2019-2020 Supplement National Security Law Sixth Edition and Counterterrorism Law Third Edition

EDITORIAL ADVISORS Rachel E. Barkow Segal Family Professor of Regulatory Law and Policy Faculty Director, Center on the Administration of Criminal Law New York University School of Law Erwin Chemerinsky Dean and Jesse H. Choper Distinguished Professor of Law University of California, Berkeley School of Law Richard A. Epstein Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law New York University School of Law Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow The Hoover Institution Senior Lecturer in Law The University of Chicago Ronald J. Gilson Charles J. Meyers Professor of Law and Business Stanford University Marc and Eva Stern Professor of Law and Business Columbia Law School James E. Krier Earl Warren DeLano Professor of Law The University of Michigan Law School Tracey L. Meares Walton Hale Hamilton Professor of Law Director, The Justice Collaboratory Yale Law School Richard K. Neumann, Jr. Alexander Bickel Professor of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University Robert H. Sitkoff John L. Gray Professor of Law Harvard Law School David Alan Sklansky Stanley Morrison Professor of Law Faculty Co-Director, Stanford Criminal Justice Center Stanford Law School

ASPEN CASEBOOK SERIES

2019–2020 Supplement National Security Law Sixth Edition and Counterterrorism Law Third Edition Stephen Dycus Professor of Law Vermont Law School William C. Banks College of Law Board of Advisors Distinguished Professor Syracuse University College of Law Peter Raven-Hansen Glen Earl Weston Research Professor of Law Emeritus George Washington University Stephen I. Vladeck A. Dalton Cross Professor in Law University of Texas School of Law

Copyright © 2019 Stephen Dycus, William C. Banks, Peter Raven-Hansen, and Stephen I. Vladeck. Published by Wolters Kluwer in New York. Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S. serves customers worldwide with CCH, Aspen Publishers, and Kluwer Law International products. (www.WKLegaledu.com) No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or utilized by any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. For information about permissions or to request permissions online, visit us at www.WKLegaledu.com, or a written request may be faxed to our permissions department at 212-771-0803. To contact Customer Service, e-mail customer.service@wolterskluwer.com, call 1-800-234-1660, fax 1-800-901-9075, or mail correspondence to: Wolters Kluwer Attn: Order Department PO Box 990 Frederick, MD 21705 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ISBN 978-1-5438-0937-4

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Contents

Preface xv Teacher’s Guide for National Security Law (6th edition) xix Teacher’s Guide for Counterterrorism Law (3d edition) xxvii Table of Cases xxxiii Note on the Recognition Power 1 The President’s Emergency Powers 1 Wielding the Appropriations Power 14 Note on the Nondelegation Doctrine 35 Standing to Sue and the Political Question Doctrine 36 A Cause of Action? 59 Note on Hernandez v. Mesa (2017) 66 Note on the JCPOA 66 Note on Justice Alito and Incorporation of the Law of Nations 68 Note on Hernandez v. Mesa (2017) 69 Note on Rodriguez v. Swartz (9th Cir. 2018) 69 Note on Bivens and the Presumption Against Extraterritoriality 70 Note on ICC Jurisdiction Over Aggression 71 Note on Human Rights Law and U.S. Military Operations Overseas 72 Note on the United States and the ICC 73 United States v. Hamidullin (4th Cir. 2018) 73

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Note on the Law of War Manual 84 Note on President Trump and Servicemember Pardons 85 A Plan for Transition to Peace 85 Note on May 2019 Persian Gulf Deployments 86 Deletion of Part of Note 87 Notes on Deployment of U.S. Troops in Syria 87 S.J. Res. 59 (The “Corker-Kaine” Draft AUMF) 90 Notes on War with Iran and Expanding the Battlefield 93 Table on Comparative Numbers of Drone Strikes 96 Note on Presidential Policy Guidance 96 Note on Reporting on Civilian Casualties 97 Notes on Relaxation of Combat Rules and Congressional Oversight 97 Note on Role of Government Lawyers 99 Note on Zaidan v. Trump (D.D.C. 2018) 100 Note on the Role of Contractors 100 Note on the “Drone Memos” 100 Note on Reported CYBERCOM Operations 100 Note on Russian Hacking of U.S. Infrastructure 101 Note on Preemptive Cyber Counterattacks 102 Note on a Role for Private Industry 103 Materials on New DOD Cyber Strategy 104

