Nationalism in Asia & Africa(1945-1993)

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Map from networks

Nationalism

• Review: the unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion and national symbols.

• People have a strong desire to seek self-determination– The free choice of one’s own acts w/o

outside pressures

4th quarter prompts

• Describe THREE important impacts nationalism had on India during the Post-WWII period.

• Describe THREE important impacts nationalism had on The Middle East during the Post-WWII period.

From the DBQ- Ch. 19, p. 384

• Goals of Nationalist leaders? To reverse or repair the damage done by European powers of the past, which were:

• To be ruled and be revered• Take riches • Inflict suffering• AND…be granted INDEPENDENCE

Graphic Organizers

Nationalism In India….

Impact #1

Impact #2

Impact #3

S & SE Asia• Review (pp 322-23):– Pre-WWII– Concept of Civil Disobedience

• Refusal to obey unjust laws

* love overcomes hate* non cooperation & boycotts

-Salt March(1930) -arrested for 8 months

-Make own clothes– 1935: Government of India Act

• More representation, more access to voting

– New Leaders in India• Gandhi: Religious, Indian & traditional• Nehru: secular, Western, & modern• Jinnah: create a separate Muslim state, Pakistan

S & SE Asia (pp 386-390-new material)

• The Partition of India (~400M)• Results:

Hindus IndiaMuslims W/E Pakistan

• Problems associated with Hindus & Muslims moving to new areas– Incredible violence– 10+ M forced migration

(displaced) – 1 + M dead, incl. M. Gandhi

• Why? He supported a multi-religious state

• Gandhi’s assassinationWatch parts 8 & 9

The New India• Nehru:– State owned industries, utilities & trans.

• Industrial production 3x (1950-65)

– Privatized farm land – Avoid dependency on foreign powers

• Principle of non-alignment – Attempts to avoid Cold War

• Nehru’s Death Nehru’s daughter– Indira Gandhi (1966-84) (no relation to M. Gandhi)

• Population explosion (2%/yr )& slums– Sterilization and “slum clearance”

• Mother Teresa of Calcutta helps the poor, sick & orphaned see video

Growing ethnic & religious tension• Sikhs (“seek”)=religion is based on Hindu &

Muslim ideas– http://www.allaboutreligion.org/sikhism.htm

• Wanted Punjab to be an independent Sikh province– Results:

• Military force kills 450+ Sikhs– Operation Blue Star

• Revenge: I. Gandhi is killed in 1984– Day before she died: “ I am alive today, I may not be there

tomorrow. I shall continue to serve till my last breath and when I die every drop of my blood will strengthen India and keep a united India alive” Kinda creepy eh?

• Religious dispute over Kashmir – History of the conflict found here– 3 wars between India & Pakistan – Both have strong claims to it

• 1974: India joins the Atomic Club – Pakistan (1998) due to Indian threats

Pakistan & Bangladesh• Internal conflicts between W & E

Pakistan– Capital was in West, E. Pak. felt ignored &

exploited• Language issues• Military support

• 1970: Cyclone hits Bangladesh– 300-500K died

• Starvation & cholera

– Poor response time to aid victims• 1971: Civil War

– India allies w/E. Pakistan– Results:

• 10 M refugees into E. India• Wide spread atrocities

– Intellectuals targeted– Up to 3M killed

– Bangladesh is formed

India is split into 3 parts: Hindu controlled India, Muslim controlled W & E. Pakistan.E. Pakistan becomes Bangladesh due to conflicts within the governmentIndia=principle of nonalignment

Ongoing violence in the region including:1. Punjab (Sikh region)2. Kashmir

Post WWII violence: 500K -1 M die. Millions displaced. The region is ripe for political and religious strife for the next few decades

Nationalism in India 1947-present

Concert for Bangladesh

• $250K in immediate relief• Movie followed• By 1985, $12 M raised • Paved the way for other

musical fundraisers– Live Aid (for Africa)– Farm Aid (for US farmers)

Relationship between India & Pakistan today

• Why is the subcontinent one of the most dangerous places on Earth?

