native american tribes in the us the first americans
TRANSCRIPT
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NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES IN THE US
The First Americans
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Last Ice Age
Glaciers covered N. America
NomadsWalked from Asia
across the Bering Strait
Some societies were very simple Others very complex
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“Bone Pit”
1908-African-American named George McJunkin uncovered very large animal bones in Folsom, New Mexico
Called it the “bone pit” Self-taught in ancient bones,
minerals, arrowheads, geology, natural history
Wrote to scientists about discovery
1922-scientists began research after his death
Bones 9,000 yrs old Some had flint in shape of
spear points-Folsom point
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Clovis Point
Clovis, New Mexico in the 1930’s
Clovis point more than 4,000 yrs older than Folsom
Thought to be 1st Americans-more evidence that other groups arrived at the same time
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Southwestern Cultures
Hohokam-ArizonaMogollon-SE Arizona
& SE New MexicoAnasazi-4 corners
area on flat-topped mesas
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Hohokam
Desert areas, irrigation canals (hand-dug)
Grew cotton for cloth, pottery, and jewelry from seashells
Snaketown-meeting place w/ball courts, dance platforms
Abandoned in 1450-lack of water
“the vanished ones”
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Mogollons
Don’t know what they called themselves-Don Juan Mogollan-Spanish governor of New Mexico in 1700s (Mt. Range)
Shelters on high ground & underground
Kivas-underground for religious ceremonies & official business
New form of pottery-clay bowls w/ geometric designs
Carvings-1000s of animals, human faces & masks
No other people created so many artistic images
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Anasazi
Master builders “Golden Age” from AD
850-1150 Planned community-roads,
ceremonial buildings “wagon wheel”-center was
Chaco canyon in New Mexico (even though they didn’t use the wheel)
Cliff dwellings-pueblos Signal fires to
communicate w/other villages (obsidian rock to reflect message by firelight)
1150 AD-culture vanishes Drought, lack of resources,
leaders lost power possibly
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Woodland Culture
East of Mississippi, Great Lakes region, and East Coast
Hunter-gatherers Mound builders-burial
chambers w/small log rooms Pipes& tobacco & artwork
found inside Adena mounds found in Ohio
on private property (700 BC-100 AD)
Hopewell-mounds found in Ohio in shape of snake
Snake mound-curves for a ¼ mile, mouth is swallowing a huge egg
Symbol of growth and change Artifacts in mound show
trading w/ other cultures
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Cahokia
Illinois-by 1200 AD more than 20,000 people
Largest settlement of Mississippians in N. America
Located where 3 rivers come together-Mississippi, Missouri, & Illinois
Planned city w/ palisade (wooden fence)
Mound builders Monk’s mound-found in early
1800s 1500-vanished, unsure why
Possibly disease or wars
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Iroquois
Between 1200-1400 AD powerful Woodland culture in upper NY developed
Descended from Mississippians
6 tribes create “Great Law of Peace”-democracy
Great leaders-Hiawatha & Seneca Famous for important speeches
Most powerful Native Americans when Europeans arrive
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Great Plains
Between Mississippi river & Rocky Mts.
Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche & Blackfoot
Rode horses while hunting buffalo-after 1500s when horses introduced to N. America by Europeans
Settlements before 1500s near streams or rivers, dome-shaped buildings, farmers mostly
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Pacific Coast
Abundant natural resources Salmon, seafood, wildlife,
nuts & berries, vegetablesPuget Sound in modern-
day Washington stateCedar-used to store dried
foods, houses (longhouses-up to 100 ft.), shoes, tools, clothes, canoes
Potlatch “throw into the air”-celebration where host gave many gifts to guests-only Pacific tribes did this
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Inuit
Modern-day Alaska & northern Canada
Were called “Eskimo”-eaters of raw meat
Call themselves Inuit-real people
Harsh frozen environment
Igloos-homes of snowSea mammals & caribou
for foodArt-carvings of soapstone
or ivory