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Notes on DOD Capabilities 105 Notes on Domestic Authority for Cyber Operations 107 Cyber War of Ideas 110 Note on the National Intelligence Budget 112 Note on Transparency in the Intelligence Community 113 Note on Suspicious Activity Reports 113 Note on the Logan Act 114 Note on Sabotage as a Covert Program 115 Note on International Law Restrictions 115 Note on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 116 Note on United States v. Ganias (2d Cir. 2016) (en banc) 116 Cross-Reference to Carpenter v. United States (2018) 116 Note on “Going Dark” and Exceptional Access to Locked Devices 116 Note on Minimization and Unmasking 117 Note on Fazaga v. FBI (9th Cir. 2019) 119 Note on FISA Trends 119 Note on the FISA Court of Review and Standing to Seek Release of Opinions 120 Note on U.S-Person Queries of Section 702 Data 121 Notes on Ending Upstream “About” Collection, Continuing Procedural Changes, and the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 2017 122

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Carpenter v. United States (2018) 126 Notes on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 152 Note on Privacy v. Property 152 Cross-Reference to Carpenter v. United States (2018) 153 Voiceprints and Voice Data Stored by Smart Speakers and Compelled Passwords 153 Deletion of Note on “Requiem for the Third-Party Doctrine” 154 Note on Extraterritoriality of the Stored Communications Act 154 Note on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 155 Note on the Use of Bulk Collection 155 Note on the Use of National Security Letters 156 Note on the End of Bulk Collection 156 Note on Forensic Searches and the Border Search Doctrine 157 Note on CBP Policy for Border Searches of Electronic Devices 158 Note on the REAL ID Act 159 Note on Beydoun v. Sessions (6th Cir. 2017) 159 Note on Ibrahim v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security (9th Cir. 2019) 160 Note on Private Access to Government Watchlists 160 Note on Tanvir v. Tanzin (2d Cir. 2018) 161 The Trump Administration Travel Bans 162 Note on Undocumented Immigrants and the Suspension Clause 200

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Note on Overruling Korematsu 201 Note on ACLUF v. Mattis (D.D.C. 2017) 202 Text of 2012 NDAA §§1021-1022 205 Doe v. Mattis (D.C. Cir. 2018) 207 Note on Al-Alwi v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2018) 219 Note on Due Process at Guantánamo 219 Note on President Trump and Guantánamo 220 Update to Statutory Text on “Grave Breaches” 221 Note on the McCain-Feinstein Amendment 221 Note on Efforts to Obtain Full SSCI Torture Report 222 Note on Civil Liability of Contractors 223 Note on ECHR Rulings Against Lithuania and Romania 226 Note on Treason 227 Note on Abu Khattalah and the “Slow Ship” 228 Note on United States v. Paracha (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 229 Note on Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2016) (en banc) 230 Note on War Crimes Without a War 232 Notes on Al-Nashiri and the “Ten-Layer Dip” and Personal Jurisdiction Over U.S. Citizens 233 Note on Hawaii Missile Alert 236 Note on DHS Cybersecurity Strategy 237

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Interstate Quarantine Regulations 238 Note on Renumbering of Statutes 240 Note on Securing the Border 240 Note on Homeland Defense 241 Note on Background Checks and Security Clearances 243 Note on the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 244 Note on “Agency” Records 244 Note on Other Statutes Requiring Secrecy 245 Note on Selective Voluntary Disclosure 245 Note on 2014 Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments 246 Note on Access to FISC Records 248 Note on Standing to Seek Access to FISC Opinions 249 Dhiab v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2017) 249 Note on Congressional Subpoena of DOJ Records 258 Note on Testimonial Immunity for Former Government Officials 260 Note on Inherent Contempt 261 Note on Suing to Enforce Congressional Subpoenas 261 Note on Executive Branch Access to Congressional Records 262 Notes on Declassification by Congress and Speech or Debate Clause 262 Note on Remedy for Breach of Prepublication Review Agreement 265 Note on “Authorized” Leaks 265

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Note on the Indictment of Julian Assange 267 Note on Targeting Leaks to Journalists 268 Note on the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) 268 Update to Statutory Text 269 Note on JASTA and the Anti-Terrorism Act 269 Notes on JASTA and Primary Liability 269 Note on JASTA and Secondary Liability 271 Note on Halberstam Liability Under JASTA 273 Note on the Anti-Terrorism Clarification Act of 2018 273 Note on the Alien Tort Statute 273 Note on Adhikari v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. (5th Cir. 2017) 276 Note on Default Judgments 276 Note on Passage of JASTA 277

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Preface

Just when we thought that the deluge of new national security law developments might slow after last year’s flood, it’s déjà vu all over again. We know now to be strapped in and prepared to absorb, digest, and reproduce in teachable ways the continuing wave of notable changes during and arising from the Trump administration.

