Native Americans of Arkansas What I know What I want to know Communication game When settlers first met the Native Americans in Arkansas, they didnt speak the same language. How do you think they communicated? Try to tell your friend a message without using words. Did you get your message across? Source:languages.org/ CaddoQuapawOsage Hello! Kua'at ("koo-ah-aht") Haw ("hah-way") Howa ("hoh-wah") Bear n'wtsi' (nn-out-see) was (wah-sah) wasape (wah-sah-pay) Deer da' (dah) t'a (t-ah) tta (tah) Rabbit du'u' (duh-oo) mat'inke (mosht-een-kay) ma n shchi n ke (monsh-cheen-kay) Bird banit (bah-nit) wazika (wah-zee-kah) wazhi n ka (wah-zheen-kah) Fish batah (bah-tah) ho (hoe) ho (hoe) Native American Clothingmoccasins Photo by Jamie Brandon (3) A long time ago, Arkansas was covered by water. It slowly became dry land and dinosaurs roamed our state. Then the land became very cold, and people came to North America from Europe. Some of these people came to live in Arkansas in what scientists believe was 10,000 BC. These people are known as Native Americans or American Indians. They were the first Arkansans! We do not know much about these very first people. They probably lived in groups of people and followed the animals they hunted for food. Eventually the weather became milder and people were able to start growing food. People started living in one place to grow their beans, squash and corn. They built homes out of what was around them, like animal skins, wood and grass. Instead of digging graves, the Native Americans covered their dead with earth, which created large mounds. Native Americans skills continued to advance. They began to make beautifully-designed pottery that helped store food and water. Their weapons to hunt became better too, with additions such as the bow and arrow. Europeans came to Arkansas around 1500 AD. By this time, there were three tribes of Native Americans living in Arkansas: the Quapaw, Osage and Caddo. We know more about these Native Americans because of the journals the Europeans made. These Native Americans are known as the Historic Indians. In some ways, the tribes were similar. They all hunted local animals, such as deer, bear, buffalo, wild turkeys, ducks and fish. They planted corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, gourds and beans. They also gathered seeds, nuts, roots and fruit. They all told stories about how the world was created, and they all had a deep respect for nature. There were, however, a few things that set the tribes apart. Fun fact: Arkansas gets its name from the Quapaw tribe Quapaw The Quapaws, or downstream people, lived along the rivers in eastern Arkansas. Because they lived along the Mississippi River, they were the first people the settlers met. The Quapaws were very kind to the settlers, often sharing food and shelter. The settlers journals said how beautiful, tall and handsome the Quapaw Indians were. Caddo Caddo got salt from rivers in southwest Arkansas, which was important for flavoring and preserving food. The Caddos traded salt with early settlers in exchange for other items. The Caddo, like the Quapaw, were friendly to white settlers. The Caddos lived on small family farms where they were skilled at growing food. They used bows and arrows to hunt food. The Caddo were shorter than the other Arkansas Native Americans. Men were around 5.5 feet tall and women less than 5 feet tall. Osage The Osage were hunters who lived a little north of Arkansas, but who followed animals like bison, deer, elk and bears into Arkansas during hunting seasons. They were the most skilled hunters of the three tribes. They also occasionally fought with the Quapaw and Caddo over hunting grounds. The Caddo, Quapaw and white settlers often feared the Osage because of this. Today Native Americans still live in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2013 there were 5.2 million Native Americans living in the United States, about 2% of the total population. After the United States government forced the Native Americans to leave their land, the Quapaw, Caddo and Osage tribe established life in Oklahoma, where they currently live. The tribes have a vibrant culture to this day. Quapaw: https://www.quapawtribe.com/Gallery.aspx Caddo:Osage: https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/multimedia/galleries Photos from modern tribes culture The art, ideas, attitudes and more of a certain group of people or time. Conversation What is a part of your culture? Think about holidays, food, language, and special beliefs. Trade, Trade, Trade! I will wash the dishes for $1. Ill give you $1 for your bracelet. Ill give you this pencil if youll walk my dog. Conversation What Native American tools can you think of? How do you think the Native Americans made them? What tools could you make with material in nature around you? Atlatl: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- VlOpwsj09chttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- VlOpwsj09c Adze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o5l eRq4eyk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o5l eRq4eyk Craft: Pottery Pottery was an important part of Caddo and Quapaw culture. As Native Americans skills advanced, they began to make pots that could not only hold items, but were also great works of art. Many pots had swirled designs or were shaped like people and animals, what were known as effigy pots. Use Play-Doh, modeling clay or Crayola air-dry clay to make a pot designed like the Native Americans of Arkansas might have made. Find more craft ideas at (Chunckey pictured above) Chunkey (Hoop and pole) Materials: (Hoop and Pole Materials:) Hockey puckHula hoop Bamboo pole1/2 inch PVC pipe Directions: Person 1 rolls the hockey puck on a flat surface. Person 2 throws the pole and tries to land it as close to the hockey puck as possible. Hoop and Pole: Roll the hula hoop and attempt to throw the pipe through the rolling hoop. Ring and pin Materials: Chopsticks, unsharpened pencils, small stick or something similar Piece of wood, dried squash or something similar with a hole in the middle of it String Directions: Swing the string and try to pin the end object onto the stick. Foot races Native Americans liked footraces, just like we do today. Can you beat your classmates? A variation that other Native Americans played is run and scream. Scream and run at the same time. As soon as you have to stop screaming to take a breath, stop running. Whoever has run the farthest during their scream wins. Food.pdf Arkansas American Indian Food antelope Type of mammal Chicken-Hawk was a poor hunter and never succeeded in bringing his family more than a little mouse or some game that he had begged from another hunter. One time he met Eagle and asked him if he would help him kill an antelope that he had seen not very far away. Hawk pretended that he had killed many such big game before, and acted as if he were being kind to Eagle in asking him to help him. Eagle said he would if he could have half of the meat. Hawk said that he could, and so they agreed to go hunting for the antelope the next morning. Hawk went on home, and when he arrived he told his family that he had shot an antelope through the head, but that he could not kill him, and so he had run him into a place for the night, and that he would return in the morning and kill him. Hawk arose the next morning and went to the place where he was to meet Eagle. They started on the hunt and hunted half a day. They found the antelope in the mountain. Eagle killed it, and then Hawk came down and they divided the meat. Eagle took his meat and went away. Hawk took his meat and went straight home to show it to his family, for he was very proud of it. He told them that he had met a person who had never tasted antelope meat and who was a poor hunter, and so he had given him part of his meat, but that the person promised to pay him back some day. His family were so well pleased that they told every one what a good hunter Hawk was. One time, after the antelope meat was gone, a friend, who had heard what a good hunter Hawk was, came to visit him, especially to see if the reports were true. Hawk hunted all one day, but returned with only a mouse. The friend refused to eat the mouse. Again Hawk hunted all day, but could not find anything. As he was returning home he felt so ashamed, that he cut some of the meat off of his legs to take home for his friend to eat, rather than admit that he had not found any game. For that reason hawks have no meat on their legs. Dorsey, George A.Traditions of the Caddo. Washington: Carnegie Institution AccessGenealogy.com. Web. 8 December why-hawks-have-thin-legs.htm. Photo by Tony Alter. (11)