17

16. Fruit greenish, flattened and contains two large fleshy seed leavesAvicennia

Fruit a wooden follicle splitting open along one side ...... Grevillea

25



17. Fruit a thick-walled wooden capsule splitting open down both sidesHakea

Fruit a fibrous cylinder 2-4 inches long containing scattered twosegmented capsules ................................ Banksia

18. Fruit a pod usually longer than wide ............................ 19

Fruit not a pod ............................................... 21

19. Seeds, scarlet, pointed end to pod ...................... Erythrina

Seeds black or brown ......................................... 20

20. Seeds black, shining, pods less than 2 cm. long ............. Acacia

Seeds brown, pods 2-3 cm. wide ........................ Bauhinia

2 1 . F ru i t i s a ca psu le . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 2 2

F ru i t not a ca psu le . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 2 5

2 2 . Capsule flattened and divided into two halves ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 23Capsule rounded, with 3-10 sections, seeds shed through openings in

upper surface ............................................. 24

23. Yellow, orange colour to inner surface, numerous seeds are embedded

in sticky brown resin ............................ Pittospor•umThin papery brownish walls to capsule, few seeds, no resin .... Bursaria

24. Capsules stalkless attached in a cylindrical cluster to branchlets

Melaleuca

Capsules 3-20 in radial cluster attached to cluster stalk ... Eucalyptus

25. Fruit comprises one segment when open, tough, wooden follicle ....

BrachychitonFruit more than one segment when opened ...................... 26

26. Fruit with 1-3 wings, samara ............................ Atalaya

Fruit wthout wngs ........................................... 27

27. Fruit pear shaped, 0.8 cm. long .................... Gyrostemon

Fruit ovoidbell shaped 0.8-1.5 cm. long ............ Codonoc:arpus

KEY 3

Key to Eucalyptus in Natural Woodland in South Australia

1. Usually a tree, some species can be multi-stemmed ................. 2Usually multi-stemmed, occasionally small trees (Mallees) .......... 29

2. Bark smooth or some rough at base of trunk (Gums and Bloodwoods) 4

Bark rough for at least half the trunk height ...................... 3

3 . Bark fibrous, stringy and furrowed (Stringybarks) .................. 18

Bark of persistent irregular plates or finely plaited strands (Boxes) ... 20

4. Most leaves opposite, lanceolate, to 6 cm. long, fruit marble shapedNorth West desert species .......................gongylocarpa

Most leaves alternate .......................................... 5

5. Secondary veins pinnate in numerous opposite pairs, fruit large

1.5-4 cm long ............................................ 6

Secondary veins fewer, net-like, alternate ......................... 7

6. Leaves lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, fruit thick-walled, longer than

wide .......................................... termnalis

Leaves lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, fruit thinner-walled usually

rounded .................................... dichromophloia

7. Buds and fruits in branched clusters ............................. 8

Buds and fruits in simple clusters ............................... 10

8. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, fruit stalkless, ribs present barrel-shapedl a n s d o t i > > n e a n a

Leaves lanceolate, narrow-broad .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 9

26



9. Leaves usually thin, lanceolate, ribs absent, Far Northern speciesintertexta

Leaves usually thick, br oad-lanceolate, ri bs absent, Central and

Southern species ................................ fasci culosa

10. Buds and fruits usually do not exceed three per cluster ............. 11

Buds and fruits usually exceed three per cluster .................... 14

11. Valves level with or below rim of fruit ........................... 12Valves protrude above rim of fruit .............................. 13

12. Leaves thick, bud stalk short and thick ................ cosmophylla

Leaves thin, bud stalk usually thin, often long .......... leucoxylon

13. Upper seedling leaves rounded to circular .................. rubida

Upper seedling leaves narrow-lanceolate ................. viminalis

14. Leaves have several subparallel main veins .............. paucii foraLeaves have one central main vein .............................. 15