As this Supplement goes to press, for example, multiple federal courts are wrestling with the Administration’s efforts to build a border wall, prompting us to take a deep dive into appropriations law, alongside an analysis of the President’s statutory and constitutional emergency authorities. The Ninth Circuit’s July 2019 decision denying the government’s application to stay the district court’s injunction in Sierra Club v. Trump, excerpted here, is the perfect vehicle to do this. Other changes, also still underway at this writing, go to the very heart of our democratic government of separated powers. Investigations of Russian interference in the 2016 elections and beyond have generated an unprecedented number of clashes between the Executive and House of Representatives over access to information, with important implications for national security. As we point out in this Supplement, there are few precedents, and the stakes are remarkably high. In the meantime, evidence of Russian efforts to intrude on critical U.S. infrastructure and of possible tit-for-tat U.S. intrusions on Russian infrastructure has presented new challenges in the evolving field of cyber security law, documented here. A new Department of Defense Cyber Strategy proclaims for the first time that the U.S. will “defend forward to disrupt or halt malicious cyber activity at its source,” raising fresh questions about the use of cyber tools short of armed conflict. And the 2019 NDAA authorizes the “National Command Authority” to respond to ongoing attacks on the United States in cyberspace from China, Russia, North Korea, or Iran by taking “appropriate and proportional action in foreign cyberspace to disrupt, defeat, and deter such attacks.” These new authorities may, incidentally, curtail congressional oversight of such secret operations. U.S. armed forces continue to fight in Afghanistan and to confront ISIS and spin-off terrorists in several locations in Africa and the Middle East without explicit legal authority. Congress, meanwhile, has continued fitful — and, to date, unsuccessful — efforts to repeal or modify the 2001 AUMF, even while the Trump administration seems poised to go to war with Iran in the wake of a drone shoot-down and

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mining of commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf. These developments are also analyzed in this Supplement. Closer to home, unabated screening and detentions at the borders continue to generate litigation and a broad range of new case law on habeas corpus and immigration. In addition, the ongoing chaos of the Guantánamo military commissions has generated new case law and new issues, even as the Administration persists in relying on these tribunals to prosecute some accused terrorists. And the Guantánamo detainees continue to generate important new rulings in their habeas cases, as well, including a major June 2019 ruling on the applicability of the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause in such cases.

We have tried to keep up with these and many other developments without overly complicating the use of the core casebooks. Achieving that practical goal necessarily requires discriminating selection and presentation. As in past supplements, we have carefully edited the principal new cases and supplied a minimum of new Notes and Questions, trusting our enterprising adopters to use (and embellish) them as they feel best fits their teaching goals.

This Supplement serves two closely related casebooks: National Security Law (6th ed.) and Counterterrorism Law (3d ed.). This Preface is followed immediately by two Teacher=s Guides, one for each book, which indicate the placement of supplemental materials within each casebook (and are intended to make it easier for adopters to match Supplement entries to their syllabi). Each entry in the Supplement is accompanied by a reference to one or both casebooks. For example, the new materials on the Trump administration travel bans appear with this instruction: [NSL p. 826, CTL p. 454. Insert after Note 4.] ANSL@ refers to National Security Law (6th ed.), and ACTL@ to Counterterrorism Law (3d ed.).

As important new developments arise during the coming year, we will continue to document them by posting edited new materials on the websites for the two casebooks — supplements to this Supplement — from which they may be downloaded by teachers and shared with students. The website for National Security Law (6th ed.) may be found at http://www.aspenlawschool.com/books/Dycus_NatSec/default.asp; the website for Counterterrorism Law (3d ed.) may be found at http://www.aspenlawschool.com/books/Dycus_CounterTerror/ default.asp. For each book, log in with a validated professor account for access to our materials.

The accumulation of developments since our last edition accounts for our lengthening Supplement. But it also justifies a seventh edition of the

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NSL book, and a fourth edition of the CTL book, both of which are forthcoming in 2020. These new editions are well underway, and they will be available in plenty of time for fall 2020 adoptions.

As always, we are extremely grateful to our adopters, fellow members of the National Security Law Section of the Association of American Law Schools, fellow members of the Editorial Board of the Journal of National Security Law & Policy, fellow casebook authors (our collaborators in building the field), members of the ABA Standing Committee on Law and National Security, and our many friends in the national security community. We also wish to thank our research assistants. Finally, we wish to express our gratitude to John Devins and Carol McGeehan, our long-time editors and friends, for their longstanding encouragement and support.

