national repository · angelo paratore giorgio mingrone national repository & technology park...

National Repository Safe management of the Italian

radioactive waste

Legnaro, 2 May 2017

Angelo PARATORE

Giorgio MINGRONE

National Repository & Technology Park

NEA Workshop on the Management of

Non-Nuclear Radioactive Waste

Siting process in Italy

Generation of non-nuclear waste

National Repository

Technology Park

Waste disposal strategy

Siting process approaches

Italian waste classification

Esenti

(Exempt Waste)

Waste that can be free-released according to the Italian regulation

(T/2<75 d; < 1 Bq/g)

A vita media molto breve

(Very Short Lived)

Waste containing very short half-life radionuclides (T½ < 100 days)

that, within 5 years, can be free-released according to the Italian

regulation.

Attività Molto Bassa

(Very Low Activity)

Waste with a total radioactivity concentration ≤ 100 Bq/g of which

alpha-emitters ≤ 10 Bq/g.

Bassa Attività

(Low Activity)

Waste with a radioactivity concentration as follows:

- Short half-life radionuclides (T½ < 31 years) ≤ 5 MBq/g

- Long half-life radionuclides ≤ 400 Bq/g

- 59Ni and 63Ni ≤ 40 kBq/g

Media Attività

(Medium Activity)

Waste with a radioactivity concentration exceeding the LLW limits

and without heat generation.

Alta attività

(High Activity)

Waste with a high concentration of long half-life radionuclides

and/or heat generation.

Waste Category Limits

Radwaste inventory in Italy (Forecast of the overall volumes to be disposed of*)

* Estimation of waste generation in the next 50 years

[PERCENTUALE]

[PERCENTUALE]

[PERCENTUALE]

[PERCENTUALE]

Existing waste from the operations of NPP’s and Fuel Cycle installations, shut-down in the 80’s

Future waste from decommissioning of NPP’s and Fuel Cycle installations, shut-down in the 80’s

Non-nuclearinstitutional wastegenerated to date

Non-nuclearinstitutional wastefrom future medical,industry and researchactivities

42%

38%

18%

1%

VLLW

LLW

ILW

HLW

% on the basis of waste category % on the basis of waste origin

≈ 95.000 m3

Origin of non-nuclear waste in Italy (% of volumes generated to date)

Research

• Nuclear laboratories

• Research reactors

Industry

• Measures and control

• Accidental contaminations

• Diagnosis

• Therapy

Medicine

VLLW 22%

LLW 68%

ILW 10%

The progression of Research Reactors decommissioning activities will

probably increase the VLLW % in the future


• While waste from nuclear power production will be limited in time being

connected to the decommissioning of nuclear installations, the generation

of non-nuclear waste will continue in the future

• It is estimated that non-nuclear activities, mainly medicine and research,

will slightly expand in the future decades, hence increasing the annual

production of non-nuclear waste

• Most of such activities will use very short-lived radionuclides making the

resulting waste suitable for conventional disposal after decay below

clearance levels

• Remaining activities will be generating waste containing mainly C14 and

H3 and other medium/long lived radionuclides whose quantities will

increase to around 100 m3 per year in the next decades

• The majority of such waste will be VLLW and LLW



National Repository

Technology Park



IAEA disposal strategy

IAEA classifies radioactive waste according to the disposal solutions suitable for the different waste categories:

Waste which can be safely disposed of in surface repositories because they contain mainly short-lived isotopes (i.e. T/2 ≤ 30y; typically Sr-90 and Cs-137)

Waste which can be safely disposed of in deep repositories because they contain longer lived isotopes

High Level Waste can be safely disposed of only in deep geological repositories because they contain significant amount of long-lived isotopes, i.e. with half-lives up to several thousands of years

VLLW

LLW

ILW

HLW

Incr

easi

ng

de

pth

Disposal strategy in Italy

VLLW – LLW ILW – HLW

TEMPORARY STORAGE ON SITE (10-15 Y) TILL AVAILABILITY OF

NATIONAL REPOSITORY

NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL LONG-TERM STORAGE (MAX 50 Y)