15. Valves protruding above rim level ............................... 16

Valves at or below rim level .................................... 17

16. Buds and fruit stalks slender ........................ camaldulensis

Bud and fruit stalks stout ..............................huberana

17. Fruit contracted at orifice, oval to urn-shaped, ribbed, leaves lanceolate,

dull one side .................................... cladocalyx

Fruit expanded at orifice, broadly conical, smooth, leaves ovate-

lanceolate, found on poorly drained sites ................ ovata

18. Valves of fruit narrow, at or below rim level, leaves thin, obliquely

lanceolate, long attenuate point ...................... obliqua

Valves of fruit broad, triangular, generally protruding above rim level 19

19. Leaves thick leathery, with an abruptly pointed end, bud cap much

shorter than torus .................................. baxteri

Leaves thin, lanceolate, with a long point, bud cap equal to or longer

than torus .................................. macrorhyncha

20. Buds and fruits all in unbranched clusters ........................ 21

Buds and fruits with some or all branched clusters ................ 25

21. Valves of fruits at or below rim level ............................ 22

Valves of fruit at or above rim level .............................. 24

22. Several subparallel main veins to leaves. Cold district Southeastern

species ............................................. vitrea

One central main vein to leaves ................................. 23

23. Leaves light green, shining, buds without angles plump centrally,flowers appear in summer ............................ porosa

Leaves olive green scarcely shining, buds stick-like with at least oneangle ............................................. odorata

24. Buds and fruits smooth, with stalks even if short, thin leaves, usually

found on friable fertile soils ........................ huberana

Buds and fruits have one or two ribs, without stalks, long thick leaves,

usually found on infertile soils .................... goniocalyx

25. Valves of fruit at or below rim level .............................. 26

Valves of fruit at or above rim level, fruit small 0.3-0.4 cm., paperytexture occurs along waterways of far North East .... microtheca

26. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, bud cap shorter than torus, bark ruggedpersistent to smaller branches .................... largiflorens

Leaves ovate-broad lanceolate ................................ 27

27



27. Buds with stalks even if short, bud cap equal to or longer than torus,

with 1-2 angles. Bark light grey finely plaited, persistent to thelargest branches. Often a large tree ............... micr•ocarpa

Buds without stalks, bud cap shorter than torus, bark chunky. A smalltree less than 30ft. high ............................ behriana

28. Seedling leaves retained for many years, opposite to subopposite,stalkless ................................................. 29

Seedling leaves not retained for many years ...................... 30

29. Lower leaves rounded to circular, upper leaves broad-lanceolate joined

at base, valves of fruit at or below rim level ........ garnoplrylla

Leaves heart-shaped, finally becoming lanceolate and subalternate,valves protrude ....................................... gillii

30. Buds and fruits without stalks ................................... 31Buds and fruits with stalks even if only short ...................... 33

31. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, erect, mainly restricted to Kangaroo Island

cneorifolia

Leaves lanceolate .............................................. 32

32. Cluster stalks to buds and fruits flattened or strap-shaped, fruits

obviously wider than long, very tightly packed, almost imbedded

in cluster stalk, Coastal species .................... conglobataCluster stalk thick, 4-sided, fruits not so tightly packed, usually longer

than wide, Coastal and inland species .................. anceps

33. Valves at or usually protruding well above rim level .............. 34

Valves at or below rim level .................................... 50

34. Valves broad, robust, large, triangular, rim wide ................... 35Valves other than robust triangular and large ..................... 38

35. Fruit at least 1.7 cm. wide, Desert species ........................ 36Fruit less than 1.7 cm. wide ..................................... 37