Stephen Dycus William C. Banks

Peter Raven-Hansen Stephen I. Vladeck

July 10, 2019

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Teacher’s Guide for National Security Law (6th edition) Casebook Page Supplement Page

Chapter 4. The President’s National Security Powers Page 80 Note on the Recognition Power 1 Page 95 The President’s Emergency Powers 1

Chapter 5. Congress’s National Security Powers Page 121 Wielding the Appropriations Power 14 Page 126 Note on the Nondelegation Doctrine 35

Chapter 6. The Courts’ National Security Powers Page 137 Standing to Sue and the Political Question Doctrine 36 Page 158 A Cause of Action? 59 Page 161 Note on Hernandez v. Mesa (2017) 66 Chapter 7. The Domestic Effect of International Law

Page 196 Note on the JCPOA 66 Page 218 Note on Justice Alito and Incorporation of the Law of

Nations 68

Chapter 8. The Extraterritorial Reach of U.S. Law Page 239 Note on Hernandez v. Mesa (2017) 69 Page 239 Note on Rodriguez v. Swartz (9th Cir. 2018) 69 Page 247 Note on Bivens and the Presumption Against

Extraterritoriality 70

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Chapter 9. The Right to Wage War (jus ad bellum) Page 274 Note on ICC Jurisdiction Over Aggression 71

Chapter 10. International Humanitarian Law (jus in bello)

Page 282 Note on Human Rights Law and U.S. Military

Operations Overseas 72 Page 299 Note on the United States and the ICC 73 Page 299 United States v. Hamidullin (4th Cir. 2018) 73 Page 313 Note on the Law of War Manual 84 Page 313 Note on President Trump and Servicemember Pardons 85

Chapter 12. Collective Use of Force Page 380 A Plan for Transition to Peace 85

Chapter 13. Unilateral Use of Force Page 388 Note on May 2019 Persian Gulf Deployments 86 Page 409 Deletion of Part of Note 87 Page 409 Notes on Deployment of U.S. Troops in Syria 87 Page 409 S.J. Res. 59 (The “Corker-Kaine” Draft AUMF) 90 Page 409 Notes on War with Iran and Expanding the

Battlefield 93

Chapter 14. Targeting Terrorists Page 420 Table on Comparative Numbers of Drone Strikes 96 Page 427 Note on Presidential Policy Guidance 96 Page 427 Note on Reporting on Civilian Casualties 97 Page 428 Notes on Relaxation of Combat Rules and Congressional Oversight 97 Page 429 Note on Role of Government Lawyers 99 Page 442 Note on Zaidan v. Trump (D.D.C. 2018) 100 Page 443 Note on the Role of Contractors 100 Page 443 Note on the “Drone Memos” 100

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Chapter 15. Cyber Operations Page 454 Note on Reported CYBERCOM Operations 100 Page 455 Note on Russian Hacking of U.S. Infrastructure 101 Page 455 Note on Preemptive Cyber Counterattacks 102 Page 455 Note on a Role for Private Industry 103 Page 460 Materials on New DOD Cyber Strategy 104 Page 462 Notes on DOD Capabilities 105 Page 463 Notes on Domestic Authority for Cyber Operations 107 Page 465 Cyber War of Ideas 110

Chapter 18. Organization of and Authority for the Intelligence Community

Page 538 Note on the National Intelligence Budget 112 Page 541 Note on Transparency in the Intelligence

Community 113 Page 543 Note on Suspicious Activity Reports 113

Chapter 19. Covert Actions in Principle and Practice Page 548 Note on the Logan Act 114

Chapter 20. Shadow War Page 571 Note on Sabotage as a Covert Program 115 Page 578 Note on International Law Restrictions 115

Chapter 21. The Fourth Amendment and National Security

Page 593 Note on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 116 Page 606 Note on United States v. Ganias (2d Cir. 2016)

(en banc) 116 Page 614 Cross-Reference to Carpenter v. United States

(2018) 116 Page 621 Note on “Going Dark” and Exceptional Access to

Locked Devices 116

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Chapter 22. Congressional Authority for Foreign Intelligence Surveillance

Page 650 Note on Minimization and Unmasking 117 Page 650 Note on Fazaga v. FBI (9th Cir. 2019) 119 Page 660 Note on FISA Trends 119 Page 664 Note on the FISA Court of Review and Standing to Seek Release of Opinions 120 Chapter 23. Programmatic Electronic Surveillance for

Foreign Intelligence Page 701 Note on U.S-Person Queries of Section 702 Data 121 Page 704 Notes on Ending Upstream “About” Collection,

Continuing Procedural Changes, and the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 2017 122