TILL AVAILABILITY OF A GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORY

DISPOSAL IN A DEEP GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORY

VSLW

CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL AFTER

DECAY NATIONAL REPOSITORY



National Repository

Technology Park



National Repository

The preliminary design includes:

• the area dedicated to VLLW-LLW surface disposal

• the area which hosts the Complex for long-term storage of ILW-HLW

• the Technology Park, with common facilities and R&D labs devoted to D&WM as well as sustainable development activities to be agreed with the local communities

VLLW-LLW ILW-HLW

TECHNOLOGY PARK

VLLW-LLW disposal repository Wastes are conditioned in cilindrical or prismatic metallic containers by the producers. Final Waste Packages are then transported to the National Repository

The Modules are placed in reinforced concrete vaults 27m x 15,5 m x 10 m qualified for >300y life

The Final Waste Packages are inserted in reinforced concrete Modules 3 m x 2 m x 1,7 m qualified for >300y life to be realised on site

Once filled with modules and sealed, the vaults are capped with a final multi-layer cover which will protect them for the entire institutional control period (300 years)



National Repository

Technology Park




(1) S.- R. Arnstein (1969) "A Ladder Of Citizen Participation"

• The DAD (Decide, Announce, Defend)

decisional approach was gradually

abandoned in the 80’s

• The shift to citizens’ empowerment is still

ongoing: different ladders(1) can be

reached

• In RWM, decisions like localisation and

realisation of repositories, licensing for

temporary storage, rules about

transportation and so on, may be made

with more or less empowerment of

citizens

Roles and responsibilities

National policy

(1) For a complete overview at European level, “RWM Stakeholders Map in the EU”, Martell & Ferraro, May 2014

WMO Regul. Auth.

Local communities

Advisory / consultative

bodies

Waste producers

Scientific/ Technical expertise

NGO’s

Good quality of decision-making requires clear responsibilities.

In many countries, WMO are also responsible of the siting process.

In other cases, ad hoc agencies are constituted.

Customized siting process

National background (policy, culture, economy, history) must be taken into account, while framing an effective decision making process:

«No one size fits all»

Many countries tend to design a consent-based siting process, where local communities are involved in the decision-making process.

In some cases an expression of interest from local communities is the starting point.

In other countries the role of technical criteria is still strong, and local communities are involved in a subsequent phase.



National Repository

Technology Park



Siting approach in Italy

• Italy is following a mixed-mode approach, or ‘focused volunteerism’

• Sogin derived a National Map of Potentially Suitable Areas (CNAPI), upon application of technical criteria

• The publication of CNAPI will be authorised by the competent Ministries

• Within 4 months from its publication, the map will be debated in a national workshop and updated in a final version for approval by Ministerial Decree

• Concerned communities in the areas of the approved map will be asked for expressions of interest in hosting the infrastructure

• This approach aims to satisfy both challenges: a viable solution from a technical point of view, and a shared decision from a participation perspective

Siting process

The Italian Regulator published in June 2014 Technical Guide n.29 with the

siting criiteria for a near surface disposal facility

(http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/nucleare/TechnicalGuiden_29onsitingcriteria.pdf)

Two categories of criteria are defined:

Exclusion criteria

In the first phase of the siting process and on a

national scale they lead to the exclusion of areas

whose characteristics do not comply with the IAEA

principles

Investigation criteria

Investigation criteria can be applied to the not

excluded areas by means of data on a local scale

for further exclusion of unsuitable areas and/or for

ranking the remaining areas on the basis of their

suitability to host the repository (techno-economic

realization aspects)

http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/nucleare/TechnicalGuiden_29onsitingcriteria.pdf
















Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria are defined to exclude those areas of the national territory,

whose characteristics, together with the features of waste conditioning and

those of the facility’s engineering structures, do not ensure the necessary safety

margins for the confinement and isolation of the waste from the biosphere. For

example, the following areas are excluded:

• Areas with active or quiescent volcanoes

• Areas with high seismic activity (PGA ≥ 0,25 g)

• Areas characterized by geomorphological and/or hydraulic risk and/or

hazard of any grade

• Areas located above 700 m a.s.l.

