national policies & programs for slum upgrading in india: bridging the gap between policy &...

Rajiv Ranjan Mishra

Joint Secretary to the Government of India

Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation

Contents of the presentation The MDG Context

Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation

India’s urban and slum upgrading challenges

Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

Pictures of some projects

Slum upgrading as part of MDG Goal 7 on Ensuring Environmental Sustainability : India

Target 7D : by 2020, to have achieved a

significant improvement in the lives of at

least 100 million slum dwellers

“The target of improving the lives of at

least 100 million slum dwellers has

already been achieved twice-over….

more than 200 million slum dwellers

have gained access to improved water,

sanitation or durable and less crowded

housing..”

As per Census of India, in 2011, 65.5 mn

people, i.e. 17.4 % of urban population

lived in slums, reduced from 18.3% in

2001

“India has been successful in

improving the lives of slum dwellers,

having helped 59.7 million out of dire

conditions since the year 2000…”, State

of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging

the Urban Divide, UN-HABITAT.

Slum Population and Households in India- 2001 & 2011

2001 2011

Urban Households (Million) 55.83 80.89

Slum Households (Million) 10.15 13.92

Slum Households Size 5.2 4.7

Slum Population(Million) 52.37 65.49 % of Slum HHs to urban HHs 18.2% 17.2% % of Slum population to urban population 18.3% 17.4%

Contents of the presentation

The MDG Context



Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana

Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

(PMAY)


Parameter EIUS 1989

ILCS 1980

UBSP 1990

NSDP 1996

VAMBAY 2001

JnNURM 2005

AHIP 2009

ISHUP 2009

RAY 2012

~Size USD Mil 150 75 30 775 200 13,333 (5350)

1100 132

Shelter

Urban Basic Services

Toilets

Toilets

Community Infra

Land & Tenure

Policy Changes

Access to credit

Integrating real estate markets

PPP

Scale of the programme

Past National Programs on Slum upgrading: Steady progression

In JNNURM a program for urban infrastructure improvement 40% of the resources have been

allocated for slum upgrading and housing where as RAY is a slum-free India Project.

Parameter Indore SNP

Parivartan Ahmedaba

d SNP

In-situ Rehab-

Ahmedabad

Thane-BSUP

SRA Mumbai

Vijayawada Pimpri

Shelter

Urban Basic Services

Community Infra

Livelihood

Land & Tenure

Policy Changes

Access to credit SEWA Loans

Integrating real estate markets

PPP

Scale of the programme

Important City (or) State level initiatives


The MDG Context



Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yogana


(PMAY)


846.3

1028.6

1210.2

1523

217.6 286.1

377.1

598

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1991 2001 2011 2030

Total Population

Urban Population

Cities are likely to house 40% of India’s population by 2030

Around 600 million people will live in cities by 2030

India’s economy is likely to produce about 120 million jobs in cities

India will have 68 cities with population of more than 1 million by 2030

Source: Census, High Powered Expert Committee on Urban Infrastructure, and UN Population Division

Urbanization Trends : India is staring at an urban future

India faces significant urban challenges in the future

48994 5168856311

2008-09 2002 1993-94

While the number of

slums are steadily

decreasing …

The growth in urban poor

population has yet to be

arrested …

Data Sources: 11th FYP, Tendulkar Committee (URP), Projections for 2010-11, NSSO Round 65

75.176.380.8

86.1

2010-11 2004-05 1999-00 1987-88

Fig

ure

s i

n M

illio

n

Slums population is also expected to grow …

Data Source: Census of India 2001, 2011 and REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SLUM STATISTICS/CENSUS; NATIONAL

BUILDINGS ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION; Published in Aug 2010

43.0

32.0

2008-09 2002

Slums are spreading into private land rapidly

Slums on GoI Lands, such as Railways, etc between 4.4 – 16.1%

Public Lands owned by State Governments and Urban Local Bodies, ranging between 40.9% to 56.3%

In 2002, only 32% of slums were located in private land

In 2008-09, this had increased to 43%

Private land ownership makes this problem difficult to solve

Slums are expanding more in

private and in other lands

% of Slums

Data Source: NSSO Round 65, 2008-09, Published in May 2010

Slums are growing in vulnerable areas

In 2002, 24.4% of total slums were situated in vulnerable areas – such as nallahs, river beds and river banks.