Chapter 24. Third-Party Records —

Targeted Collection Page 712 Carpenter v. United States (2018) 126 Page 713 Notes on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 152 Page 714 Note on Privacy v. Property 152 Page 717 Cross-Reference to Carpenter v. United States (2018) 153 Page 720 Voiceprints and Voice Data Stored by Smart Speakers and Compelled Passwords 153 Page 720 Deletion of Note on “Requiem for the Third-Party

Doctrine” 154 Page 737 Note on Extraterritoriality of the Stored

Communications Act 154

Chapter 25. Bulk Collection and Data Mining Page 764 Note on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 155 Page 768 Note on the Use of Bulk Collection 155 Page 768 Note on the Use of National Security Letters 156 Page 768 Note on the End of Bulk Collection 156

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Chapter 26. Screening for Security Page 789 Note on Forensic Searches and the Border Search

Doctrine 157 Page 790 Note on CBP Policy for Border Searches of Electronic Devices 158 Page 792 Note on the REAL ID Act 159 Page 806 Note on Beydoun v. Sessions (6th Cir. 2017) 159 Page 808 Note on Ibrahim v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security

(9th Cir. 2019) 160 Page 808 Note on Private Access to Government Watchlists 160 Page 826 Note on Tanvir v. Tanzin (2d Cir. 2018) 161 Page 826 The Trump Administration Travel Bans 162

Chapter 28. Habeas Corpus: The Scope of the Suspension Clause

Page 874 Note on Undocumented Immigrants and the Suspension Clause 200

Chapter 29. Military Detention of U.S. Persons Page 897 Note on Overruling Korematsu 201 Page 915 Note on ACLUF v. Mattis (D.D.C. 2017) 202 Page 920 Text of 2012 NDAA §§1021-1022 205 Page 920 Doe v. Mattis (D.C. Cir. 2018) 207

Chapter 30. Military Detention of Non-U.S. Persons Page 951 Note on Al-Alwi v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2018) 219 Page 952 Note on Due Process at Guantánamo 219 Page 954 Note on President Trump and Guantánamo 220

Chapter 32. Interrogating Terrorist Suspects Page 1010 Update to Statutory Text on “Grave Breaches” 221 Page 1014 Note on the McCain-Feinstein Amendment 221

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Chapter 33. Case Study of Coercive Interrogation of Detainees in U.S. Custody After 9/11

Page 1037 Note on Efforts to Obtain Full SSCI Torture Report 222 Page 1047 Note on Civil Liability of Contractors 223 Page 1051 Note on ECHR Rulings Against Lithuania and Romania 226

Chapter 34. Criminalizing Terrorism and Material Support

Page 1064 Note on Treason 227 Chapter 35. The Procedural Path to Terrorism Trials

Page 1112 Note on Abu Khattalah and the “Slow Ship” 228

Chapter 36. Secret Evidence in Criminal Trials Page 1156 Note on United States v. Paracha (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 229

Chapter 37. Trial by Military Commission Page 1192 Note on Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2016) (en banc) 230 Page 1194 Note on War Crimes Without a War 232 Page 1196 Notes on Al-Nashiri and the “Ten-Layer Dip” and

Personal Jurisdiction Over U.S. Citizens 233

Chapter 38. Homeland Security Page 1206 Note on Hawaii Missile Alert 236 Page 1213 Note on DHS Cybersecurity Strategy 237 Page 1224 Interstate Quarantine Regulations 238

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Chapter 39. The Military’s Domestic Role Page 1236 Note on Renumbering of Statutes 240 Page 1242 Note on Securing the Border 240 Page 1252 Note on Homeland Defense 241

Chapter 40. Regulating Access to National Security Information

Page 1279 Note on Background Checks and Security Clearances 243

Chapter 41. Statutory Access to National Security Information

Page 1291 Note on the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 244 Page 1293 Note on “Agency” Records 244 Page 1294 Note on Other Statutes Requiring Secrecy 245 Page 1310 Note on Selective Voluntary Disclosure 245 Page 1318 Note on 2014 Presidential and Federal Records

Act Amendments 246

Chapter 42. Other Grounds for Access to National Security Information

Page 1334 Note on Access to FISC Records 248 Page 1334 Note on Standing to Seek Access to FISC Opinions 249 Page 1335 Dhiab v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2017) 249 Page 1342 Note on Congressional Subpoena of DOJ Records 258 Page 1343 Note on Testimonial Immunity for Former Government Officials 260 Page 1344 Note on Inherent Contempt 261 Page 1345 Note on Suing to Enforce Congressional Subpoenas 261 Page 1346 Note on Executive Branch Access to

