NationalismNationalismNationalismNationalism

Cultural NationalismCultural NationalismCultural NationalismCultural Nationalism

p A well-defined American literature

Washington Irving

James Fenimore Cooper

The Sketch BookThe Sketch Book, 1819-20, 1819-20“The Legend of Sleepy “The Legend of Sleepy

Hollow”Hollow”

Wyeth painting of The LastOf the Mohicans

Cultural NationalismCultural NationalismCultural NationalismCultural Nationalismp Education à The “Virtuous Citizen”

p An American form of English

p Noah Webster

The Second “Great The Second “Great Awakening:”Awakening:”

Revivalist MeetingRevivalist Meeting

The Second “Great The Second “Great Awakening:”Awakening:”

Revivalist MeetingRevivalist Meeting

Charles G. FinneyCharles G. FinneyCharles G. FinneyCharles G. FinneyThe ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

“soul-shaking”

conversion

The “Benevolent The “Benevolent Empire”Empire”

The “Benevolent The “Benevolent Empire”Empire”

““Burned-Over” DistrictBurned-Over” Districtin Upstate New Yorkin Upstate New York

““Burned-Over” DistrictBurned-Over” Districtin Upstate New Yorkin Upstate New York

American Bible SocietyAmerican Bible SocietyFounded in 1816Founded in 1816

American Bible SocietyAmerican Bible SocietyFounded in 1816Founded in 1816

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 17911791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 17911791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave!slave!

The Tariff of 1816The Tariff of 1816The Tariff of 1816The Tariff of 1816

• After Treaty of Ghent 1814 British dump cheap goods on American markets

• Baby American industries want protection• Nationalist Congress takes strongest stance ever with The Tariff of 1816

protection not revenue20%- 25%strongly protective trend which Americans like

The American SystemThe American System

By Henry ClayBy Henry Clay

The American SystemThe American System

By Henry ClayBy Henry Clay• Nationalistic trend to developing profitable home market1. Strong banking system2. Protective tariffs3. Network of roads, canals - esp through Ohio Valley

Knit country together - especially road poor west

James Madison refuses to let Congress use tariff money to payfor roads; thinks it is unconstitutional. It falls to the states to pay

Jeffersonian Republicans didn’t like loose constructionism on direct federal support of intrastate infrastructure; that would just drain people away to other states making home states weaker

First TurnpikeFirst TurnpikeLancaster, PALancaster, PA (1790)(1790)

First TurnpikeFirst TurnpikeLancaster, PALancaster, PA (1790)(1790)

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.connected most major cities.

Westward ho!• Through the Cumberland Gap – a narrow

passage through the Appalachians near where KY, TN, and VA meet

• “The Wilderness Road” becomes a major route for migration– Daniel Boone led the clearing of a road from VA to KY

• Population of Ohio: 1800: 45,000 1810: 231,000

CumberlandCumberland“National Road,” 1811“National Road,” 1811

CumberlandCumberland“National Road,” 1811“National Road,” 1811

Conestoga Covered Conestoga Covered WagonsWagons

Conestoga Covered Conestoga Covered WagonsWagons

Conestoga Trail, Conestoga Trail, 1820s1820s

Yankee Clipper ShipsYankee Clipper ShipsYankee Clipper ShipsYankee Clipper Ships

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

The Clermont

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal SystemErie Canal SystemErie Canal System

The Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820sThe Erie Canal, 1820s

The American SystemThe American System

p WESTWEST got roads, canals, andgot roads, canals, and federal aide. federal aide.

p EASTEAST got the backing ofgot the backing of protective tariffs from the protective tariffs from the West. West.

p SOUTHSOUTH ????

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

Presidency 1816 - won by another Virginian James Monroe

- vanquished Federalists - merges Founding Fathers and new nationalism - sober administration - Era of Good Feelings - even southerner in New England

Troubles loom1. tariff2. Bank3. Internal improvements4. Sale of public lands5. Sectionalism over slavery

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816

James James Monroe Monroe [1816-[1816-1824]1824]

The Panic The Panic

of 1819of 1819

CAUSES???CAUSES???

Panic of 1819 - paralyzing economic panic - debtors prisons - nat’l financial crisis - overspeculation on Western lands - Bank of U.S. forced speculative “wildcat” western banks to foreclose on farms - western debtor saw the Bank of U.S. as “evil” - furor in social world as poor become visibly poorer

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/a/a1/300px-Panic_of_1873_bank_run.jpg

The West & the NW: The West & the NW: 1819-18241819-1824

Foreign Policy Under James Monroe

Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams

Treaty of 1818 -

permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canada

- fixed vague northern La. Limits at 49th parallel

- fix 10 yr joint occupation of Oregon

The Convention of 1818The Convention of 1818

Foreign Policy Under James Monroe

Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams

Florida Purchase Treaty - Adams-Onis Treaty

- Andrew Jackson took time to subdue those rebelling, threatening Seminole Indians in Spanish Florida.

- Spain busy elsewhere

- Spain ceded Florida, claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas

John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams:A bulldog among spaniels!

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

US Population DensityUS Population Density

18101810 18201820

The Tallmadge AmendmentThe Tallmadge Amendment

p All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.

p Passed by the House, not in the Senate.

p The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

The Compromise of 1820:The Compromise of 1820:A Firebell in the Night!A Firebell in the Night!

The Missouri Compromise

Brokered by Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)

1. Missouri admitted as slave state

2. Maine admitted as free state

3. Rest of Louisiana territory north of latitude 36 30, slavery was prohibited

Election of 1820

With the Panic of 1819 and the Tallmadge Amendment and the Missouri Compromise it seems the Era of Good Feelings has gone flat….

But smooth-spoken James Monroe is elected again

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

3. What would the US do if the warning was not headed?

Monroe Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

2. What warning is given to the European countries?

1. What foreign policy principles are established?

p Referred to as America’s Self-Defense Doctrine.

Monroe Doctrine - Restoration of European monarchies after Napoleon’s

fall worried American in Western hemisphere-Russia’s presence in Alaska worries British and

Americans - should they work together?

- Secretary of State John Adams brilliantly engineers Monroe Doctrine

- President James Monroe delivers the Monroe Doctrine - the ultimate nationalistic command - “STAY OUT OF OUR BACKYARD”

JOHN MARSHALL’S SUPREME COURT

Fletcher v. Peck 1810 - In a case involving land fraud in Ga., Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. This is the first the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (Remember in Marbury v Madison it was a federal law that had been ruled unconstitutional.Martin v. Hunter’s Lease 1816 - SC est. the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rightsDartmouth College v. Woodward 1819 - This case involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution. The Marshall Court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could no be altered by the same.McCulloch v Maryland 1819 - Did Congress have the power to create a bank even if no clause in the Constitution mentioned a bank? Could a state place a tax on a federally owned bank? Md. Tried to collect from the 2nd Bank of the US. Marshall ruled that the federal gov’t had the implied power to create the bank. Furthermore, a state could not tax a federal institution because, “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state lawsCohens v Virginia1821 - In Va, the Cohens were convicted of selling Washington DC lottery tickets authorized by Congress. Marshall and the Court upheld the conviction. More important, this case established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal gov’tGibbons v Ogden 1821 - Could the state of NY grant a monopoly to a steamboat company if that action conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress? In ruling that the NY monopoly was unconstitutional, Marshall est. the federal gov’t’s broad control of interstate commerce.

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

The Election of 1824:The Election of 1824:The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

Candidate Popular VoteElectoral

Vote

Andrew Jackson

43% 99

J.Q. Adams 31% 32

William Crawford

13% 41

Henry Clay 13% 37