In 2008-09, this has grown to 32%

Relocating these slums which are untenable, will become necessary, thus increasing the costs

32.0

24.4

2008-09 2002

% of Slums

Data Source: NSSO Round 65, 2008-09, Published in May 2010

Growth in formal housing has stagnated in large cities

Working with the market, A new approach to slum development in India, Patricia Annez et al.

And even better managed cities are facing formal housing shortage problems …

Working with the market, A new approach to slum development in India, Patricia Annez et al.


Reduction in the proportion of slum population to

urban population, but increase in slum and urban

poor populations in absolute terms.

Significant improvement in infrastructure and

services required

Land tenability and ownership issues

Growth in informal housing in large cities

Private markets out of reach of majority of the urban

population

Lack of comprehensive urban poor livelihood models



and urban poverty reduction


The New Framework for Urban Poverty Reduction



(PMAY)


A Bold New Vision: “A slum free India”

Clear Policy Direction for Inclusion: “Assign property rights to people living in

slum areas”

Rajiv Awas Yojana

Dwelling Units based Whole Slum – whole city based

Limited involvement of communities Central role of communities

Flexibility of property right assignment

Property right assignment commitment upfront

Limited preparation-funding

Allocated time and resources for preparation

Policy reform limited to 7 yrs

Comprehensive policy package including preventive strategy

JNNURM RAY

Limited PPP opportunity

Encouragement in private sector engagement (PPP)

Rental Housing / worker housing not funded

Focus on Rental Housing and worker housing

Features of the RAY program

o Large scale financial support from the Centre to States for planning,

upgrading and redeveloping existing slums in cities, 100% for

upgrading and upto 50% for housing.

o Support to cover whole city requirement to ensure that no slum/ no-

slum dweller is left out

o States expected to assign property rights for slum dwellers

o State funding to be used to massively upgrade infrastructure and

services in slums to same level as the rest of the city

o Concurrently, Central Government working with banks to enable large

– scale credit for EWS/ LIG housing, both in-situ and fresh stock

o Credit Guarantee Fund

o Mandatory earmarking of land for the poor as part of preventive

strategy

Slum Free India

Every citizen has right to civic services,

social services and shelter

Property Rights

to all

Reform Pillar 1

Reservation of

land

Reform Pillar 2

Earmarking of

funds

Reform Pillar 3

Shift from

project approach

to

Whole city, All slum approach

Community Participation

Shelter for

Homeless/

slum renters

Transit

housing

Insitu - basic

services

Insitu

Revelopment

Limited

Relocation

Rental

Housing Worker

dormitories

Slum Up-

gradation

Curative Strategy

Providing shelter

and services for

growth

Preventive Strategy

Support for investments Policies for scale and sustainability


Past National/State/City programs for slum up-gradation and

urban poverty reduction



Slum Upgrading under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

Slum Upgrading under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)


Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY)- Prime Minister’s Housing Scheme

Launched on 25th June 2015 by Hon’ble Prime Minister of India

Aims to provide ‘Housing for All’ by 2022 – 20 million units

Coverage - All 4041 statutory towns in 3 phases

Beneficiaries - EWS and LIG categories EWS: family with income upto Rs. 3 lakh;

LIG: family with income from Rs. 3-6 lakh;

PMAY- Mission components

Credit Linked subsidy component is Central Sector Scheme while other 3 to be implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme.

Beneficiary can take advantage under one component only

1 2 3 4

In-Situ Slum Redevelopment Using land as a resource with private participation

Slums on Central Government land/State Government land/ULB land

Slum rehabilitation grant of Rs. 1 lakh per house, on an average.