Congressional Records 262 Page 1346 Notes on Declassification by Congress and

Speech or Debate Clause 262

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Chapter 43. Restraining Unauthorized Disclosures of National Security Information

Page 1358 Note on Remedy for Breach of Prepublication Review Agreement 265 Page 1381 Note on “Authorized” Leaks 265

Chapter 44. Restraints on Publication of National

Security Information Page 1409 Note on the Indictment of Julian Assange 267 Page 1417 Note on Targeting Leaks to Journalists 268

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Teacher’s Guide for Counterterrorism Law (3d edition) Casebook Page Supplement Page

Chapter 2. Extraterritorial Reach of U.S. Law Page 49 Note on Hernandez v. Mesa (2017) 69 Page 49 Note on Rodriguez v. Swartz (9th Cir. 2018) 69 Page 57 Note on Bivens and the Presumption Against

Extraterritoriality 70

Chapter 4. International Humanitarian Law (jus in bello)

Page 106 Note on Human Rights Law and U.S. Military

Operations Overseas 72 Page 123 Note on the United States and the ICC 73 Page 123 United States v. Hamidullin (4th Cir. 2018) 73 Page 137 Note on the Law of War Manual 84 Page 137 Note on President Trump and Servicemember Pardons 85

Chapter 5. Targeting Terrorists Page 142 Table on Comparative Numbers of Drone Strikes 96 Page 149 Note on Presidential Policy Guidance 96 Page 149 Note on Reporting on Civilian Casualties 97 Page 150 Notes on Relaxation of Combat Rules and Congressional Oversight 97 Page 151 Note on Role of Government Lawyers 99 Page 163 Note on Zaidan v. Trump (D.D.C. 2018) 100 Page 165 Note on the Role of Contractors 100 Page 165 Note on the “Drone Memos” 100

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Chapter 7. The Fourth Amendment and Counterterrorism

Page 221 Note on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 116 Page 234 Note on United States v. Ganias (2d Cir. 2016)

(en banc) 116 Page 242 Cross-Reference to Carpenter v. United States

(2018) 116 Page 249 Note on “Going Dark” and Exceptional Access to

Locked Devices 116

Chapter 8. Congressional Authority for Foreign Intelligence Surveillance

Page 329 Note on U.S-Person Queries of Section 702 Data 121 Page 332 Notes on Ending Upstream “About” Collection,

Continuing Procedural Changes, and the FISA Amendments Reauthorization Act of 2017 122

Chapter 10. Third-Party Records —

Targeted Collection Page 340 Carpenter v. United States (2018) 126 Page 341 Notes on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 152 Page 342 Note on Privacy v. Property 152 Page 345 Cross-Reference to Carpenter v. United States (2018) 153 Page 348 Voiceprints and Voice Data Stored by Smart Speakers and Compelled Passwords 153 Page 348 Deletion of Note on “Requiem for the Third-Party

Doctrine” 154 Page 365 Note on Extraterritoriality of the Stored

Communications Act 154

Chapter 11. Bulk Collection and Data Mining Page 392 Note on Carpenter v. United States (2018) 155 Page 396 Note on the Use of Bulk Collection 155 Page 396 Note on the Use of National Security Letters 156 Page 396 Note on the End of Bulk Collection 156

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Chapter 12. Screening for Security Page 417 Note on Forensic Searches and the Border Search

Doctrine 157 Page 418 Note on CBP Policy for Border Searches of Electronic Devices 158 Page 420 Note on the REAL ID Act 159 Page 435 Note on Beydoun v. Sessions (6th Cir. 2017) 159 Page 436 Note on Ibrahim v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security

(9th Cir. 2019) 160 Page 436 Note on Private Access to Government Watchlists 160 Page 454 Note on Tanvir v. Tanzin (2d Cir. 2018) 161 Page 454 The Trump Administration Travel Bans 162

Chapter 14. Habeas Corpus: The Scope of the Suspension Clause

Page 502 Note on Undocumented Immigrants and the Suspension Clause 200

Chapter 15. Military Detention of U.S. Persons Page 525 Note on Overruling Korematsu 201 Page 543 Note on ACLUF v. Mattis (D.D.C. 2017) 202 Page 548 Text of 2012 NDAA §§1021-1022 205 Page 548 Doe v. Mattis (D.C. Cir. 2018) 207

Chapter 16. Military Detention of Non-U.S. Persons Page 579 Note on Al-Alwi v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2018) 219 Page 580 Note on Due Process at Guantánamo 219 Page 582 Note on President Trump and Guantánamo 220

