national securnopity 1 deterrence

7/30/2019 National Securnopity 1 Deterrence

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National Security Part 1:

Deterrence"



Singapore’s National Security Strategy: "n prevent threats to national security

from developing in the first instance;"n protect Singapore against likely threats;

and"n recover quickly as a community should

an attack occur and return Singaporeto a state of normalcy.""

- National Security Coordination Secretariat



Security Challenges"n Uncertain regional security

landscape"n Political & economic crises"n Possible spillover from intra-state

ethnic/religious conflicts"n

Disputes over territory and scarceresources"n WMD proliferation"n Growth of transnational terrorism"



Security Challenges"n Changing nature of conventional warfare"n Rapid technological changesà more precise,

networked and information-driven"n Increased importance of defence technology

and highly-skilled military personnel"n

Limited resources"

n Land for military installations and training"n Manpower for combat and support "



How can singapore respond to

these national security threatsand challenges?"

Next: Singapore’

s defence policy – deterrence & diplomacy



Singapore’s Defence Policy"The aim of our defence policy is to ensure that Singapore

enjoys peace and stability, and that Singapore'ssovereignty and territorial integrity are protected. "

"We also want to do our part to contribute to regional peace

and security. Diplomacy and deterrence form the twinpillars of our defence policy. "

"We develop and maintain good relations with othercountries through diplomacy. These diplomatic efforts arewide-ranging and span many fields, not just in defence. "

"At the same time, we try to deter threats from emerging bycontributing to regional resilience and through our concept

of Total Defence."



Keeping the Peace"n Deterrence"n Having enough military capacity to

dissuade aggression from potential

enemies using the threat of force"

n Diplomacy"n Resolving disputes through dialogue and

negotiation rather than military action"n Creating and maintaining links (economic,

social & political) with other countries"



To be prepared for war is one

of the most effectual means ofpreserving peace."

- George Washington



"Deterrence consists essentially ofan effort by one actor to persuadean opponent not to take action of

some kind against his interests byconvincing the opponent that thecosts and risks of doing so will

outweigh what he hopes to gainthereby. "- Gordon A. Craig



Rational Deterrence Theory"n Cold War strategic concept used by US

to prevent aggression by the USSRthrough use of nuclear weapons"

n Potential aggressors compare expectedbenefits against cost of any course ofaction (e.g. attack, invasion)"

n Assumption: both actors think and willact rationally in their best interests"



Rational Deterrence Theory"n 3 conditions for successful deterrence:"n Communication """Ability to clearly inform potential aggressor

of what actions are unacceptable"n Capability""Ability to carry out threat of force; threatmust also be sufficiently large enough"

n Credibility""Ability to convince potential aggressor ofwillingness to carry out threat"



People sleep peaceably in

their beds at night only

because rough men standready to do violence on their

behalf.

- George Orwell



Elements of Deterrence"n The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)"n National Service (NS)"n Defence Technology"n Military Co-operation"

n Total Defence"



"We have invested considerable

resources into building up adefence force that can deteraggression. ""And should deterrence fail, theSingapore Armed Forces must beable to defeat the aggressor swiftlyand decisively. "

- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean



Brief History of the SAF"1965" Independence; need to build up "" " armed forces"1967" National Service Act passed ""1968" Britain announces withdrawal"

" " Air Force and navy formed"1971" British troops withdraw from SG"" " FPDA formed"1975

"SAF formed (Army, RSN, RSAF)

"



The SAF"n Integrated fighting system comprising

the Army, Air Force (RSAF) and Navy(RSN)"

n Strength: 33,000 regulars + 40,000 NSF+ 313,000 NSmen (reservists)"

n Budget: 6% of GDP (~$11.4bn in 2009)"n Development focus: " " " "

capability and operational readiness"



The Army"n Composition"n 3 Combined Arms Divisions"n 2 People’s Defence Force commands"n 2 Army Operational Reserve Divisions"n Non-Divisional units (artillery, armour,

commando, engineer, logistics and signals

battalions) ""n Land combat power based on

manoeuvre, firepower and information

(3G SAF)"



The RSAF"n Composition"n 7 fighter aircraft squadrons"n Support aircraft (transport, surveillance)"n Helicopters (attack, transport)"n Air defence artillery"n Additional training detachments in USA,

France, Australia, and Brunei"n Provides surveillance, aerial defence

and support to Army and RSN"



The RSN"n Composition"n Fleet: 1st/3rd Flotillas + submarine sqdn.

(frigates, corvettes and submarines for anti-

sea/air, escort and transportation)"

n Coastal Command"n Naval Logistics and Training Commands"

n Provides maritime defence (territorialwaters & sea lanes) and supports Army"



National Service "n Introduced in 1967 to deal withpost-1965 problems"n No large standing army = vulnerable to

military threats"n Poor relationships with neighbours: tensions

with Malaysia, Confrontation with Indonesia"n Imminent British withdrawal"n Insufficient $ for professional army"



National Service "n Compulsory enlistment of all 18-year-oldmale citizens"n NSFs posted to various units &

vocations in Army, Navy, Air Force orMINDEF after 4/9/17/19-week BMT"

n 2.5 years of enlistment (now 2 years)

until Run-Out Date (ROD; nowOperationally-Ready Date or ORD)"

n 13-year reservist cycle after ORD"



Operational Readiness"n Small size = lack of strategic depth:limited space to manoeuvre and retreat"n Constant high state of combat readiness

needed to respond to and repel surpriseattacks"

n Three main components:"n Immediate response"n Rapid mobilisation"n Organising and training just as in war"