• Areas characterised by an average slope > 10%

• Areas within 5 km from the current coast line or, if more distant, located

under 20 m a.s.l.

• Naturalistic areas, protected under the legislation in force

• Areas at an unsuitable distance from residential zones

Siting phases

• The exclusion criteria are applied, in overlap, on a national and regional level. The result constitutes the CNAPI proposal (National Map of Potentially Suitable Areas)

Phase 1: analysis of the national

territory

• After the expressions of interest collected from local authorities, the institutional agreements are framed. Then the possible suitable sites are identified within the areas selected in Phase 1

PHASE 2: analysis at a regional and local

level

• In areas with agreement, detailed technical surveys are carried out under the surveillance of ISPRA (national nuclear authority) to indicate the final site which will be subjected to safety analysis for the Site qualification

PHASE 3: detailed surveys and

analyses at the site level

TERRITORY

NOT EXCLUDED

CNAPI areas

NATIONAL TERRITORY

CNAI areas

CHOSEN SITE

AREAS WITH AGREEMENT

+ SITES

National Workshop and expressions of interest

AREAS WITH AGREEMENT

National Map of Potentially Suitable Areas

Sogin applied a procedure in two separate

phases, as suggested by IAEA:

• Regional mapping phase: areas are excluded if the analysis of the available data shows their non compliance with the Exclusion Criteria defined by ISPRA

• Site screening phase: areas are excluded or ranked according to more detailed data compared to the Investigation Criteria defined by ISPRA

The "potentially suitable areas" are areas, even

vast, which have characteristics favorable to the

identification of sites suitable for the localization

of the LILW repository.

Public consultation

• Online consultation process (about CNAPI and Preliminary Design)

• National Workshop (to update CNAPI and Preliminary Design with qualified stakeholder positions)

• Collection of expressions of interest to host the repository by the communities whose territories are included in the CNAPI

The publication of CNAPI will launch the public consultation with the

following steps:

Ongoing stakeholder engagement and communication activities

• Engagement of NGO’s, public institutions, professional bodies and

associations

• Scientific Committee (advisory body)

• Web campaign on waste management and repository awareness, social media

• New website (www.depositonazionale.it)

• Visits of European repositories arranged for Press and Institutional Bodies representatives

• Public events and fairs (Open Gate)

• Advertisment on TV, newspapers



National Repository

Technology Park



Technology Park

The National Repository will be realized within a Technology Park, i.e. a centre of excellence for advanced R&D on nuclear matters and sustainable development with structures dedicated to information and training. It will support the local communities bringing added value to the territory.

Foreseen research laboratories and infrastructures:

• New technologies for decommissioning and waste management activities

• Laboratories for Environmental Analyses

• Training School and visitors centre

• Additional research laboratories to be agreed with local authorities during the site selection phase

Benefits for the hosting communities

• Legislative Decree n. 31 of 2010 foresees direct economic benefits for the local communities whose size and delivery procedure shall be proposed and agreed during the consultation phase

• Indirect benefits will derive by the occupational workforce during the various phases of the National Repository & Technology Park life-cycle: an average of more than 1500 jobs are expected during the 5 years of construction and around 700 employees for the operational phase

• Long-term social and economic added value for the hosting region will be represented by the Technology Park and the relevant projects and activities

28

Thank you !

Angelo Paratore

Deputy Director

National Repository & Technology Park

+39 0683040.463 +39 0683040.249

+39 335 1332151 [email protected]

Sogin SpA - Via Marsala, 51/C – 00185 Roma - sogin.it

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