Chapter 18. Interrogating Terrorist Suspects Page 638 Update to Statutory Text on “Grave Breaches” 221 Page 642 Note on the McCain-Feinstein Amendment 221

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Chapter 19. Case Study of Coercive Interrogation of Detainees in U.S. Custody After 9/11

Page 665 Note on Efforts to Obtain Full SSCI Torture Report 222 Page 675 Note on Civil Liability of Contractors 223 Page 679 Note on ECHR Rulings Against Lithuania and Romania 226

Chapter 20. Criminalizing Terrorism and Material Support

Page 692 Note on Treason 227 Chapter 21. The Procedural Path to Terrorism Trials

Page 740 Note on Abu Khattalah and the “Slow Ship” 228

Chapter 22. Secret Evidence in Criminal Trials Page 784 Note on United States v. Paracha (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 229

Chapter 23. Trial by Military Commission Page 820 Note on Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2016) (en banc) 230 Page 822 Note on War Crimes Without a War 232 Page 824 Notes on Al-Nashiri and the “Ten-Layer Dip” and

Personal Jurisdiction Over U.S. Citizens 233

Chapter 24. Homeland Security Page 834 Note on Hawaii Missile Alert 236 Page 841 Note on DHS Cybersecurity Strategy 237 Page 852 Interstate Quarantine Regulations 238

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Chapter 25. The Military’s Domestic Role Page 864 Note on Renumbering of Statutes 240 Page 870 Note on Securing the Border 240 Page 880 Note on Homeland Defense 241

Chapter 27. Suing Terrorists and Their Supporters

Page 927 Note on the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act

(JASTA) 268 Page 928 Update to Statutory Text 269 Page 928 Note on JASTA and the Anti-Terrorism Act 269 Page 937 Notes on JASTA and Primary Liability 269 Page 937 Note on JASTA and Secondary Liability 271 Page 938 Note on Halberstam Liability Under JASTA 273 Page 939 Note on the Anti-Terrorism Clarification Act

of 2018 273 Page 939 Note on the Alien Tort Statute 273 Page 940 Note on Adhikari v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. (5th Cir. 2017) 276 Page 948 Note on Default Judgments 276 Page 953 Note on Passage of JASTA 277

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Table of Cases [Case Title Redacted] (FISA Ct. 2018) 121, 123 ACLU Found. ex rel. Unnamed U.S. Citizen v. Mattis

(D.D.C. 2017) 202 ACLU v. CIA (D.C. Cir. 2016), cert. denied (2017) 222 Adhikari v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. (5th Cir. 2017), cert. denied (2018) 276 Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2016) (“Al Bahlul III”), cert. denied (2017) 230 Al Nashiri v. Obama (D.D.C. 2014) 232 Al Shimari v. CACI Premier Tech., Inc. (4th Cir. 2014) 224 Al Shimari v. CACI Premier Tech., Inc. (4th Cir. 2016) 58 Al Shimari v. CACI Premier Tech., Inc. (E.D. Va. 2018) 223, 224 Al Shimari v. CACI Premier Tech., Inc. (E.D. Va. 2019) 224 Alasaad v. Nielsen (D. Mass. 2018) 159 Am. K-9 Detection Servs., LLC v. Freeman (Tex. 2018) 59 Arab Am. Civil Rights League v. Trump (E.D. Mich. 2019) 199 Baker v. Spath (D.D.C. 2018) 235 Beydoun v. Sessions (6th Cir. 2017) 159 Bissonnette v. Podlaski (N.D. Ind. 2018) 265 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of

the Fed. Bureau of Narcotics (1971) 62

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Blumenthal v. Trump (D.D.C. 2018) 49 Campbell v. Clinton (D.C. Cir. 2000) 46, 56 Carpenter v. United States (2018) 116, 126, 152, 153, 155 Case of Abu Zubaydah v. Lithuania (Eur. Ct. Hum. Rts. 2018) 226 Case of al-Nashiri v. Romania (Eur. Ct. Hum. Rts. 2018) 226 Castro v. Dep’t of Homeland Security (3d Cir. 2016) 200 Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. Trump

(D.D.C. 2018) 247 Comm. on Ways & Means v. U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury (D.D.C. 2019) 262 Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981) 7 Darweesh v. Trump (E.D.N.Y. 2017) 163 Dhiab v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2017) 249 Doe v. Mattis (D.D.C. 2018) 203 Doe v. Mattis (D.C. Cir. 2018) 207 Feres v. United States (1950) 62 Gravel v. United States (1972) 264 Gundy v. United States (2019) 35 Halberstam v. Welch (D.C. Cir. 1972) 271 Harris v. Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. (3d Cir. 2013) 59 Hawai’i v. Trump (D. Haw. 2017) 166 Hawai’i v. Trump (9th Cir. 2017) 166, 167