Flexibility to States/Cities to deploy this central grant for other slums being redeveloped

States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to make projects financially viable

Land cost not to be charged by Central Govt. agencies

Slums on Private Owned Land States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to land owner as per its policy; No

Central Assistance

State/UTs shall decide: Eligibility criteria; Beneficiary contribution; allotment basis; etc. Identify all tenable slums and their parameters; Examine financial and technical

viability

Two Components: slum rehabilitation component; free sale component: available to developers for selling in the market so as to cross subsidize the project

Private partner to be selected through open bidding process

Slum Redevelopment using land as Resource


The MDG Context


and urban poverty reduction





Slum up-gradation projects in India

Economically Weaker Section housing under JNNURM

Best Practices

Slum Rehabilitation Scheme-Maharashtra

SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)-AHMEDABAD

In 1995, AMC initiated Slum Networking Project through a unique partnership between Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and NGOs.

Objective of the SNP:

to transform the urban environment with the approach to provide basic infrastructure services at the household and slum level in an affordable and sustainable way.

Received The Dubai International Award for, in 2005, Best Practice to improve the living Environment.


Situation Before the Initiative: People in slums lived in conditions that included total or partial absence of

critical infrastructure like water supply, drainage, roads, toilets and street lighting, Over populated and congested, temporary structures with inadequate maintenance, the lack of basic minimum education, insufficient skills, low incomes, poor standard of living mark this population.

Of the 710 slums, 190 slums comprising of 47,300 families were living with absolutely abysmal facilities.

Implementation Strategies: AMC to provide a package of infrastructure services in consultation with

communities/CBOs, NGOs and the Private sector;

establishment of a Resident’s Association for release of community contributions from the Banks to AMC at different stages of completion of infrastructure works and for managing the operation and maintenance

Resource Mobilization: contributions of individual households through deposits

annual budgetary provisions for SNP by AMC

funds under GoI’s NSDP, and loan from HUDCO


Transparent processes through: Monthly Monitoring Meeting of stakeholders

Joint Planning

Trainings and capacity building

Interaction with Public

Result and Impacts

The SNP program as on November 2006, has reached 8,703 families, making a significant contribution in the lives of 43,515 people in 41 slum communities of Ahmedabad.

Strong and substantial partnership among various stakeholders.

Slum up-gradation projects in India Before After

B

e

f

o

r

e

Ahmedabad

SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)- INDORE

Slum networking is an integrated upgrading scheme wherein the city building process is used to transform the slums into settlements while mainstreaming the poor into the urban population.

Indore slum networking project is a holistic approach to a community-based sanitation and environmental improvement programe,

Started in 1987, Indore Development Authority (IDA) initiated Slum Networking Project through a partnership approach and completed in 1997.

Objective of the SNP: to transform the urban environment with the approach to provide basic

infrastructure services at the household and slum level in an affordable and sustainable way.

SLUM NETWORKING PROJECT (SNP)- INDORE

The infrastructure is upgraded using the network of slum settlements as a starting point;

Infrastructure provided: road, water supply, drainage, solid waste management, public facilities, and community development

The project encompasses the entire city of 3218 sq.km, with a total of 183 slums within the slum networking system.

Partnership between IDA, Overseas Development Corporation (ODA), NGOs and civil society.

Funding: 10% private sources (beneficiaries) and 90% public sources, out of which 90% international source(ODA)

Slum up-gradation projects in India Indore SNP

Land sharing model under PPP in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh

Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) required 1000 acre land for construction of 50,000 dwelling units under JNNURM / RAY for EWS beneficiaries living in the city slums.

VMC introduced a Land Sharing Model through Public Private Partnership (PPP) approach.

Acquired 226.54 acre land at Gollapudi and Jakkampudi villages under PPP between land-owning farmers and the State Government.

Land sharing agreement in 60:40 ratios wherein:

i40% of the total land area can be taken possession by the Revenue

Department;

i60% land shall be retained by the land owners with land use conversion, approval of layout by the UDA and Government and development of

infrastructure with funds from Social Welfare Department.

Land sharing model under PPP in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh

Unique features of this project:

Method is participatory through negotiations for land sharing

Less time consuming ,as there are generally no objections from farmers

Financially this is a win –win model for both Government & farmers- better compensation to land owners and more land available to the Govt.

Farmers save on the following :

Land use conversion charge which is 10% of the land value,

Registration charge which is 10% of the land value, and

Layout development charge which is Rs.100 per sq. yd

Thank you

Slum Statistics in India -2011

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