36. Fruit, 4.5-7 cm. wide, many ribs ....................... pyriforms

Fruit 1.7-3 cm. wide, 3-6 ribs ..................... ....pachyphylla

37. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, valves incurved not spreading

ervartiana

Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broad-lanceolate, robust and large, valves

erect spreading with fragile tips when newly ripe ...... oxymitra

3 8 . Valves not needle-like ......................................... 39

Valves needle-like, fragile and easily broken after opening .......... 4 1

3 9 . Fruit w ith a. broad rim ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Fruit with a narrow rim, valves small, usually three, at or just above

the rim, Far Northern species ....................... trivalvis

40. Rim wide, flat or almost so, about 2/3 width of fruit, leaves ovate to

heart shaped, valves erect clustered in centre of fruit .... websterana

Rim raised, about 1/2 width of fruit, leaves dull greyish green, lanceolate

to narrow-lanceolate, valves short and triangular........morrisii

41. Fruit constricted at or below the orifice .......................... 42

Fruit not constricted at orifice .................................. 43

42. Leaves dull, long beaked cap to bud, longer than torus, base of torus

not expanded, ridges absent .......................... socialisLeaves shining, long beaked cap to bud, longer than torus, base of

torus expanded, ridges present, Eyre Peninsula only . . flocktoniae

28



43. Fruit has a broad rim, cap to bud equal to torus, leaves often shining

yellow-green spaced apart ......................... mamrensis

Fruit without a broad rim ...................................... 44

4 4 . Fruit has one to many small ridges ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 45F r ui t smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

45. Cluster stalk flat, cap to bud sometimes smaller diameter giving "egg-

in-cup" shape ...................................... rugosa

Cluster stalk slender, rounded or compressed ...................... 46

46. Base of torus abrupt, but stalk long slender, fruit 0.6-1 cm. concinna

base of torus not abrupt, cap to bud with 10-15 faint ribs .......... 47

47. Fruit cylindrical, narrower than long, mainly smooth .............. 48

Fruit hemispherical (generally with an expanded orifice) to broadlyconical, with striae or faint ridges, but stalk slender, valves

spreading ..................................... brachycalyx

48. Fruit 0.8-1 cm. long sometimes has faint striae and an expanded

orifice, far North and Western species ............. striaticalyx

Fruit 0.6-1 cm. long, smooth cylindrical, Southern species ... dumosa

49. Leaves lanceolate, more than 0.9 cm. wide, not erect, shining bud cap

conical, blunt usually equal to or shorter than torus, fruit hemi-

spherical 0.5-0.9 cm. long by 0.6-0.9 cm. wide ............ oleosa

Leaves partly erect narrow-lanceolate, usually less than 0.9 cm. wide,bud cap conical, equal to torus, fruit 0.3-0.6 cm long by

0.3-0.5 cm. wide, base usually tapered ............... foecunda

50. Fruits faintly to coarsely ribbed ................................. 51

Fruits smooth or slightly wrinkled .............................. 55

51. Fruits quadrangular with four equal ribs ............... calycogona

Fruits have more than four equal ribs ........................... 52

52 . Fruits pear-shaped to cylindrical, 1 cm wide or wider ............. 53

Fruits barrel-shaped, contracted both ends ........................ 54

53. Fruits on a long drooping cluster stalk, North-western species

pimpiniana

Fruits on a robust or flattened stalk ............... incrassala vars.

54. Fruit faintly to distinctly ribbed ......... incrassata var. incrassata

Fruit strongly ribbed to deeply furrowed ..... incrassata var. angulosa

5 5 . Fruit about 1 cm. w ide ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Fruit about 0.5 cm. w ide ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5 6 . Rim wide, flat to raised, abrupt base to fruit, bud stalk very short

diversifoliaRim narrower, fruit tapering into a distinct stalk, restricted to

Kangaroo Island ................................... r.emota

57. Foliage dark green to bluish green dull 0.2-0.5 cm. wide, 5-16 cm. long,

bud cap conical equal to torus, North Flinders Ranges only

viridis

Foliage shorter and wider, lighter shining green ................... 58

58. Fruit has thick walls and the conical cap equals the torus. Rough bark

persists on the trunk .............................. porosa

Fruit has thin walls and the flattened cap is much smaller than thetorus. A small quantity of rough bark may persist at the base

of the trunk ....................................... gracilis

29

native trees of south australia

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