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Hernandez v. Mesa (5th Cir. 2018) 64, 66, 69, 70 Hernandez v. Mesa (2017) 66, 69 Hernandez v. United States (5th Cir. 2015) 66 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Proj. (2010) 270 Home Bldg. & Loan Ass’n v. Blaisdell (1934) 13 Ibrahim v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security (9th Cir. 2019) 160 In re al-Nashiri (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“Al Nashiri I”) 232 In re al-Nashiri (D.C. Cir. 2016) (“Al Nashiri II”), cert. denied (2017) 232 In re al-Nashiri (D.C. Cir. 2019) (“Al Nashiri III”) 234 In re Certification of Questions of Law (FISA Ct. Rev. 2018) 120, 249 In re Debs (1895) 12 In re Motion for Release of Court Records (FISA Ct. 2007) 248 In re Neagle (1890) 10 In re Proceedings Required by § 702(i) (FISA Ct. 2008) 249 In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) 278 Int’l Refugee Assistance Proj. v. Trump (D. Md. 2017) 164 Int’l Refugee Assistance Proj. v. Trump (4th Cir. 2017) 164, 166 Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC (2018) 68, 274 Johnson v. CIA (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 245 Johnson v. CIA (2d Cir. 2019) 246 Kemper v. Deutsche Bank AG (7th Cir. 2018) 272

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Knight First Amendment Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. Trump (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 248 Knight First Amendment Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. Trump (2d Cir. 2019) 197, 247, 248 Korematsu v. United States (1944) 185 Lanus v. United States (2013) 62 Linde v. Arab Bank, PLC (2d Cir. 2018) 270, 271 Livnat v. Palestinian Auth. (D.C. Cir. 2017) 273 Louhghalam v. Trump (D. Mass. 2017) 163 Meshal v. Higginbotham (D.C. Cir. 2015) 70 Microsoft v. United States (2d Cir. 2016) 154 N.Y. Times Co. v. CIA (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 246, 266 Osorio-Martinez v. Attorney General (3d Cir. 2018) 201 O’Sullivan v. Deutsche Bank AG (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 272 Pietsch v. Bush (E.D.N.Y. 1991) 45 Qassim v. Trump (D.C. Cir. 2019) 219 Raines v. Byrd (1997) 46 Reid v. Covert (1957) 13 Salim v. Mitchell (E.D. Wash. 2016) 225 Salim v. Mitchell (E.D. Wash. 2017) 225 Sierra Club v. Trump (N.D. Cal. 2019) 48 Sierra Club v. Trump (9th Cir. 2019) 17, 48, 59

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Smith v. Obama (D.D.C. 2016) 36, 51 Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain (2004) 274 Spaulding v. Douglas Aircraft Co. (S.D. Cal. 1945) 16 State v. Trump (D. Haw. 2017) 167 Tanvir v. Tanzin (2d Cir. 2018) 62, 161 Thuraissigiam v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security (9th Cir. 2019) 201 Trump v. Committee on Oversight and Reform of

the U.S. House of Representatives (D.D.C. 2019) 259 Trump v. Deutsche Bank AG (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 259 Trump v. Int’l Refugee Assistance Proj. (2017) 166 Trump v. Hawaii (2017) 167 Trump v. Hawaii (2018) 167, 201, 227 United States v. Abu Khattallah (D.D.C. 2017) 228 United States v. Al-Nashiri (Ct. Mil. Comm’n Rev. 2018) 234 United States v. Assange (E.D. Va. 2019) 267 United States v. Ganias (2d Cir.), cert. denied (2016) 116 United States v. Hamidullin (4th Cir. 2018) 73 United States v. Internet Research Agency (D.D.C. 2018) 111 United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2018) 154 United States v. Mohammad (Mil. Comm’n Trial Judiciary 2018) 233 United States v. Paracha (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 230 United States v. Stanley (U.S. 1987) 63

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United States v. Touset (11th Cir. 2018) 157 United States v. McWilliams (D.D.C. 1944) 228 U.S. House of Representatives v. Mnuchin (D.D.C. 2019) 48 Waldman v. Palestine Liberation Org. (2d Cir. 2016) 273 Washington v. Trump (9th Cir. 2017) 163 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) 2, 9 Zaidan v. Trump (D.D.C. 2018) 44, 58, 100 Ziglar v. Abbasi (2017) 63