• What information provided in this video may help you understand how the Partition of India, led to the condition we see today? – How could you incorporate

material into the essay question?– Take good notes

Watch 11:38-28:25

The Middle East (pp 391-396)

• GQ: What events led to the dispute between Israel & its Arab neighbors?

• Palestine Mandate (pre-WWII): – Historic Jewish homeland– Limited immigration

• Zionists– Worldwide sympathy after Holocaust

• UN Proposal- Split Mandate into two:– State of Israel created (1948)– Arab reaction = betrayal of Muslims– Initial results:

• Invasions• Refusal to recognize Israel• 1000s flee to Arab countries—refugees• Some remained in Israel

Nasser & Pan-Arabism• Nasser & Egypt

– Helped overthrow King Farouk (monarchy)• Trouble in the Suez

– Importance of the canal (see worksheet) – Nasser seizes Suez Canal Co.

• highlighted the danger that Arab nationalism posed a threat to Western access to Middle East oil

– Suez War (1956)• Br, Fr. & Israel vs Egypt• US & USSR join & support Egypt• WWIII ? • Result: Br, Fr & Isr. withdraw

• Nasser promotes Pan-Arabism (ALL Arab unity)• UAR=Egypt & Syria

– Intent? Have all Arab nations join– Concerns? Sharing wealth w/poorer Arab nations – Syria military leaders withdraw from UAR

Arab-Israeli Dispute• Dispute INTENSIFIES• Nasser’s blockade on Israel• Response: Israel launches

preemptive air attack (6 Day War)– against Syria, Jordan & Egypt– Wipes out most of E. Air Force– Break blockade & occupies

Sinai – New territory acquired – 1 M new Palestinians under

Israeli control

-

- = blockade

• By capturing the Sinai, the Golan Heights and the West Bank of the Jordan River, the Israelis had captured for themselves areas of great strategic value. However, the West Bank also contained over 600,000 Arabs who now came under Israeli administration. Their plight led many young Arabs into joining the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), a group that the Israelis deemed a terrorist organization. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/six_day_war_1967.htm

Dispute continues• Arabs: Return occupied territories!• Nasser dies, Anwar Sadat• Yom Kippur War (October, 1973)– What is Yom Kippur (See reading)– Video clip (optional)– Egypt/Syria launch attack agst. Israel

• @ Suez, Golan Heights & Sinai• Near confrontation between US & USSR

– Meir, Israel’s PM– Slow start, then on the offensive– UN-negotiated cease fire– Will develop into the Camp David Accords

(1978-79) W/ Pres. Carter– Result: Dispute over occupied territories

remain to this day

Indirect Results of Mid-East Crises• Background:

– 1960: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia & Venezuela .

– Purpose: Control the price of oil• During Yom Kippur War…

– Price hikes + …• oil prices from $3/barrel to $12 • limit on the amount of gas, • closed on Sundays, • limited the days gasoline could be purchased

based on license plates.

– Cuts in production– OIL SHORTAGES & SERIOUS ECONOMIC

PROBLEMS IN THE WEST• Imported cars! Fuel economy • Speed limit reduced to 55 MPH

Play video

More on the PLO• 1960-90s• Only Arab state in Palestine• al-Fatah under Yasir Arafat• Terrorist attacks on Israel• 1980s– Increased militancy– intifada =“uprising”– 1993 Oslo Peace Accords• Palestinian authority • PLO recognizes Israel

Iranian Revolution• Shah Pahlavi & Iran

– Oil=rich country– Ally of the US (50s & 60s)

• Opposition– Too materialistic, too Western– Ayatollah Khomeini

• Ayatollah =religious Shiite leader • 1979 Revolution

– Restore Islamic Law (Very Conservative)– Shah’s supporters fled or executed– 52 Americans held hostage