H N ti l S i



How National ServiceContributes to Deterrence"n Allows the SAF to (affordably) raise

enough manpower for a sizeable force"n The SAF is kept operationally ready to

rapidly respond to threats"



"From the start, we recognisedthat technology would becrucial for overcoming the

limitations of our smallpopulation. Technology wouldbe our force multiplier."




n Post-1965 problem:

"n Shortage of military weapons & equipment"n Designs not adapted to local needs"

n Solution: develop local defence industryto acquire, upgrade, design and buildweapons systems for the SAF"n 1967: Chartered Industries of Singapore""(Ammunitions and small-arms)""à Now: ST Engineering""(Electronics, vehicles, munitions) "

Defence Technology"



Defence Technology"n Three main entities"n DSTA (Defence Science & Tech Agency)""Acquisition, management and development

of weapon systems & technologies"n DSO National Laboratories""Research and development of new tech."n ST Engineering""Design, production, upgrading and

maintenance of weapon systems"



Defence Technology"n Being technologically advanced is a keystrength of the SAF; "n New developments include:"n

Stand-off precision (smart guided weapons)"

n Protection (vehicle & body armour)"n Stealth (lower radar signature)"n

Unmanned aircraft & vehicles"

n Sensors & early warning systems"n Enhanced transportation capabilities"n Advanced modelling & simulators"

Primus Self Propelled Howitzer



Bionix IFV"

Primus Self-Propelled Howitzer"

SAR 21 rifle"

H D f T h l



How Defence TechnologyContributes to Deterrence"n Better weapon systems increases

firepower– makes the SAF more deadly"n Unmanned, stealth, protective & sensor

tech. enhances survivability"n Simulators provide necessary training

and experience"

Ad antages of local defence



Advantages of local defenceindustry"n Reduces SAF dependence on foreign arms

suppliers as countries may not be willing toshare technology"

n Designs and manufactures defenceweapon system to suit local soldiers’ needsto fight effectively"

n Modifies and upgrades weapon systems toincrease relevance"

n Helps SAF maintain weapons and

equipment"



"Through solid economic reform over the past three decades, Singaporehas been able to invest heavily in defence and now consistently spendsabout 5 per cent of its gross domestic product on developing its military -far more than any other country in the region. This investment has seen its

only dominant defence company - Singapore Technologies Engineering(ST Engineering) - become one of the world's most important defencefirms, with more than 100 subsidiaries in 21 countries."

"Through its Temasek Holidings investment company, the government ofSingapore owns the majority share of ST Engineering. As a likely result ofthis, ST Engineering has a very close working relationship with thecountry's armed forces. The relationship between the two is described bySingaporeans themselves as a 'defence ecosystem'. "

"Industry itself is completely dominated by the four arms of Singapore

Technologies Engineering (ST Kinetics, ST Aerospace, ST Marine and STElectronics), and the company liaises with the Singapore Armed Forces(SAF) in user trials, and developing and producing systems and platforms.All are closely linked, from shared interests to cross-posted personnel."

- Jane’s World Defence Industry



"While the SAF's primary mission

must still be the defence ofSingapore's sovereignty andterritorial integrity, we remain

committed to contributing tointernational security operations asthese too can affect the vital

interests of Singapore." – RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean



Military Co-operation"n Defence diplomacy develops SAF abilityto work with friendly forces and builds

close ties with other militaries"n Interactions and activities include"n Joint exercises and training"n High-level visits"n Seminars and talks"n

Attachments and courses"



Military Co-operation"n Bilateral exercises with Australia, India,

NZ, Taiwan, USA"n

Alliances with UK, Australia, NZ,Malaysia (under FPDA) and Thailand "n Air Force training facilities in Australia

and USA; Army exercises in Thailand,Brunei, Australia and Taiwan"



Military Co-operation"n

Five Power Defence Arrangements(FPDA)"n Formed in 1971 to preserve peace in the

region"n Member countries: Singapore, Malaysia,

Australia, New Zealand, UK"n Member states obliged to consult each

other on military matters/threats"n Deterrence against external threats to

Singapore and Malaysia"




UN peacekeepingcontributions"n Over 800 personnel

from 1989-1999 " (e.g. Kosovo, Kuwait& East Timor)"

n Humanitarian aid

missions"n 2004 Aceh tsunami"n 2005 hurricane

Katrina"




1991 US-Singapore Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU)"n Allows US access to SG air and naval

bases for training and resupply"

n 1992: US Navy logistics unit established inSG "

n 2005: Strategic Framework Agreementsigned to expand cooperation in defenseand security"



How Military Co operaiton



How Military Co-operaitonContributes to Deterrence"n Joint exercises and overseas training

bases provides much-needed combatexperience"

n Alliances allow access to training info,intelligence, and military hardware/tech"

n Alliances provide collective securityagainst regional threats "



"Being a small state in asometimes turbulent region,

security is imperative for ourvery survival."




SCS book pg. 58



Total Defence"n Framework for a comprehensive & integrated

response to various threats to SG’s securityintroduced in 1984"

n Five elements of TD allow SG to effectivelyrespond to a range of internal and externalthreats to national security and stability"

n Highlights importance of civilian role in SG’sdefence against military & non-military threats"

How Total Defence Contributes



How Total Defence Contributesto Deterrence"n Being prepared to deal with a range of threats

makes Singapore less vulnerable tounconventional attacks"



Structured Essay Question""“Defence Technology is what makes theSAF a most effective military deterrent.” "

"Do you agree with the statement? Explainyour answer. " [12]"

national securnopity 1 deterrence

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