• Failed rescue attempt• Successful rescue attempt

– Upon death…• Moderate gov’t w/some civil liberties

Iran-Iraq War• Iraq & Saddam Hussein• Why? Religious differences– Iran=more Shia– Iraq=more Sunni– Territory-Strait of Hormuz( transporting oil)

• 1980: Iraq launches war• Role of children– Clear minefields

• Poison gas– Kurds who wanted own state

• Result: 1988 Cease fire w/o resolving main issues

Persian Gulf War

• Back to the video• Seize Kuwait• US & others defend

Kuwait

Emergence of Afghanistan & The Taliban

• After WWII, groups fought for control of Afghanistan

• USSR invaded in ’79– Occupied for 10 yrs

• Anti-Communist Islamic forces – US backed (Cold War tensions)

• mujahideen

• Islamic groups fought for control of the country– Taliban

• Seized capital, Kabul, in 1996• Rid world of tyranny through “jihad.”• Video: note the strict rule/give examples

– Bin Laden founded al-Qaeda “the base”• Drive Westerners out of Muslim nations

Society & Culture• GQ: How has Islam influenced

society & culture in the Middle East?

• Early Muslim women had: – participated in the political life– had extensive legal & social rights

• 1970s: a shift toward more traditional roles for women. – This trend was especially noticeable

in Iran.• See assignment #15 for more

specifics

Nationalism in Africa

• UN supports the end of colonialism in Africa

• Focus: S. Africa• African National

Congress (ANC)– Reform• Economic • political

Apartheid• “apartness”• Afrikaners (Dutch)• 1950s-1991• Black opposition• Infamous uprising

– Sharpeville (1960)• Issue: organized protest which restricted Blacks from

visiting certain areas

• Mandela (1962)– Arrested for armed resistance

• The South African government generally deemed Mandela and his co-defendants violent communist saboteurs, and on 12 June 1964, Justice de Wet found Mandela and two of his co-accused guilty on all four charges, sentencing them to life imprisonment rather than death

– Robben Island(1964-82)– Other prisons until release in 1990– Global outcry

Via Wikipedia• Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the

prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet by 7 feet, with a straw mat on which to sleep. Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry.

• Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. At night, he worked on his LLB degree, but newspapers were forbidden, and he was locked in solitary confinement on several occasions for possessing smuggled news clippings. Classified as the lowest grade of prisoner, Class D, he was permitted one visit and one letter every six months, although all mail was heavily censored.

Stephen Biko & The Apartheid Movement

• Read biography• Take notes during the film

which illustrates:– Biko’s role in the movement– Relationship between Biko and

Donald Woods– Examples of oppression by the

white government

Mandela’s legacy

• Read the 2 page document & answer the questions.

• Upon completion, we will briefly look at a short video clip about his life

Summary of pp 398-402 + p. 448• African independence didn’t bring economic

prosperity– Single crop/resource– Dependent on foreign imports – droughts i.e. Ethiopia in 1980s

• 1985: Artists unite! 20 M records sold $ 50 M +

– rapid pop growth (2.3%/yr.)-SLUMS=poverty & pollution

• Impact HIV/AIDS had on Africa– Africa hardest hit

• 22+ M in sub-Saharan region (2007)

– Orphans– Lack money, & health facilities– Int’l community=some assistance– Solutions?

• Education

Rwandan Genocide• Central Africa (Rwanda & Burundi)

– 1962: 2 new countries• Hutu & Tutsi tribes• Rwanda (Hutu majority)

– Resentment of the Tutsis• Preferential treatment during colonial times

– Education & jobs

– Civil War– Airplane shot down

• Hutu & Burundi leaders on board

– 500k-1M dead in 100 days• 20% of total pop; 70% of Tutsis• Refugee camps in Zaire

– Effects (other than obvious)• Increase of HIV• Crippled economy